Superposition Theorem

(2020)

Prof. J. A. Shaikh
Dr. B. Y. Bagde
Prof. R. N. Nagpure

Dept. Of Electrical Engg.

Y.C.C.E., Nagpur

1
 Superposition Theorem
Superposition is a general principle that
allows us to determine the effect of several
energy sources acting simultaneously on a
system by considering the effect of each source
acting alone and then combining (superposing)
those effects.
The Superposition theorem states that ‘In a
linear bilateral network containing more than one
energy source, the overall response (that is, the
 Superposition Theorem
current through or voltage across) in any branch
is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses due
to each independent source acting one at a time
with all other independent sources deactivated’.
To deactivate a current source, it is open –
circuited, and a voltage source is deactivated by
short – circuiting it. The independent sources may
not be ideal, i.e., they may have internal
resistances. Such sources, at the time of
 Superposition Theorem
deactivation are replaced by their internal
resistances. A dependent source in a circuit is
treated as just another circuit element for
calculation purpose, i.e., a dependent source may
continue (it is not deactivated).
The Superposition theorem is applicable to all
linear networks, time-varying or time-invariant.
It cannot be used for power calculation in an
element because power (= I2R ) is a non-linear
 Superposition Theorem
function. Particular attention must be paid to
current direction and voltage polarity when
applying Superposition theorem.
If voltage source is present, then mesh
analysis will be preferred, whereas nodal analysis
will be the best choice in case of current source.
However, Ohm’s law, current division rule are
also applicable.
Superposition Problems

Purely resistive circuits

Circuits with R , L , and C

Based on experimental data

Circuits with controlled sources

 Problem 1
Using superposition theorem, determine current I
for the network shown in Fig.

4 I 8

4V 12 4 5A
Consider voltage source of 4 V acting alone.
4 I1 8

4V 12 4
Consider voltage source of 4 V acting alone.
4 I1 8

4V Ia 12 Ib 4

 16 12   Ia   4 
 12 24   I    0 
   b  

I1  Ib  0.2
Consider current source of 5 A acting alone.
4 I2 8

12 4 5A
Consider current source of 5 A acting alone.
4 a I2 8 b

12 4 5A

1 1 1 1   V   
 4  12  8    a   0 
8
   
 
1 1 1
   V   
 8 8 4   b   5 
  
Consider current source of 5 A acting alone.
4 a I2 8 b

12 4 5A

Va  4 ; Vb  14.667

Va  Vb
I2   1.333
8
Superposition theorem gives:
4 I 8

4V 12 4 5A

I  I1  I2  0.2  1.333  1.133

 Problem 2
Using superposition theorem, determine the
current in the short circuit across the terminals a
and b of Fig. 6 4V

2A

2V
a b
4 2

I
Consider voltage source of 4 V acting alone.
6 4V

a b
4 2

I1
Consider voltage source of 4 V acting alone.
6 4V

a b
4 2

I1

4
I1   0.667
6
Consider current source of 2 A acting alone.
6

2A

a b
4 2

I2
Consider current source of 2 A acting alone.
6

2A

a b
4 2

I2

4
I2  2   1.333
42
Consider voltage source of 2 V acting alone.
6

2V
a b
4 2

I3
Consider voltage source of 2 V acting alone.
6

2V
a b
4 2

I3

2
I3   0.333
42
Superposition theorem gives
6 4V

2A

2V
a b
4 2

I  I1  I2  I3  0.667  1.333  0.333  2.333

 Problem 3
Find VAB in Fig. by using superposition theorem.

A 10 B

2A 6 8 4A
Consider current source of 2A acting alone.
A 10 B

2A 6 8

1 1 1   V   
 6  10    a   2 
10
   
  1 1 1    
  Vb   0 
 10 
10 8     

Vab  Va  Vb  9  4  5
1
Consider current source of 4A acting alone.
A 10 B

6 8 4A

1 1 1   V   
 6  10    a   0 
10
   
  1 1 1    
  Vb   4 
 10 
10 8     

Vab  Va  Vb  8  (21.333)  13.333

2
Superposition theorem gives
A 10 B

2A 6 8 4A

Vab  Vab  Vab  5  13.333  18.333

1 2
 Problem 4
Determine the current in the 1 resistor across A,
B of the network in Fig. using the superposition
theorem.
A

1A 1
1V
3 2

2 B 26
Consider current source of 1A acting alone.

1A 1
3 2

2 B

27
Consider current source of 1A acting alone.
1 1 1 1   V   1 
3  2  1 
1   A   
   
 1 1 1 1    
   VB   0 
 1 2 2 1     

VA  0.75 ; VB  0.375

Current through 1 resistor:

VB  VA 0.375  (0.75)
I1    0.375 (B  A)
1 1 28
Consider voltage source of 1V acting alone.

