CS 4126 : Internet Technology

Lecture-2
Internet Services and WWW - Part 1
 Internet Services

• There are many, but we will look at only the following:

– FTP
– Telnet
– World Wide Web (WWW)
– eMail
– Instant messaging
– VoIP
– Internet Relay Chat
– Bulletin board services (BBSs)

But first, we need to find out about the addressing

scheme used on the Internet
 Internet Addressing

• Regular post cannot be delivered unless we write a

destination address on the envelope

• Same is true for the Internet

• Regular post can be delivered at the intended address

even if the given address is not precise. That is not the
case for Internet addressing
 IP Address
• Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses:
– An IP address is a unique identifier for a device on the
Internet.
– Assigned by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN)
– There are two versions:
• IPv4 (e.g., 192.168.0.1)
• IPv6 (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)
• Networks using TCP/IP route messages based on the IP address
of the destination
• Example:
– 203.215.177.33 (IP address of the VU Web server)
 IPv4 Addresses

• An IPv4 address is 32 bits long

• The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal
• IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which means that the address
space is 232 or 4,294,967,296(Maximum available
theoretically)
• IPv4 have 2 types of notations:
1) Doted decimal
Denoted in decimal format each byte is separated by dot eg: 117.149.29.2
Mostly used by human configurations
2) Binary notation
In binary format eg: 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010
Mostly used by devices for processing
 Example 1

Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.

Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
IPv4 Classes (Classfull Address)
• IPV4 address is 32 bits and is divided into four equal
parts/octets.
• Each part has 8 bits. So, each octet has a range of 0-255
• The address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E
• Class A
– The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Thus the first octet ranges from 1 – 127, i.e. 00000001-011111111
– First byte is network and last 3 bytes are Host (N.H.H.H)
• Class B
– The first two bits in the first octet set to 10 (10xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte from 128 - 191, i.e. 10000000-101111111
– First 2 bytes is network and last 2 byte are Host (N.N.H.H)
 IPv4 Classes(Classfull Address)
• Class C
– The first three bits in the first octet set to 110 (110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte from 192 - 223, i.e. 11000000-110111111
– First 3 bytes is network and last byte are Host (N.N.N.H)
• Class D
– The first four bits in the first octet set to 1110 (1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte from 224 - 239, i.e. 11100000-11101111
– First 2 bytes is network and last 2 byte are Host (N.N.H.H)
• Class E
– The first four bits in the first octet set to 11110 (1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte ifrom 240 - 255, i.e. 11110000-11110111
– First 2 bytes is network and last 2 byte are Host (N.N.H.H)
IPv4 Classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
 Netid and Hostid

NOTE: Each address is divided into two parts netid and hostid. The netid is
used to determine the network address while hosid tells the id of a particular
node in a network.
 Example 2

Find the class of each address.

a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
 IPv6: The Next Generation

The newest version of IP (version 6, or IPng) uses 128

bits, yielding
2128 unique combinations

That’s over 340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible

addresses!
• IPv6 is slowly be integrated in the existing Internet.
• IPv4’s 32 bits continues to be the dominant form of
IP addressing.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

• URL (Uniform Resource Locator):

– A URL is the address used to access resources on
the Internet.
– It includes the protocol (e.g., HTTP), domain name,
and path to the resource (e.g.,
https://www.example.com/page).
 Domain Names
• IP addresses are fine for computers, but difficult to
recognize and remember for humans

• A domain name is a meaningful, easy-to-remember

‘label’ for an IP address

• Examples:
203.215.177.33 www.vu.edu.pk
216.239.33.101 www.google.com
 203.215.177.33
DNS address IP address

www.vu.edu.pk
 Domain Name System (DNS)
• Domain Name System (DNS) – resolves IP addresses
into easily recognizable names
• For example:

72.44.192.233 = www.CIWcertified.com

• Domain name and IP address refer to the same Web

server
 Domain Name System (DNS)
• DNS is the way that Internet domain names are located &
translated into IP addresses
• Maintaining a single, central table of domain name/IP address
relationships is impractical
– Billions of DNS-IP translations take place every day
– The DNS-IP tables get updated continuously
• Tables of DNs & IP addresses are distributed throughout the
Internet on numerous servers
• There is a DNS server at most ISPs. It converts the domain
names in our Internet requests to actual IP addresses
• In case it does not have a particular domain name in its table,
it makes a request to another DNS server on the Internet
 Typical Domain Name

www.CIWcertified.com

Server (host) Registered Domain

name company category
domain (top-level
name domain)
 Domain Name Syntax
• Domain names are read right to left, signifying
general, then specific locations
• For example, www.CIWcertified.com can be
interpreted as follows:
• com – commercial site
• CIWcertified – registered company domain name
• www – Web server name at company
 Top-Level Domains
• com – commercial or company sites
• edu – educational institutions, typically universities
• org – organizations; originally clubs, associations and
non-profit groups; currently, various types of
organizations
• mil – U.S. military
• gov – U.S. civilian government
• net – network sites, including ISPs
• int – international organizations (rarely used)
 Domain Name Servers and
Virtual and Shared Domains

