WEB 2.

0
 Prof. Samim Aktar
B. Tech in Electrical Engineering
(Kalyani Govt. Engineering College, Kolkata, W.B.)
M. Tech in Computer Science and Engineering with Specialization in Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning
(Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu)
Former Prompt Engineer at Soul AI &
Web Development Associate at S. M. Group of Technologies
 Module-1
• CONTENT

• Introduction to Web 2.0

• Introduction and history of World Wide Web
• Evolution of the web
• Introduction to web1.0 and Web 2.0
• Comparison of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0
• Key trends and technologies in Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 applications and examples.
Introduction to WEB 2.0

• Overview of the Internet:

• What is the Internet?
• The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and
devices that enables the exchange of data, information, and
communication.
• It is the foundation for various online services, including the World Wide
Web, email, file sharing, and social media.
• The internet has revolutionized how we communicate, access
information, and conduct business, becoming an essential part of daily
life.
• The internet is a vast network of networks that links millions of private,
public, academic, business, and government networks. These networks
span across the world and use standardized protocols to enable
communication between devices.
• Key Components of Internet:

•Protocols: The internet uses standardized protocols to facilitate communication. The

primary protocol is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which
ensures that data is transmitted reliably between devices.

•Routers and Servers: Routers direct data between networks, while servers store and
deliver content like websites, applications, and files.

•Domain Names: Websites use domain names (e.g., google.com) that are easier to
remember than numerical IP addresses. Domain Name Servers (DNS) translate domain
names into IP addresses.

•IP Addresses: Every device connected to the internet has a unique IP address, which
acts like a postal address for sending and receiving data.
How the Internet Works:

When you send a request to visit a website or send an email, your device
connects to the internet via an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Data is broken down into smaller units called packets and transmitted over
the network using routers.

These packets are routed through multiple networks and servers until they
reach their destination, where they are reassembled into the original data.
 World Wide Web Email: A service that File Sharing: Users can Social Media: Platforms
Services (WWW): A system of allows the exchange of exchange files like that allow users to
Offered by interconnected
documents (web pages)
messages between
users using email
images, videos, or
documents over the
interact, share, and
create content, such as
the Internet: accessible via web
browsers.
addresses. internet. Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram.

Streaming: The ability to Online Gaming:

access audio and video Multiplayer games that
content in real-time, connect players across
such as through Netflix, the globe via the
YouTube, and Spotify. internet.
Evolution and The internet began in the 1960s Over the years, it evolved The commercialization of
as a research project by the from a small academic the internet in the 1990s,
Growth: U.S. Department of Defense,
network into the global along with the invention of
called ARPANET (Advance
Research Project Agency). communication system web browsers, made it
we have today. accessible to the general
public.
Impact of the Internet:

Communication: The internet has transformed how people communicate, with

instant messaging, video calls, and social networks enabling real-time interaction.
Commerce: E-commerce platforms like Amazon and Alibaba have revolutionized
how goods and services are bought and sold.
Education: The internet provides access to vast educational resources, including
online courses, research papers, and digital libraries.
Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming, and social media have become
primary sources of entertainment for people worldwide.
Globalization: The internet has made the world more connected, enabling
businesses to operate globally and cultures to interact.
 Introduction and history of World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW), often simply called "the web," is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents that are accessed through the internet. It revolutionized how we share
and access information globally.

Introduction

•The Web is a vast collection of interconnected documents and resources, primarily accessed
using web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, or Safari.

•It allows users to browse web pages, watch videos, interact with social media, shop, and
much more.

•Tim Berners-Lee is credited with inventing the web, introducing the idea of linking documents
with hypertext in 1989.
 History of the 1989: 1990: 1991: 1993:
Tim Berners-Lee, a Berners-Lee The first web page Mosaic, the first
World Wide Web: British computer scientist developed the first web was published, introducing web browser that could
working at CERN browser called World the world to this new way display images, was
(European Organization for Wide Web (later renamed of sharing information. released. It was
Nuclear Research), Nexus) and the first web Initially, the web was instrumental in making the
proposed a system to server, CERN HTTPd. He primarily used by web more user-friendly
share information using also defined HTML and academics and scientists and helped it gain
hypertext. His idea was to HTTP. to share research. popularity.
create a "web" of
documents accessible
through the internet.
•1994:
Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to develop standards
and guidelines for web development.
•1995:
JavaScript and CSS were introduced, allowing more interactivity and design
flexibility for web pages. At the same time, the web became commercialized with the growth of
e-commerce platforms like Amazon and eBay.
•1998-2000s:
The web saw massive growth with the launch of search engines (e.g., Google) and
the rise of social media platforms.
•2000s-Present:
The introduction of Web 2.0 brought a focus on user-generated content and
interactivity, which led to the rise of blogs, wikis, and social networks. With advancements in
web technology, the web has evolved into an essential tool for communication, entertainment,
education, and business.
 Key Features of the World Wide Web
1.Hypertext:
The web is based on hypertext, which enables users to click on links (referred to as "hyperlinks")
that connect different documents and web pages.
2.HTML (HyperText Markup Language):
HTML is the standard language used to create web pages and structure their content, like text,
images, and multimedia.
3.HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol):
HTTP is the protocol used to transfer data between web browsers and web servers, allowing users
to access web pages over the internet.
4.URLs (Uniform Resource Locators):
URLs act as addresses for specific web pages or resources on the web. They allow users to locate
and visit websites by typing them into a browser.
5.Web Browsers:
These are software applications (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari) that allow users to access and
interact with websites by rendering HTML content.
 Difference between World Wide Web and Internet

•The internet is the vast network of

interconnected computers and devices that
allows for global communication.