IC
2

1
IA
3 2
1V IB

2 B

29
Consider voltage source of 1V acting alone.
 32 0 2   I A   1 
    
 0 22 2    IB   1 
 2 2 2  2  1   IC   0 


IC  0.03125

Current through 1 resistor:

I2  IC  0.03125 (A  B)
30
Superposition theorem gives Current through 1
resistor :

I1  0.375 (B  A)

I2  0.03125 (A  B)

I  I1  I2  0.34375 (B  A)

31
 Problem 5
Verify the principle of superposition for the
current flowing through resistor R in the circuit of
Fig.
1 2
V1 = 33 V

V2 = 22 V
R=3

32
Without Superposition theorem:
1 2

V1 = 33 V

V2 = 22 V
R=3
I1 I2

1  3 3   I1   33 
 3 2  3   I    22 
   2  

I1  9 ; I2  1
33
Without Superposition theorem:
1 2

V1 = 33 V

V2 = 22 V
R=3
I1 I2

I1  9 ; I2  1

 Current through R = I1  I2  8
34
Consider voltage source of 33V acting alone.
1 2

V1 = 33 V

R=3
I1 I2

1  3 3   I1  33 
 3 2  3    I    0 
   2  

I1  15 ; I2  9
35
Consider voltage source of 33V acting alone.
1 2

V1 = 33 V

R=3
I1 I2

I1  15 ; I2  9

 Current through R = I a = I1  I2  6 ()

36
Consider voltage source of 22V acting alone.
1 2

V2 = 22 V
R=3
I1 I2

1  3 3   I1   0 
 3 2  3   I    22 
   2  

I1  6 ; I2  8
37
Consider voltage source of 22V acting alone.
1 2

V2 = 22 V
R=3
I1 I2

I1  6 ; I2  8

 Current through R = Ib = I1  I2  2 ()

38
Superposition theorem gives:
1 2

V2 = 22 V
R=3
I1 I2

Ia = 6 ( ) ; Ib = 2 ()

 Current through R = I a  Ib = 6 + 2 = 8 ( )
39
 Problem 6
By applying the superposition principle, find the
voltages VAC , VBD , VAD , and VBC in the circuit of
Fig.
A 1V B

1 2
4A 2A

D 3V C

40
Consider current source of 4A acting alone.
A B

1 2
4A

D C

41
Consider current source of 4A acting alone.
A B

1 2
4A

D C

 2 
 VAC  VBD  VAD  VBC  1   4    2.667
 1  2
42
Consider voltage source of 1V acting alone.
A 1V B

1 2

D C

43
Consider voltage source of 1V acting alone.
A 1V B

1 2
1
I  =0.333 I
21

D C

1
 VAD  VAC  1I    0.333
3

1
 VBD  VBC  2I  2   0.667
3 44
Consider current source of 2A acting alone.
A B

1 2
2A

D C

45
Consider current source of 2A acting alone.
A B

1 2
2A

D C

 2 
 VAC  VBD  VAD  VBC  1  2    1.333
 1  2
46
Consider voltage source of 3V acting alone:
A B

1 2

D 3V C

47
Consider voltage source of 3V acting alone:
A B

1 2
3
I  =1 I
21

D 3V C

 VAC  VBC  1I  1

 VAD  VBD  2I  2  1  2

48
Superposition theorem gives:

Source VAC VBD VAD VBC

4 A acting alone

1 V acting alone

2 A acting alone

3 V acting alone

Total

49
 Problem 7
Calculate the currents through the resistors and
through the voltage source of the circuit in Fig. by
the principle of superposition.

3A 4 3 6V

50
Consider current source of 3A acting alone.
Ib 2 Id

Ia Ic
3A 4 3

51
Consider current source of 3A acting alone.
Ib 2 Id

Ia Ic
3A 4 3

4
Ic  0 Ib  Id  3  2
42

Ia  3  Ib  3  2  1
52
Consider voltage source of 6V acting alone.
2

4 I1 3 I2 6V

4  2  3 3   I1   0 
 3 3   I   6 
   2  

I1  1 ; I2  3
53
Consider voltage source of 6V acting alone.
Ig 2 Ie

Ih If
4 I1 3 I2 6V

Ie  3 Ig  Ih  1

I f  I2  I1  3  1  2
54
Superposition theorem gives:
22 2 12 3

1 0 1 2
3A 4 3 4 3 6V

12 1

2 2
3A 4 3 6V

55
 Problem 8
Determine the currents passing through the
different branches of the circuit in Fig., by the
principle of superposition.

2 8 4

10V 2 4 20V

56
Consider voltage source of 10V acting alone.
2 8 4

10V I1 2 I2 4 I3

 22 2 0   I1  10 
     
 2 284 4    I2    0 
 0 4 4  4  I3   0 

57
Consider voltage source of 10V acting alone.
2 8 4

10V I1 2 I2 4 I3

I1  2.727 ; I2  0.455 ; I3  0.227

58
Consider voltage source of 20V acting alone.
2 8 4

I4 2 I5 4 I6 20V

 22 2 0  I 4   0 
     
 2 284  4    I5    0 
 0 4 4  4   I6  20 

59
Consider voltage source of 20V acting alone.
2 8 4

I4 2 I5 4 I6 20V

I 4  0.455 ; I5  0.909 ; I6  2.955

60
Superposition theorem gives:
2 8 4

10V Ia 2 Ib 4 Ic 20V

Ia  I1  I 4  2.727  0.455  3.182

Ib  I2  I5  0.455  0.909  1.364
Ic  I3  I6  0.227  2.955  3.182

61
Superposition theorem gives:
3.182 2 1.364 8 4 3.182

1.818 1.818
10V Ia 2 Ib 4 Ic 20V

Ia  3.182
Ib  1.364
Ic  3.182

62
 Problem 9
For the circuit of Fig., va(t) = 12V and ib(t) = 60
mA. Find vout(t) using superposition.

600
+
va(t) ib(t) 300 vout(t)
-

63
Consider voltage source va(t) = 12V acting alone:
600
+
12V 300 vout1(t)
-

12
v out1 (t)  300  4
600  300

64
Consider current source ib(t) = 60 mA acting
alone:

600
+
60mA 300 vout2(t)
-

 3 600 
v out2 (t)  300  60  10    12
 600  300 
65
Superposition theorem gives:
600
+
va(t) ib(t) 300 vout(t)
-

