UNIT -5

Data Communication and Computer Network

LH: 4Hrs
Contents:
 Introduction
 Importance of Networking
 Data Communication Media
 Data Transmission Across Media
 Data Transmission and Data Networking
 Computer Network
 Network Types
 Network Topology
 Communication Protocols
 Networking Hardware
 Wireless Networking

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

Data Communication Introduction
 Communication refers to the sending, receiving and
processing of information by electronic means.
 It describes the system or process in which one computer
transfer data, instruction and information to another
computer.
 It is used to sharing information one end to another end.
 Telephones lines are also used computer network for
communication.

Computer Network

 Computer Network is a group of computers connected

with each other through wires, optical fibers or optical links
so that various devices can interact with each other through
a network.
 The aim of the computer network is the sharing of resources
among various devices.
 In the case of computer network technology, there are
several types of networks that vary from simple to complex
level.

Components of Computer Network

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Fig: Computer Network

Importance of Computer Network

o Resource sharing: Resource sharing is the sharing of
resources such as programs, printers, and data among the

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 users on the network without the requirement of the
physical location of the resource and user.
o Server-Client model: Computer networking is used in
the server-client model. A server is a central computer
used to store the information and maintained by the system
administrator. Clients are the machines used to access the
information stored in the server remotely.
o Communication medium: Computer network behaves as a
communication medium among the users. For example, a
company contains more than one computer has an email
system which the employees use for daily communication.
o E-commerce: Computer network is also important in
businesses. We can do the business over the internet. For
example, amazon.com is doing their business over the
internet, i.e., they are doing their business over the internet.

Disadvantages of Computer Network

 Purchasing the network cabling and file servers can be

expensive.

 Managing a large network is complicated, requires training and

a network manager usually needs to be employed.

 If the file server breaks down the files on the file server become
inaccessible.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Viruses can spread to other computers throughout a computer
network.

 There is a danger of hacking, particularly with wide area

networks.

 Security Procedures are needed to prevent such abuse, eg.

a firewall.

 Data Transmission Across Media

The data transmission media is an any channel which is
used to send data in the form of audio, video, text, and
graphics as well.
Generally, there are two types of transmission media which
are as follows:

1. Guided Media: Transmitted data travels through cabling

system that has a fixed path. For example, copper wires, fiber
optic wires etc.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

- Fiber optics: Fiber optics is the technology used by internet
services such as Verizon Fios home internet to transmit
information as pulses of light through components of fiber made
of glass or plastic over long distances. Optical fibers are about the
diameter of a component of human hair and when bundled into a
fiber-optic cable, they’re capable of transmitting more data over
longer distances and faster than other mediums. It is this
technology that provides homes and businesses with fiber-optic
internet, phone and TV services.

Fig: Fiber Optics

- Twisted: A twisted pair cable is a type of cable made by putting

two separate protected wires together in a twisted pattern and
running them parallel to each other. This type of cable is widely
used in different kinds of data and voice infrastructures.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Fig: Twisted Pair Cable

It is cheaper than co-axial cable and optical fiber cable. There are
two types of twisted cable:

(i) Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable: UTP is an

unshielded twisted pair cable used in computer
and telecommunications mediums. Its frequency
range is suitable for transmitting both data and
voice via a UTP cable. Therefore, it is widely
used in the telephone, computers, etc. It is a pair
of insulated copper wires twisted together to
reduce noise generated by external interference.
It is a wire with no additional shielding, like
aluminium foil, to protect its data from the
exterior.

(ii) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): A shielded

twisted pair is a type of twisted pair cable that

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 contains an extra wrapping foil or copper braid
jacket to protect the cable from defects like cuts,
losing bandwidth, noise, and signal to the
interference. It is a cable that is usually used
underground, and therefore it is costly than UTP.
It supports the higher data transmission rates
across the long distance.

- Coaxial:

 Electrical signals are transmitted over the coaxial cable as

data and signals.
 Coaxial cable performs less well.
 Coaxial cable is inexpensive, and installing it cost less
money.
 High bandwidth is provided through coaxial cable.
 Coaxial cable is made of plastic and copper wire.

2. Unguided Media: Transmitted data travels through free space

in form of electromagnetic signal. For example: radio wave, laser
etc.
Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)
- Radio Waves [Radio Transmission]:

o Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are

transmitted in all the directions of free space.
o Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are
propagated in all the directions.
o The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to 1
khz.
o An example of the radio wave is FM radio.

Applications of Radio waves:

o A Radio wave is useful for multicasting when there is one

sender and many receivers.
o An FM radio, television, cordless phones are examples of a
radio wave.