•The web is one of the services that operate over

the internet, primarily focusing on accessing
hypertext documents.
 Introduction to Web 1.0 (The Static Web)

❑ Web 1.0 refers to the first generation of the World Wide Web, which was active from the early 1990s to
the early 2000s. During this period, websites were largely static, meaning that they consisted of fixed
pages of content that were presented to users as-is, without much interactivity or personalization.

Key Characteristics of Web 1.0:

• Static Content: Web 1.0 was dominated by static HTML pages. These pages were pre-written
and served to the user without any ability for the user to interact with or modify the content.

• Read-Only: It was primarily a read-only web, where users could consume content but had very
limited ability to create or interact with content. Websites acted like digital brochures.

• Minimal User Interaction: Interactivity was limited to simple forms or hyperlinks that allowed
users to move between different web pages, but users couldn’t contribute much.
 • Basic Design: Websites in Web 1.0 were usually text-heavy, with simple layouts and minimal
multimedia elements. There was little focus on aesthetics or responsive design.

• Centralized Content: Content was mostly created and managed by a few individuals or
organizations, with little input from the broader internet user base.

• Slow Development Cycle: Web pages were often updated manually by developers, so changes
were infrequent and slow to implement.

Technologies in Web 1.0:

• HTML: The primary language used to structure content.

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Used for basic styling of web pages, though it was minimal in
the Web 1.0 era.

• HTTP: The protocol used for transferring web pages from servers to users’ browsers.
Limitations of Web 1.0:
• No Social Media: There were no platforms for user interaction, social networking, or content sharing.
Users were passive consumers of content.

• Limited Interaction: The web was more like an online library or directory, where users could only view
information but not contribute or interact with it.

• Lack of Dynamic Content: Web pages couldn’t update in real-time or respond to user actions
dynamically, leading to a slow and less engaging experience.

Examples of Web 1.0 Websites:

• Early search engines like Yahoo! and AltaVista.

• Personal or corporate websites that were primarily static and read-only.

• Web directories like Dmoz, which cataloged websites.

 Introduction to Web 2.0 (The Dynamic and Social Web)

❑ Web 2.0, which emerged in the early 2000s, refers to the evolution of the web from static pages to
dynamic and user-driven platforms. In Web 2.0, websites became much more interactive, collaborative,
and focused on user-generated content. This shift transformed the web into a platform for social
networking, online communities, and participatory media.

Key Characteristics of Web 2.0:

• Dynamic Content: Web pages in Web 2.0 are highly dynamic, meaning they can update in real-time
in response to user actions. Examples include live notifications, instant messaging, and auto-
updating feeds.

• User-Generated Content: A hallmark of Web 2.0 is that users are no longer passive consumers of
content but are active participants. Platforms like YouTube, Wikipedia, and blogs allow users to
create, edit, and share content with the world.
• Interactivity: Users can interact with content and with each other through comments, ratings, likes, and
shares. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram thrive on this interactivity.

• Rich User Experiences: Websites and applications in Web 2.0 offer more advanced user interfaces (UI)
and user experiences (UX). Technologies like AJAX allow for smooth, dynamic updates without needing
to reload the page.

• Social Networking: One of the key features of Web 2.0 is the rise of social media, where users can
connect with others, share experiences, and create online communities.

• Collaborative Platforms: Web 2.0 emphasizes the importance of collaboration, enabling multiple users
to contribute to a shared platform (e.g., wikis, Google Docs).

• Multimedia: Unlike Web 1.0, Web 2.0 is rich in multimedia content, with video, audio, and interactive
features being common on most modern websites.
Technologies in Web 2.0:
• AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML): Allows web pages to be updated asynchronously
without refreshing the entire page, making websites more dynamic and interactive.

• JavaScript: Widely used to add interactivity to websites, powering things like dropdown menus,
interactive forms, and real-time updates.

• CSS3 and HTML5: Enhance the design and multimedia capabilities of web pages, allowing for
more responsive and visually engaging websites.

• APIs (Application Programming Interfaces): Enable different web applications to communicate

and share data, allowing for mashups and integrated services (e.g., embedding a Google Map in a
website).

• Social Media Integration: Websites in Web 2.0 often include features like social sharing buttons or
single sign-on options via Facebook, Google, or Twitter.
Key Trends in Web 2.0:
• Social Media Revolution: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn brought about
a shift towards social networking and sharing personal experiences online.

• Blogging and Microblogging: Blogging platforms like WordPress, Medium, and Blogger, along
with microblogging platforms like X (Twitter), allow users to share their thoughts, stories, and
opinions.