v out (t)  v out1 (t)  v out2 (t)  4  12  16

66
 Problem 10
Use superposition to find vout in the circuit of Fig.
Then find the power delivered by the 1 A source.

3A

2
+
2 1A 2 Vout
-
14V

67
Consider current source of 3A acting alone:
3A

2
i1 +
2 2 Vout1
-

 2 
Vout1  2  i1  2  3   2
 2  2  2
68
Consider current source of 1A acting alone:

2
i2 +
2 1A 2 Vout2
-

 22 
Vout2  2  i2  2  1    1.333
 2  2  2
69
Consider voltage source of 14V acting alone:

2
i3 +
2 2 Vout3
-
14V

 14 
Vout3  2  i3  2     4.667
2  2  2 
70
Superposition theorem gives:
3A

2
+
2 1A 2 Vout
-
14V

Vout  Vout1  Vout2  Vout3

Vout  2  1.333  4.667  8

71
 Problem 11
For the circuit of Fig., find out contribution to
from each independent source and then compute
by the principle of superposition. Finally, find the
power absorbed by the 900 resistor.
22V

225 180
+
Vout 900 20V 0.1A
-
72
Consider voltage source of 22V acting alone:
22V

I1
225 180
+
Vout1 900 I2
-

225  180 225   I1  22 

 225      
 225  900  I2   0 
73
Consider voltage source of 22V acting alone:
22V

I1
225 180
+
Vout1 900 I2
-

11
I2  ; Vout1  900  I2  11
900
74
Consider voltage source of 20V acting alone:

I1
225 180
+
Vout2 900 I2 20V
-

225  180 225   I1   0 

 225      
 225  900  I2  20 
75
Consider voltage source of 20V acting alone:

I1
225 180
+
Vout2 900 I2 20V
-

1
I2  ; Vout2  900  I2  18
50
76
Consider current source of 0.1A acting alone:

225 180
a
+
Vout3 900 0.1A
-

KCL at node ‘a’ :

Vout3 Vout3 Vout3

   0.1
900 225 180 77
Consider current source of 0.1A acting alone:

225 180
a
+
Vout3 900 0.1A
-

Vout3  9

78
Superposition theorem gives:
22V

225 180
+
Vout 900 20V 0.1A
-

Vout  Vout1  Vout2  Vout3

Vout  11  18  9  38
79
Power absorbed by 900  resistor:
22V

225 180
+
Vout 900 20V 0.1A
-

2
Vout 382
P   1.604 W
900 900
80
 Problem 12
A dc circuit shown in Fig. has a voltage V, a
current source I and several resistors. A
particular resistor R dissipates a power of 4 W
when V alone is active. The same resistor
dissipates a power of 9 W when I alone is active.
Determine the power dissipated by R when both
sources are active.

81
 Resistive
V R
Network

82
Consider the voltage Consider the current
source V acting alone: source I acting alone:

2
P1  I1R4 P2  I2
2R  9

4 2 9 3
 I1     I2   
R R R R

When both the sources are acting, the current

through the resistor R, according to superposition
theorem is:
83
 2 3 5
I   P  I2R  25
R R R

2 3 5
I   P  I2R  25
R R R

2 3 1
I   P  I2R  1
R R R

2 3 1
I   P  I2R  1
R R R

Hence the power dissipated by R when both

sources are active is 25 W or 1 W. 84
 Problem 13
In the circuit of Fig., suppose RL = 5 . Find the
value of VL by superposition.

0.1 0.1
+
0.5 12V 0.25 VL RL 0.05 3A
-
Resistance values are in mho

85
Consider voltage source of 12 V acting alone:
a 0.1 b 0.1
+
0.5 12V 0.25 VL RL 0.05
-
Resistance values are in mho

Va  12

Vb
0.1   Vb  Va   0.25  Vb   0.05  Vb  0
5

VL  Vb  2
86
Consider current source of 3 A acting alone:
0.1 b 0.1
+
0.5 0.25 VL RL 0.05 3A
-
Resistance values are in mho

Vb
0.1  Vb  0.25  Vb   0.05  Vb  3
5

VL  Vb  5
87
Superposition theorem gives:
0.1 0.1
+
0.5 12V 0.25 VL RL 0.05 3A
-
Resistance values are in mho

VL  2  5  7

88
 Problem 14
Using superposition theorem, determine current
I for the network shown in Fig.
o
Vg = 4Ð0 V

j4
3 -j4

Ig = 2Ð90oA
89
Consider voltage source of 4Ð0o acting alone:
o
Vg = 4Ð0 V

j4
3 -j4

I1

4Ð 0
I1   0.667
3  j4  3  j4 90
Consider current source of 2Ð90o acting alone:

j4
3 -j4

I2

Ig = 2Ð90oA

3  j4
I2  2Ð 90   1.667Ð143.13
3  j4  3  j4 91
Superposition theorem gives:
o
Vg = 4Ð0 V

j4
3 -j4

Ig = 2Ð90oA

I  I1  I2  1.2017Ð123.677
92
 Problem 15
Using superposition theorem, determine current
I for the network shown in Fig.