Advantages of Radio transmission:

o Radio transmission is mainly used for wide area networks

and mobile cellular phones.
o Radio waves cover a large area, and they can penetrate the
walls.
o Radio transmission provides a higher transmission rate.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Fig: Radio Transmission

- Micro Waves:

 Microwaves transmission refers to the technique of

transmitting information over information over a
microwave link.
 Microwave transmission can be aimed at a single direction,
instead of broadcasting in all directions (link in radio
waves).
 Microwave transmission is the line of sight transmission.
 It uses high frequency microwave signals to transmit data
through space.
 It is used to for short distance communication i.e. telephone
line, television distribution, mobile phones etc.
 In this technology there are repeaters used in 25 to 30 km.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Fig: Microwave System

Advantages:

1. No right way is needed (compared to wired media)

2. Relatively inexpensive

3. Simple to install

Disadvantages:

1. Needing expensive towers and repeaters.

2. Do not pass through building well.

3. Multiple Fading Problem (the delayed waves cancel the

signal).

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

2. Satellite microwave communication

o A satellite is a physical object that revolves around the earth

at a known height.
o Satellite communication is more reliable nowadays as it
offers more flexibility than cable and fiber optic systems.
o We can communicate with any point on the globe by using
satellite communication.

Fig: Satellite communication

- Infrared:

o An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for

communication over short ranges.
o The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to
400 GHz.
o It is used for short-range communication such as data
transfer between two cell phones, TV remote operation,

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 data transfer between a computer and cell phone resides in
the same closed area.

Characteristics of Infrared:

o It supports high bandwidth, and hence the data rate will be

very high.
o Infrared waves cannot penetrate the walls. Therefore, the
infrared communication in one room cannot be interrupted
by the nearby rooms.
o An infrared communication provides better security with
minimum interference.
o Infrared communication is unreliable outside the building
because the sun rays will interfere with the infrared waves.

Fig: Classification of Transmission Media

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

  Data Transmission and Data Networking

Data transmission or digital transmission refers to the process

transferring the data between two or more digital devices in
analog or digital format. These data are transferred in the form of
bits.

There are two types of data transmission:

1. Serial data transmission.

2. Parallel data transmission

Switching

Switching is a process of forward packet coming from one port to

port towards the destination. A communication system includes
number of switches and nodes.

Switching can be classified in two categories:

1. Connection Less: There is no need to established

connection between source and destination. In this case
there is no fixed path specified.
2. Connection Oriented: In this case, it must have established
connection between source and destination. In this case path
should be specified.

There are three switching techniques:

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 1. Circuit Switching: When two nodes communicate each
other over dedicated path is called circuit switching.
- It is connection oriented
* Established Circuit
* Transfer Data
* Disconnect Circuit

- No delay in data flow

- No data is transferred even channel is free.

Note: It is used in telephone network.

2. Message Switching: In message switching technique,

message is transferred as a cable unit and routed through
intermediate node [different switches] at which it is stored
and forward.
- There is no dedicated link between sender and
receiver.
Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)
 - Traffic congestion can be reduced.
- Long delay can be occurring due to storing &
forwarding.

3. Packet Switching: In packet switching entire message

broken into packet and each packet having unique number
to identify order. Every packet contains source address,
destination address.
Packet switching is divided into two parts:
(i) Datagram Packet Switching [Connection
Less]:

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 (i) Efficient in bandwidth
(ii) Easy detect packet missing
(iii) All packet collected all end.

(ii) Virtual Packet Switching:

Virtual packet switching also known as
connection oriented switching. A
preplanned route is established before
sending message.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

  Network Types

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN or Local Area Network is a wired network
spread over a single site like an office, building or
manufacturing unit. LAN is set up to when team
members need to share software and hardware
resources with each other but not with the outside
world. Typical software resources include official
documents, user manuals, employee handbook, etc.
Hardware resources that can be easily shared over the
network include printer, fax machines, modems,
memory space, etc. This decreases infrastructure costs
for the organization drastically.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Fig: LAN Network

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

MAN is the acronym for Metropolitan Area
Network. It is a network spread over a city, college
campus or a small region. MAN is larger than a LAN
and typically spread over several kilometers.
Objective of MAN is to share hardware and software
resources, thereby decreasing infrastructure costs.
MAN can be built by connecting several LANs.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Fig: Metropolitan Area Network

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

This is another of the original categories of network,
and slightly more complex in nature. WAN networks
connect computers together over large physical distances,
remotely connecting them over one huge network and
allowing them to communicate even when far apart.

The Internet is a WAN, and connects computers all

around the world together.

LANs connect to WANs, such as the internet, using

routers to transfer data and information quickly and
securely. WANs are usually too large to be controlled by
one administrator, and so usually have collective
ownership, or in the case of the internet, is publicly owned.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

Network Topologies
Topology - Physical and logical network layout.

Physical – Actual layout of the computer cables and other

network devices

Logical – The way in which the network appears to the devices

that use it.

1. Bus Topology
- Uses a trunk or backbone to which all of the
computers on the network connect.
- Systems connect to this backbone using T connectors
or taps.
- Coaxial cablings were popular options years ago.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Advantages of BUS Disadvantages of BUS
Topology Topology

 Cheap and easy to implement.  Network disruption when

 Require Less Cable. computers are added or
 Does not use any specialized removed.
network equipment.  A break in the cable will
prevent all systems from
accessing the network.
 Difficult to troubleshoot.

2. Ring Topology

Logical ring

– Meaning that data travels in circular fashion from

one computer to another on the network.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 – Ring networks are most commonly wired in a star
configuration.