• Domain name server – a server on the Internet that

resolves domain names into IP addresses
• Virtual domain – a hosting service that allows a
company to host its domain name on a third-party
ISP server
• Shared domain – a hosting service that allows
multiple entities to share portions of the same
domain name
 FTP: File Transfer Protocol

• Used to transfer files between computers on a TCP/IP

network (e.g Internet)

• Simple commands allow the user to:

– List, change, create folders on a remote computer
– Upload and download files

• Typical use: Transferring Web content from the

developer’s PC to the Web server
 FTP

• Example FTP actions:

– get : Transfer a file from remote host to your
computer:
– put :Transfer a file from your computer to remote
host:
– dir or ls : Remote host directory listing
– ll or ldir : Local directory listing
– chdir or cd :Change remote directory
– lcd : Change local directory
 Telnet Protocol

• Using Telnet, a user can remotely log on to a

computer (connected to the user’s through a
TCP/IP network, e.g. Internet) & have control over it
like a local user, including control over running
various programs

• In contrast, FTP allows file operations only

• Typical use: Configuring and testing of a remote

Web server
 World Wide Web (WWW)
• The greatest, shared resource of information
created by humankind

• A user may access any item on the Web through a

URL, e.g.
http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs/index.html

• Before, going any further, let us dissect this URL

 http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs/index.html

Protocol Server Directory & File

Identifier Address Name
How does the Web work?
User launches the browser on his/her computer

User’s
Computer

Browser
User types in the URL into the browser

User’s
Computer
The browser breaks down the URL

User’s
Computer

http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs/index.html

cs/index.html
Directory &
File Name
www.vu.edu.pk
http Server’s Name
Protocol
Identifier
Browser sends server’s name to the DNS server
Domain Name
User’s DNS
Computer Server
IP Address
Browser establishes a connection with the server

User’s
Computer

Internet

Web
Server
Browser sends a ‘GET’ request for cs/index.html

User’s
Computer

Web
Server
Server sends the requested file to the browser

User’s
Computer

Web
Server
Browser displays index.html

User’s
Computer
X
 eMail

• Computer-to-computer messaging

• Inexpensive, and quite quick, but not instant!

• The most popular service on the Internet, even

more than surfing, but soon to be overtaken by
instant messaging

• Billions are sent every day

How does an eMail system work?
But first, the components:

• eMail client

• SMTP server

• POP3 server
 eMail Clients

• Programs used for writing, sending, receiving, and

displaying eMail messages

• Examples: Outlook, Gmail, Hotmail, YahooMail

SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

A protocol used to send and receive eMail messages

over a TCP/IP network
 POP3: Post Office Protocol

• A protocol used for receiving eMail messages

• A POP3 server maintains text files (one file per user

account) containing all messages received by a user

• eMail client interacts with the POP3 server for

discovering and downloading new eMail messages
 The message is prepared using the eMail client

Sender’s
Computer

eMail
Client
 The eMail client sends it to the SMTP server

Sender’s
Computer

SMTP
Server
 If the receiver is local, it goes to the POP3 server

Sender’s POP3
Computer Server

SMTP
Server
 The receiver picks it at his/her convenience

Sender’s POP3
Computer Server

SMTP Receiver's
Server Computer
 Otherwise, it is sent to receiver's SMTP server

Sender’s
Computer

SMTP
Server

Internet

SMTP
Server
 Which forwards it to the local POP3 server

Sender’s
Computer

SMTP
Server

POP3 SMTP
Server Server
 The receiver picks it at his/her convenience

Sender’s
Computer

SMTP
Server

Receiver's POP3 SMTP

Computer Server Server
 The Trouble with eMail

• Slow response times

• No way of knowing if the person we are sending

eMail to is there to read it

• The process of having a conversation through eMail

by exchanging several short messages is too
cumbersome

Instant messaging (IM) solves these problems