2Ð30o

j2 14 I 5

+ +
4Ð45o 7 -j3 6Ð0o

93
Consider voltage source of 4Ð45o acting alone:

2Ð30o

j2 14 I1 5

+ +
4Ð45o Ia 7 Ib -j3 Ic 6Ð0o

94
Consider voltage source of 4Ð45o acting alone:

 7  2j 7 0   Ia   4Ð 45 
     
 7 21  3j 3j   Ib    0 
 0
 3j 5  3j   Ic   0 
 

b
 I1  Ib   


95
Consider current source of 2Ð30o acting alone:

2Ð30o

j2 14 I2 5

Ia 7 Ib -j3 Ic

96
Consider current source of 2Ð30o acting alone:

 7  2j 7 0   Ia   0 
     
 7 21  3j 3j   Ib    28Ð30 
 0
 3j 5  3j   Ic   0 
 

b
 I2  Ib   


97
Consider voltage source of 6Ð0o acting alone:

j2 14 I3 5

+
Ia 7 Ib -j3 Ic 6Ð0o

98
Consider voltage source of 6Ð0o acting alone:

 7  2j 7 0   Ia   0 
     
 7 21  3j 3j   Ib    0 
 0
 3j 5  3j   Ic   6Ð 0 
 

b
 I3  Ib   


99
Superposition theorem gives:

I  I1  I2  I3

I

100
 Problem 16
Use superposition theorem and evaluate the
current I of Fig.

2Ð30o

j2 14 5

+ +
4Ð45o 7 V -j3 6Ð0o

101
Consider voltage source of 4Ð45o acting alone:

j2 14 5

+
4Ð45o Ia 7 Ib V1 -j3 Ic

102
Consider voltage source of 4Ð45o acting alone:
 7  2j 7 0   Ia   4Ð 45 
     
 7 21  3j 3j   Ib    0 
 0
 3j 5  3j   Ic   0 
 

b
 Ib   


c
 Ic   


 V1  3j   Ib  Ic  =
103
Consider current source of 2Ð30o acting alone:

2Ð30o

j2 14 5

Ia 7 Ib V2 -j3 Ic

104
Consider current source of 2Ð30o acting alone:
 7  2j 7 0   Ia   0 
     
 7 21  3j 3j   Ib    28Ð30 
 0
 3j 5  3j   Ic   0 
 

b
 Ib   


c
 Ic   


 V2  3j   Ib  Ic  =
105
Consider voltage source of 6Ð0o acting alone:

j2 14 5

+
Ia 7 Ib V3 -j3 Ic 6Ð0o

106
Consider voltage source of 6Ð0o acting alone:
 7  2j 7 0   Ia   0 
     
 7 21  3j 3j   Ib    0 
 0
 3j 5  3j   Ic   6Ð 0 
 

b
 Ib   


c
 Ic   


 V3  3j   Ib  Ic  =
107
Superposition theorem gives:

V  V1  V2  V3

V

108
 Problem 17
In the network of Fig., obtain the components of
the node voltage V2 due to each current source
I1 and I2. Take node 4 as the datum.

1 j10 2 j5 3
I1 = 5Ð30o

o
I2 = 5Ð90
5 5 5
4

109
Consider current source of 5Ð30o acting alone:
1 j10 2 j5 3

I1 = 5Ð30o 5 5 5
4

1 1 1     
 5  j10 
j10   V1   5Ð30 
   
 1 1 1 1     
  j10    
j10 5 5  j5  
V2   0 
   
2
V2   
 110
Consider current source of 5Ð90o acting alone:
1 j10 2 j5 3

o
I2 = 5Ð90
5 5 5
4

 1 1 1 1     
 5  j10  5  j5 
j5   V2   0 
   
 1 1 1    
     V3  5Ð90 
 j5 5 j5     
2
V2   
 111
 Problem 18
Using the superposition theorem, calculate the
current through the (2 + j3)  impedance branch
of the circuit shown in Fig.

5 2 j3 4
V1 = 30 V

V2 = 20 V
j5 6

112
Consider voltage source of 30 V acting alone:
5 2 j3 4
V1 = 30 V
Ia j5 Ib 6 Ic

 5  j5  j5 0   Ia  30 
     
  j5 8  j8  6    Ib    0 
 0  6 10   Ic   0 


b
 Ib   
 113
Consider voltage source of 20 V acting alone:
5 2 j3 4

V2 = 20 V
Id j5 Ie 6 If

 5  j5  j5 0  Id   0 
    
  j5 8  j8 6   Ie    20 
 0  6 10   I f   0 


e
 Ie   
 114
Superposition theorem gives:
5 2 j3 4
V1 = 30 V

V2 = 20 V
j5 6

The current through the (2 + j3)  impedance

branch of the circuit is

I  Ib  Ie 
115
 Problem 19
In the circuit of Fig., i(t) = A cos(2t + ) and v(t)
= B cos(4t + ). Find the steady – state value of
the current iss(t) by the principle of superposition.

1H
iss(t)
i(t) 2Ω v(t)

116
Consider current source i(t) acting alone:
j2
Iss1
I 2

A
i(t)  A cos(2t  ) I Ð(90  )
2

XL  jL  j2
117
Current division rule gives:

j2
Iss1   I 
2  j2

A j2
Iss1   Ð(90  ) 
2 2  j2

A
Iss1  Ð(45  )
2 2

A
 Iss1  sin(2t  45  )
2
118
Consider voltage source v(t) acting alone:
j4
Iss2
2 V

B
v(t)  B cos(4t  ) V Ð(90   )
2

XL  jL  j4
119
Ohm’s law gives:

V
Iss2 
2  j4

B 1
Iss2  Ð(90   ) 
2 2  j4

B
Iss2  Ð(26.565   )
2  20

B
 Iss2  sin(4t  26.565  )
20
120
Superposition theorem gives:

A
 Iss1  sin(2t  45  )
2

B
 Iss2  sin(4t  26.565  )
20

 Iss  Iss1  Iss2

A B
Iss (t)  sin(2t  45  )  sin(4t  26.565  )
2 20
121
 Problem 20
Consider the configuration of Fig.