• Token Ring has multi-station access unit (MSAU),

equivalent to hub or switch. MSAU performs the token
circulation internally.

Advantages of Ring Disadvantages of Ring

Topology Topology

 Token passing is  Expansion to the

used. network can cause
network disruption.
 Ring networks are
moderately easy to  A single break in the
install. cable can disrupt the
entire network.

Fig: Ring Topology

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 3. Star Topology

o All computers/devices connect to a central device called

hub or switch.

o Each device requires a single cable.

o Most widely implemented.

o Hub is the single point of failure.

Fig: Star Topology

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

  Communication Protocols
Communication protocols are set of rules which are used in
digital communication to connect network devices and
exchange information between them.
Types of Protocols:
- TCP/IP Protocol: It is stands for Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is basic protocol
because it is used for establishing connection with
data sharing with the help of internet protocol.
- HTTP: It is stands for “Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol”. It is used in website for searching anything
inside website.
- SMTP: It is stands for “Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol”. It is used for sending email from one node
to another node.
- POP: It is stands for “Post Office Protocol”. It is
used for offline sending message from one end to
another end.
- FTP: It is stands for “File Transfer Protocol”. It is
used for transferring data one end to another end.

Additionally, all the protocols can setup in different

models of network as (1) OSI Model (2) TCP/IP Model

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Assignment: OSI MODEL and TCP/IP MODEL

 Networking Hardware

Networking Hardware are physical devices which are used

for establishing connection between different computers
within a network.

List of Networking Hardware:

1. Switch:
- It connects multiple networked devices in the
network.
- It works on the data link layer of the OSI model.
- It is used within a LAN.
- A switch cannot perform NAT or Network Address
Translation.
- The switch takes more time while making complicated
routing decisions.
- It provides only port security.
- It comes in the category of semi-Intelligent devices.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 - Switches are available with different ports, such as 8,
16, 24, 48, and 64.

2. HUB:
A hub is a common connection point, also known as a
network hub, which is used for connection of devices
in a network. It works as a central connection for all
the devices that are connected through a hub. The hub
has numerous ports. If a packet reaches at one port, it
is able to see by all the segments of the network due to
a packet is copied to the other ports.
A network hub has no routing tables or intelligence
(unlike a network switch or router), which is used to

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 send information and broadcast all network data
across each and every connection.

3. ROUTER

 It connects multiple switches & their

corresponding networks.
 It works on the network layer of the OSI model.
 It can be used in LAN or MAN.
 A router can perform Network Address
Translation.
 A router can take a routing decision much faster
than a switch.
 It provides security measures to protect the
network from security threats.
 It is known as an Intelligent network device.
 Routers can work with both wired & wireless
networks.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 4. Bridge
A bridge is a networking device that works in both the
physical and data link layer in a network. This device
can divide a large network into smaller segments and
pass the frames between two originally separated
LANs. A bridge maintains a MAC address of various
stations attached to it. When a frames enters a bridge,
it checks the address contained in the frame and
compares it with a table of all the stations on both
segments.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 5. Repeater

Generally, it works in the physical layer. It is purely a

hardware. It is also called two port device.

The repeater is used to repeat the signal numerous

times between the transmitter and receiver.

In order to repeat digital signals, repeaters are

utilized.

6. Network Interface Card (NIC Card)

A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware
component without which a computer cannot be
connected over a network. It is a circuit board
installed in a computer that provides a dedicated
network connection to the computer. It is also called
network interface controller, network adapter or LAN
adapter.
Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)
Types of NIC Cards

NIC cards are of two types

Internal Network Cards

External Network Cards

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

  Wireless Networking
 There is no requirement of any physical configuration
in the wireless network.
 The data loss rate is high in Wireless Networks.
 In Wireless Networks, the data transmission rate is
comparatively low, so it provides less speed.

Types of Wireless Technology

- Bluetooth Technology:
 As Bluetooth is an open wireless technology
standard so, it is used to send or receive data to
connected devices present across a certain
distance using a band of 2.4 to 2.485 GHz.
 In Bluetooth technology, the wireless signals
transmit data and files over a short distance,
typically up to 30 feet or 10 meters.
 Bluetooth technology was developed by a group
of 5 companies known as Special Interest Group
formed in 1998. The companies are Ericsson,
Intel, Nokia, IBM, and Toshiba.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 - Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN stands for Wireless Local Area

Network. It is also called LAWN (Local Area
Wireless Network). WLAN is one in which a mobile
user can connect to a Local Area Network (LAN)
through a wireless connection.
In some instance wireless LAN technology is used to
save costs and avoid laying cable, while in other
cases, it is the only option for providing high-speed
internet access to the public.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 - Wireless WAN
WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is a network
that made its presence globally very soon. It can be
utilized to connect multiple devices all over the world.
This type of network provides a better facility to
communicate between devices in any part of the
world.

WAN is very much helpful in building

communication in communities, businesses and
organizations.

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

 Q&A
Session
THANK
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Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)

Foundation of IT 2022By: Lecturer of IT, Mohan Singh Ayer (Msc.IT)