• Video Sharing and Streaming: Platforms like YouTube and Vimeo enable users to upload and
share videos, transforming how people consume and share media.

• Crowdsourcing and Collective Intelligence: Platforms like Wikipedia rely on user contributions to
build a collective knowledge base.

• Tagging and Folksonomy: Users can tag content (e.g., using hashtags) to categorize and make it
easier for others to find related topics.
Examples of Web 2.0 Applications:
• YouTube: Allows users to upload, share, and comment on videos.

• Facebook: A social networking platform where users can connect, share posts, and interact with others.

• Wikipedia: A collaborative online encyclopedia where anyone can contribute to or edit articles.

• Twitter: A microblogging platform where users share short updates (tweets) and engage with others in
real time.

• Google Docs: Enables real-time collaboration on documents, spreadsheets, and presentations.

• Reddit: A social news platform where users submit and vote on content, driving community-based
discussions.
Comparison of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0
Aspect Web 1.0 (Static Web) Web 2.0 (Dynamic & Social Web)
Content Creation Centralized, created by a few individuals Decentralized, user-generated content
or organizations from a global audience
Interactivity Low, read-only High, read-write, interactive, users
participate actively
Web Pages Static, rarely updated manually Dynamic, frequently updated in real time
User Role Passive consumers of content Active contributors, creators, and
collaborators
Focus Content delivery and information User engagement, collaboration, and
publishing social interaction
Web Design Simple, text-heavy, limited multimedia Rich multimedia (video, audio, images),
modern designs, interactive UI
Comparison of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Cont.
Aspect Web 1.0 (Static Web) Web 2.0 (Dynamic & Social Web)
Technology Usage HTML, CSS, basic scripting HTML5, CSS3, AJAX, JavaScript, APIs
Data Flow One-way data flow from server to user Two-way data flow between users and
server
None Integrated social networking,
Social Features
commenting, sharing, and likes
Media Types Limited media (text, images) Rich media (video, audio, interactive
content)
Content Update Manual updates by Automated updates, often driven by user
webmasters/developers actions and interactions
User Interface Basic, focused on content delivery Responsive, interactive, focus on user
experience (UX)
Comparison of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Cont.
Aspect Web 1.0 (Static Web) Web 2.0 (Dynamic & Social Web)
Search Limited search capabilities Advanced search algorithms,
Functionality personalized search results
Data Storage Primarily static data on local servers Cloud-based storage and services,
remote access to data
Banner ads, pop-ups Targeted ads, user-centric marketing
Advertising Model
(e.g., Google Ads, Facebook Ads)
Community Absent, isolated websites Strong community-building through
Building social networks and forums
Collaboration Minimal or none Emphasis on collaboration (e.g., Google
Docs, wikis)
Content Sharing Limited to hyperlink sharing Easy sharing through social media,
widgets, and APIs
Comparison of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Cont.
Aspect Web 1.0 (Static Web) Web 2.0 (Dynamic & Social Web)
Bandwidth Usage Low, due to static pages Higher bandwidth due to dynamic
content, multimedia, and real-time
updates
Hyperlinks Primarily used for navigation between Hyperlinks enable sharing, tagging, and
pages deep linking
Low to none, same content for all users High, personalized content based on
Customization
user preferences
Web Application Standalone, static pages Web as a platform for interactive
Focus applications (e.g., Gmail, Google Maps)
Security Basic security measures, mainly SSL for Increased focus on security with HTTPS,
financial transactions OAuth, authentication mechanisms
Development Cycle Slow, manual updates, and static code Agile, real-time updates, and faster
iterations due to dynamic frameworks
Comparison of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Cont.
Aspect Web 1.0 (Static Web) Web 2.0 (Dynamic & Social Web)
Mobile Support Limited, non-responsive design Mobile-first and responsive design for a
variety of devices
Content No or limited content syndication RSS feeds, APIs for external content
Syndication syndication
Tagging and Minimal use of metadata Tagging, folksonomies, rich metadata for
Metadata better searchability and categorization
Limited to site visitors Global reach through social networks,
Audience Reach
shared content, and viral marketing
Programming Primarily server-side languages (e.g., Rich client-side interactivity with
Language Perl, CGI, early PHP) JavaScript, AJAX, frameworks (e.g.,
React, Angular)
Search Engine Basic SEO practices, less competition Advanced SEO practices, highly
Optimization (SEO) competitive for ranking
Comparison of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Cont.
Aspect Web 1.0 (Static Web) Web 2.0 (Dynamic & Social Web)
Browser Limited to early browsers, simple Cross-browser compatibility, advanced
Compatibility features features supported by modern browsers
API Integration Almost non-existent Extensive use of APIs to integrate
services (e.g., Google Maps API,
Facebook API)
E-commerce, simple advertising Freemium models, SaaS, targeted
Business Models
advertising, subscription services
Email, basic forms Real-time communication (chat,
Communication
messaging, comments, forums)
Examples of HTML, HTTP, CSS, frames, GIFs AJAX, APIs, JSON, XML, RSS, HTML5,
Technologies CSS3, WebSockets