Vs2

Linear
resistive
Vs3 circuit with Is1
dependent
sources

+ Vout -
Data measurements are listed in Table.

Is1 Vs2 Vs3 Vout

(mA) (V) (V) (V)
Case 1 30 2 -1 11.5

Case 2 -20 4 2 27

Case 3 -10 -3 1 -14

Find the coefficients A, B, C, in

Vout  A Is1  B Vs2  C Vs3

Case 1:

0.03A  2B  1C  11.5 . . . . . (1)

Case 2:

 0.02A  4B  2C  27 . . . . . (2)

Case 3:

 0.01A  3B  1C  14 . . . . . (3)

Eq. (1), Eq. (2), and Eq.(3) gives:

A  150 ; B  5.5 ; C4

 Problem 21
The box in the circuit of Fig. contains resistors
and dependent sources.
Vs2

Linear
resistive
Vs3 circuit with Is1
dependent
sources

+ Vout -
Table lists various data measurements:
Is1 Vs2 Vs3 Vout
(mA) (V) (V) (V)
Case 1 50 -2 5 -13

Case 2 0 3 5 2

Case 3 0 2 4 0

(i) Compute the coefficients of a linear

relationship among the output and three inputs.
(ii) If Is1 = 1A, Vs2 = -40V, and Vs3 = -10V, then
find Vout.
Let the linear relationship among the output and
three inputs be:

Vout  A Is1  B Vs2  C Vs3

Case 1:
0.05A  2B  5C  13 . . . . . (1)

Case 2:

0A  3B  5C  2 . . . . . (2)
Case 3:
0A  2B  4C  0 . . . . . (3)

Eq. (1), Eq. (2), and Eq.(3) gives:

A  100 ; B4 ; C  2

If Is1 = 1A, Vs2 = -40V, and Vs3 = -10V, then

Vout  100  1  4  (40)  2  (10)  40

 Problem 22
Consider the circuit of Fig.
120 10
+ +
Vs1 60 Vo2 Is2 20 Vo1
- -

(i) Find the coefficients A1 and B1 in the linear

relationship Vo1 = A1 Vs1 + B1 Is2. (ii) Find the
coefficients A2 and B2 in the linear relationship Vo2
= A2 Vs1 + B2 Is2.
Consider the voltage source Vs1 acting alone:
120 2 10 1
+ +
Vs1 60 Vo2 20 Vo1
- -

1 1 1     
 10  20    V1   0 
10
   
  1 1

1

1     Vs1 
   V2   
10 120 60 10     120 
Consider the voltage source Vs1 acting alone:
120 2 10 1
+ +
Vs1 60 Vo2 20 Vo1
- -

2
Vo1  V1  Vs1
21

1
Vo2  V2  Vs1
7
Consider the current source Is2 acting alone:
120 2 10 1
+ +
60 Vo2 Is2 20 Vo1
- -

1 1 1     
 10  20    V1   Is2 
10
   
  1 1

1

1     
   V2   0 
10 120 60 10     
Consider the current source Is2 acting alone:
120 2 10 1
+ +
60 Vo2 Is2 20 Vo1
- -

100
Vo1  V1  Is2
7

80
Vo2  V2  Is2
7
Superposition theorem gives:

2 100
Vo1  Vs1  Is2  A1 Vs1  B1Is2
21 7

2 100
A1  ; B1 
21 7

1 80
Vo2  Vs1  Is2  A2 Vs1  B2Is2
7 7

1 80
A2  ; B2 
7 7
 Problem 23
Consider the circuit of Fig.

20 40
+
Vs1 Is2 400 70 420 vout
-
(i) Find the linear relationship between Vout and
the input sources Vs1 and Is2.
(ii) If Vs1 = 20 V and Is2 = 0.5 A, find Vout.
(iii) What is the effect of doubling all resistance
values on the coefficients of the linear
relationship found in part (i)?
Consider the voltage source Vs1 acting alone:
20 1 40 2
+
Vs1 400 70 420 vout
-

 1 1 1 1     Vs1 
 20  400  40    V1   20 
40
   
 1 1 1 1     
    V2   0 
 40 
40 70 420     
12
Vout  V2  Vs1
25
Consider the current source Is2 acting alone:
20 1 40 2
+
Is2 400 70 420 vout
-

 1 1 1 1     
 20  400  40    V1   Is2 
40
   
 1 1 1 1     
    V2   0 
 40 
40 70 420     
48
Vout  V2  Is2
5
Superposition theorem gives:
12 48
Vout  Vs1  Is2
25 5

If Vs1 = 20 V and Is2 = 0.5 A, then

12 48
Vout   20   0.5  14.4
25 5

If each of the resistances is doubled, then the

new linear relationship will be

12 96
Vout  Vs1  Is2
25 5
 Problem 24
Consider the circuit of Fig.

i2 +
20 v1 6 vout
20 -

1
(i) Based on the principles of linearity and
superposition, vout may be expressed as vout =
A v1 + B i2. Compute A and B.
(ii) If v1(t) = 12 cos(10t) V and i2 = 2 A, find
vout(t).
Consider the voltage source V1 acting alone:
2 Ia

+
20 v1 6 vout
20 -

v1 2
v out  6  Ia  6   v1
261 3
Consider the current source I2 acting alone:
2 Ib

i2 +
20 6 vout
20 -

21
v out  6  Ib  6  i2   2i2
216
Superposition theorem gives:

