Derivation of Formula of Arc Length

In this section, we derive a formula for the length of a curve y = f (x) on an interval [a, b]. We will
assume that f is continuous and differentiable on the interval [a, b] and we will assume that
its derivative f 0 is also continuous on the interval [a, b]. We use Riemann sums to approximate the
length of the curve over the interval and then take the limit to get an integral.

We see from the picture above that

n
X
L = lim |Pi−1 Pi |
n→∞
i=1
b−a
Letting ∆x = n
= |xi−1 − xi |, we get
s
h f (x ) − f (x
i−1 )
i2
i
p
|Pi−1 Pi | = (xi − xi−1 )2 + (f (xi ) − f (xi−1 ))2 = ∆x 1+
xi − xi−1

f (xi )−f (xi−1 )

Now by the mean value theorem from last semester, we have xi −xi−1
= f 0 (x∗i ) for some x∗i in the
interval [xi−1 , xi ]. Therefore
n
X n
X Z bp
p
0 ∗ 2
L = lim |Pi−1 Pi | = lim 1 + [f (xi )] ∆x = 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx
n→∞ n→∞ a
i=1 i=1

giving us
Z bp Z br h dy i2
L= 0 2
1 + [f (x)] dx or L = 1+ dx
a a dx

1
 ex +e−x
Example Find the arc length of the curve y = 2
, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

Example Set up the integral which gives the arc length of the curve y = ex , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. Indicate
how you would calculate the integral. (the full details of the calculation are included at the end of your
lecture).

For a curve with equation x = g(y), where g(y) is continuous and has a continuous derivative on the
interval c ≤ y ≤ d, we can derive a similar formula for the arc length of the curve between y = c and
y = d.
s
Z d p Z d h dx i2
L= 0 2
1 + [g (y)] dy or L = 1+ dy
c c dy

Example Find the length of the curve 24xy = y 4 + 48 from the point ( 43 , 2) to ( 11
4
, 4).

We cannot always find an antiderivative for the integrand to evaluate the arc length. However, we can
use Simpson’s rule to estimate the arc length.
Example Use Simpson’s rule with n = 10 to estimate the length of the curve
√
x=y+ y, 2≤y≤4

1
dx/dy = 1 + √
2 y
Z 4 s Z 4 s Z 4s
h dx i2 h 1 i2 1 1
L= 1+ dy = 1+ 1+ √ dy = 2+ √ + dy
2 dy 2 2 y 2 y 4y

2
With n = 10, Simpson’s rule gives us
∆y  
L ≈ S10 = g(2)+4g(2.2)+2g(2.4)+4g(2.6)+2g(2.8)+4g(3)+2g(3.2)+4g(3.4)+2g(3.6)+4g(3.8)+g(4)
3
q
where g(y) = 2 + √1y + 4y1
and ∆y = 4−2
10
.

yi y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9 y10
q yi 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
g(yi ) = 2 + √1 + 1
≈ 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.60
y 4y

We get
S10 ≈ 3.269185

The distance along a curve with equation y = f (x) from a fixed point (a, f (a)) is a function of x. It is
called the arc length function and is given by
Z xp
s(x) = 1 + [f 0 (t)]2 dt.
a
p
From the fundamental theorem of calculus, we see that s0 (x) = 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 . In the language of
differentials, this translates to
r  dy 2
ds = 1 + dx or (ds)2 = (dx)2 + (dy)2
dx

2x3/2
Example Find the arc length function for the curve y = 3
taking P0 (1, 3/2) as the starting point.

3
 Worked Examples
Example Find the length of the curve y = ex , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Z 2r h dy i2 Z 2r h i2 Z 2√
L= 1+ dx = x
1 + e dx = 1 + e2x dx
0 dx 0 0

Let u = ex , du = udx or dx = du/u. u(0) = 1 and u(2) = e2 . This gives

Z 2√ Z e2 √
2x
1 + u2
1 + e dx = du
0 1 u
√ √ √
Letting u = tan θ, where −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, we get 1 + u2 = 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ = sec θ and
du = sec2 θdθ Z tan−1 (e2 )
sec θ
sec2 θdθ
π
4
tan θ
Z tan−1 (e2 ) Z tan−1 (e2 )
sec3 θ sec3 θ tan θ
= dθ = 2
dθ
π
4
tan θ π
4
tan θ
Z tan−1 (e2 )
sec3 θ tan θ
= 2θ−1
dθ
π
4
sec
√ √
Letting w = sec θ, we have w( 4 ) = 2, w(tan−1 (e2 )) = 1 + e4 from a triangle and dw = sec θ tan θ.
π

Our integral becomes

√ √ √
1+e4 1+e4 1+e4
w2
Z Z Z
1 1/2 1/2
√
dw = √
1+ 2 dw = √
1+ − dw
2 w2 − 1 2 w −1 2 w−1 w+1
√
# 1+e4 #√1+e4
1 1 1 w−1
=w+ ln |w − 1| − ln |w + 1| = w + ln
2 2 √ 2 w+1 √
2 2
√ √
√ √ 1 1 + e4 − 1 1 2−1
= 1 + e − 2 + ln √
4 − √ .
2 1 + e4 + 1 2 2+1