2
v out  v1  2i2  A  v1  B  i2
3

2
A ; B  2i2
3

If v1(t) = 12 cos(10t) V and i2 = 2 A, then

2
v out   12 cos(12t)  2  2  8 cos(12t)  4
3
 Problem 25
(i) Find the linear relationship between vout(t)
and the four independent sources for the circuit
of Fig.
(ii) If each of the resistances is doubled, what is
the new linear relationship?
 i3(t)

9 18
vout

-
i4(t) v2(t)
24
12 36

v1(t)
Consider the voltage source v1 acting alone:

9 18
vout

-
24
12 36

v1(t)

R  12  24  36||18  48

v1 (t)
v out  24   0.5v1 (t)
48
Consider the voltage source v2 acting alone:

9 18
vout

-
v2(t)
24
12 36

v2 (t)
R  (12  24)||36  18  36 I
36
I v2 (t) 1
v out  24   24   v2 (t)
2 2  36 3
Consider the current source i3 acting alone:
i3(t)

9 18
vout

-
24 I
12 36

12 1
I  i3 (t)   i3 (t)
12  24  18||36 4
1
v out  24  I  24  i3 (t)  6i3 (t)
4
Consider the current source i4 acting alone:

9 18
vout

-
i4(t)
I 24
12 36

12 1
I  i4 (t)   i4 (t)
12  24  18||36 4
1
v out  24  I  24  i4 (t)  6i4 (t)
4
Superposition theorem gives:

1
v out  0.5v1 (t)  v2 (t)  6i3 (t)  6i4 (t)
3

If each of the resistances is doubled, then the

new linear relationship will be

1
v out  0.5v1 (t)  v2 (t)  12i3 (t)  12i4 (t)
3
 Problem 26
With sources iA and vB on in the circuit of Fig. and
vC = 0, iX = 20 A; with iA and vC on and vB = 0, iX =
-5 A; and finally, with all three sources on, iX = 12
A. Find iX if the only source operating is (i) iA ; (ii)
vB ; (iii) vC . (iv) Find iX if iA and vC are doubled in
amplitude and vB is reversed.
 iX

R’s
iA vC
only

vB
Let the linear relationship among the output and
three inputs be:

ix  A iA  B vB  C v C

With sources iA and vB on and vC = 0, iX = 20 A,

gives
A iA  B vB  20 . . . . . (1)

With iA and vC on and vB = 0, iX = -5 A, gives

A iA  C v C  5 . . . . . (2)
With all three sources on, iX = 12 A, gives:

A iA  B vB  C v C  12 . . . . . (3)

Eq. (1) + Eq. (2) – Eq. (3) gives:

A iA  3

Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) gives :

B vB  17 C v C  8
With source iA on, gives

ix  A iA  3

With source vB on, gives

ix  BvB  17

With source vC on, gives

ix  Cv C  8
If iA and vC are doubled in amplitude and vB is
reversed, then

ix  2A iA  B vB  2C v C

ix  2  3  17  2  (8)  27
 Problem 27
The linear network of Fig. contains at most
resistors and linear dependent sources. Two
separate dc measurements are taken. In the first
experiment it is found that when Va = 7 V and Ib
= 3 A, the load current is Iload = 1 A . In the
second experiment it is found that when Va = 9 V
and Ib = 1 A, then Iload = 3 A.
(i) Find the coefficients of the linear relationship
Iload = A Va + B Ib.
(ii) Given the equation found in part (a), compute
Iload when Va = 15 V and Ib = 9 A.

Linear Iload
Va R
Network

Ib
When Va = 7 V and Ib = 3 A, then Iload = 1 A.

7A  3B  1 . . . . . (1)

When Va = 9 V and Ib = 1 A, then Iload = 3 A.

9A  1B  3 . . . . . (2)

Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) gives:

A  0.4 ; B  0.6
When Va = 15 V and Ib = 9 A, load current will be:

Iload  0.4  15  0.6  9  0.6

 Problem 28
Consider the configuration of Fig. It is known that
if is1(t) = 4 cos(2t) A and vs2(t) = 0, then vout(t) =
-2 cos(2t) V, and if is1(t) = 0 and vs2(t) = 10 V,
then vout(t) = 55 V.
(i) If is1(t) = 2 cos(2t) A and vs2(t) = -10 cos(2t)
V, find vout(t).
(ii) If is1(t) = -4 cos(5t) A and vs2(t) = 20 cos(5t)
V, find vout(t).
 Vout(t)
+ -

Linear
resistive
is1(t) circuit with vs2(t)
dependent
sources
Let the linear relationship between vout and the
inputs, is1 and vs2 be

v out  A  is1  B  v s2

If is1(t) = 4 cos(2t) A and vs2(t) = 0, then vout(t) =

-2 cos(2t) V. Hence

A  4 cos(2t)  B  0  2 cos(2t)

 A  0.5
If is1(t) = 0 and vs2(t) = 10 V, then vout(t) = 55 V .
Hence

A  0  B  10  55

 B  5.5

Hence

v out  0.5  is1  5.5  v s2

If is1(t) = 2 cos(2t) A and vs2(t) = -10 cos(2t) V,
then
v out  0.5  2 cos(2t)  5.5  10 cos(2t)

v out  56 cos(2t)

If is1(t) = -4 cos(5t) A and vs2(t) = 20 cos(5t) V,

then

v out  0.5  4 cos(5t)  5.5  20 cos(5t)

v out  112 cos(5t)

 Problem 29
Consider Fig. Suppose the measured data are: (i)
vout = 15 V when is1 = 5 A and vs2 = 10 V, and (ii)
vout = 10 V when is1 = 2 A and vs2 = 5 V. Find vout
when is1 = 1 A and vs2 = 5 V.
 Vout(t)
+ -

Linear
resistive
is1(t) circuit with vs2(t)
dependent
sources
Let the linear relationship between vout and the
inputs, is1 and vs2 be

v out  A  is1  B  v s2

If is1 = 5 A with vs2 = 10 V, then vout = 15 V.

Hence

5A  10B  15 . . . . .(1)

If is1 = 2 A with vs2 = 5 V, then vout = 10 V. Hence

2A  5B  10 . . . . .(2)
Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) gives:

A  5 ; B4

Hence the linear relationship between vout and

the inputs, is1 and vs2 is

v out  5  is1  4  v s2

If is1 = 1 A and vs2 = 5 V, then

v out  5  1  4  5  15
 Problem 30
A linear resistive circuit has two independent
sources, as shown in Fig. If is1 = 0 with vs2 = 10
V, then vout = 5 V. On the other hand if is1 = 10 A
with vs2 = 0, then vout = 1 V. Find the linear
relationship between vout and the inputs, is1 and
vs2. Now compute vout when is1 = 20 A and vs2 =
20 V.
 Vout(t)
+ -

Linear
resistive
is1(t) circuit with vs2(t)
dependent
sources
Let the linear relationship between vout and the
inputs, is1 and vs2 be

v out  A  is1  B  v s2

If is1 = 0 with vs2 = 10 V, then vout = 5 V. Hence

5  A  0  B  10  B  0.5
If is1 = 10 A with vs2 = 0, then vout = 1 V. Hence

1  A  10  B  0  A  0.1

Hence the linear relationship between vout and

the inputs, is1 and vs2 is

v out  0.1  is1  0.5  v s2

If is1 = 20 A and vs2 = 20 V, then

v out  0.1  20  0.5  20  12

 Problem 31
In the circuit of Fig., find Vout by superposition.
What is the power absorbed by the 90 
resistor?

120 30
88 55 V 10
V + +
60 30 Va +
- 2Va 90 Vout
- -
Consider the voltage source of 88 V acting alone.

120 30
88 10
V + +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout1

+
-

- -
 I

120 30
88 10
V + I1 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout1

+
-

- -

88
I 2
120  30 60  30

120  30 60  30
 I

120 30
88 10
V + I1 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout1

+
-

- -

60 4
I1  I   A Va  30  I1  40 V
60  30 3
 I

120 30
88 10
V + I1 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout1

+
-

- -

80
Vout1  90   72 V
10  90
Consider the voltage source of 55 V acting alone.

120 30
55 V 10
+ +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout2

+
-

- -
120 30
55 V 10

I + I2 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout2

+
-

- -

55
I 1
120  60 30  30

120  60 30  30
 120 30
55 V 10

I + I2 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout2

+
-

- -

30
I2  I   0.5 A Va  30  I2  15 V
30  30
120 30
55 V 10

I + I2 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout2

+
-

- -

80
Vout2  30   24 V
10  90
 120 30
55 V 10

I + I2 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout2

+
-

- -

Superposition theorem gives

Vout  Vout1  Vout2  72  24  48 V

120 30
55 V 10

I + I2 +
60 30 Va 2Va 90 Vout2

+
-

- -

2
Vout 482
P   25.6 W
90 90
 Problem 32
The circuit of Fig. is driven by two independent
voltage sources, VS1 and VS2 . The nodal equations
for the circuit have been found as

 0.02 0.00325   Va   0.02 Vs1  0.00125 Vs2 

 0.6     
  0.6 V
  b  Vs2 
(a) Find A and B in the linear relationship .

Va  A Vs1  B Vs2

(b) Find A and B in the linear relationship .

Vb  A Vs1  B Vs2

(c) Find A and B in the linear relationship .

Vab  A Vs1  B Vs2

 50
a

100 + 40 Ix
Ix

-
Vs1 b
Vs2
500 800
From the nodal equations for the circuit, we have
0.02 Vs1  0.00125 Vs2 0.00325
a Vs2 0.6
Va  
 0.02 0.00325
0.6 0.6

80 50
Va  Vs1  Vs2
93 279

80 50
Va  A Vs1  B Vs2 A ; B
93 279
From the nodal equations for the circuit, we have
0.02 0.02 Vs1  0.00125 Vs2
b 0.6 Vs2
Vb  
 0.02 0.00325
0.6 0.6

80 415
Vb  Vs1  Vs2
93 279

80 415
Vb  A Vs1  B Vs2 A ; B
93 279
 465
Vab  Va  Vb  0Vs1  Vs2
279

Vab  A Vs1  B Vs2

465
A0 ; B
279
 Problem 33
The circuit of Fig. is driven by an independent
voltage source VS1 , and an independent current
source , IS2 .

(a) Find A and B in the linear relationship .

I1  A Vs1  B Is2

(b) Find A and B in the linear relationship .

I3  A Vs1  B Is2
(c) Find A and B in the linear relationship .

v2  A Vs1  B Is2

200

0.02 vx 100
200
Vs1 I1
- + vx -
v2 Is2 I3 150
+
Consider the voltage source VS1 acting alone.

200

0.02 vx Ib 100
200
Vs1 Ia
- + vx -
v3 Ic 150
+
 Ia  Ic  0  Ia  Ic

VX  200  Ic  Ib   200  Ia  Ib 

0.02  VX  Ia  Ib

 0.02  200  Ia  Ib   Ia  Ib

 Ia  Ib
KVL applied to outer loop

Vs1  200  Ia  100  Ib  150  I c

Using Ia = Ib = Ic , gives
Vs1
Ia  Ib  Ic 
450

KVL applied to mesh ‘c’

200  Ic  Ib   150  Ic  V3  0

Vs1 Vs1
 V3  150  Ic  150  
450 3
Consider the current source IS2 acting alone.

200

0.02 vx Ie 100
200
Id
- + vx -
v4 Is2 If 150
+
 Id  I f  Is2 . . . . . (1)

VX  200   I f  Ie 

0.02  VX  Id  Ie

 Id  3  Ie  4  I f  0 . . . . . (2)
KVL applied to outer loop

200  Id  100  Ie  150  I f  0 . . . . (3)

Eqs. (1) , (2) , and (3) gives

17 19 10
Id  Is2 ; Ie   Is2 ; If   Is2
27 27 27

KVL applied to mesh ‘c’

200  I f  Ie   150  I f  V4  0

100
 V4    Is2
9
Superposition theorem gives

1 17
I1  Ia  Id   Vs1   Is2
450 27
1 10
I3  I c  I f   Vs1   Is2
450 27
1 100
v2  v 3  v 4    Vs1   Is2
3 9
 Problem 34
Consider the circuit of Fig.
(a) If va = 52 V and ib = 26 A , find vout by loop
analysis. Now compute the power delivered
by the dependent source.
(b) Let vout = A va + B ib . Find A and B.
(c) If va = 26 V and ib = 39 A find vout . What is
the advantage of the linearity approach of
part (b) over the direct approach of part (a)?
 6 ix

3 ix
+
+
-
va vout 1 ib
-
By loop analysis.
6 ix

ix
3 ix
+
+

-
52 26

vout
i1 1 ib
V A
-

ib  26 A
KVL applied to mesh current iX

8  iX  3  i1  0

KVL applied to mesh current i1

 2  iX  4  i1  26

 iX  3 ; i1  8

 v out  1   i1  ib   1   8  26   34 V
Consider voltage source va acting alone.

6 ix

3 ix
+
+
-
va vout1 1
-
Consider voltage source va acting alone.

6 ix

ix
3 ix
+
+
-
va i1 vout1 1
-
KVL applied to mesh current iX

8  iX  3  i1  0

KVL applied to mesh current i1

 2  iX  4  i1  v a

4
 i1   va
13

4
 v out1  1  i1   va
13
Consider current source ib acting alone.

6 ix

3 ix
+
+
-
vout2 1 ib
-
Consider current source ib acting alone.

6 ix

ix
3 ix
+
+
-
i1 vout2 1 ib ib
-
KVL applied to mesh current iX

8  iX  3  i1  0

KVL applied to mesh current i1

 2  iX  4  i1  ib

4
 i1    ib
13

 4  9
 v out2  1   i1  ib   1     ib  ib    ib
 13  13
Superposition theorem gives

v out  v out1  v out2

4 9
 v out   va   ib
13 13

v out  A  v a  B  ib

4 9
A  ; B
13 13
(c) If va = 26 V and ib = 39 A find vout .

4 9
 v out   26   39  35
13 13
 Problem 35
For the circuit of Fig., use superposition theorem
to find Vout in terms of iS1 , vS2 , and  .

50 200
+ +
40
iS1 Vout V3 VS2
μV3
+
-
- -
Consider the current source iS1 acting alone.
50 200
+ +
40
iS1 Vout1 V3
μV3

+
-
- -
KCL at node 3 gives
Vout1 50 V3 200
+ +
40
iS1 Vout1 V3
μV3

+
-
- -

V3  Vout1 V3  V3 V3
  0
50 40 200

0.02Vout1
 V3  . . . . . (1)
0.05  0.025
Ohm’s law gives

Vout1  V3  50  is1

Using Eq. (1)

0.02Vout1
Vout1   50  is1
0.05  0.025

500  250
Vout1   is1
6  5
Consider the voltage source vS2 acting alone.
50 200
+ +
40
Vout2 V3 VS2
μV3

+
-
- -
KCL at node 3 gives
50 V3 200
+ +
40
Vout2 V3 VS2
μV3

+
-
- -

V3  Vs2 V3  V3
 0
200 40

1
 Vout2  V3   VS2
6  5
Superposition theorem gives

 Vout  Vout1  Vout2

 500  250
 6  5  is1

 Vout   
 1
  VS2
 6  5

(500  250 )  is1  VS2

 Vout 
6  5
 Problem 36
Using superposition, find the current I in Fig.

2A 5

4V
3 + I 3 VR

+
-
VR 2
-
Consider the current source of 2 A acting alone.
2A 5

3 I2 + I1 3 VR

+
-
VR 2
-

I2  2 A

VR  2   I1  I2   2   I1  2 
Consider the current source of 2 A acting alone.
2A 5

3 I2 + I1 3 VR

+
-
VR 2
-

3VR  5  I1  VR KVL

4   I1  2   5  I1  I1  8 A
Consider the voltage source of 4 V acting alone.
5

4V
3 + I3 3 VR

+
-
VR 2
-

VR  2  I3

3VR  5  I3  4  VR KVL
Consider the voltage source of 4 V acting alone.
5

4V
3 + I3 3 VR

+
-
VR 2
-

4  I3  5  I3  4

I3  4 A
Superposition theorem gives
2A 5

4V
3 + I 3 VR

+
-
VR 2
-

I  I1  I3  8  4  12 A
The End