Lecture 2-Part1 Internet Services and WWW
Lecture 2-Part1 Internet Services and WWW
Lecture-2
Internet Services and WWW - Part 1
Internet Services
Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
IPv4 Classes (Classfull Address)
• IPV4 address is 32 bits and is divided into four equal
parts/octets.
• Each part has 8 bits. So, each octet has a range of 0-255
• The address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E
• Class A
– The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Thus the first octet ranges from 1 – 127, i.e. 00000001-011111111
– First byte is network and last 3 bytes are Host (N.H.H.H)
• Class B
– The first two bits in the first octet set to 10 (10xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte from 128 - 191, i.e. 10000000-101111111
– First 2 bytes is network and last 2 byte are Host (N.N.H.H)
IPv4 Classes(Classfull Address)
• Class C
– The first three bits in the first octet set to 110 (110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte from 192 - 223, i.e. 11000000-110111111
– First 3 bytes is network and last byte are Host (N.N.N.H)
• Class D
– The first four bits in the first octet set to 1110 (1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte from 224 - 239, i.e. 11100000-11101111
– First 2 bytes is network and last 2 byte are Host (N.N.H.H)
• Class E
– The first four bits in the first octet set to 11110 (1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.
xxxxxxxx)
– Range of first octet or byte ifrom 240 - 255, i.e. 11110000-11110111
– First 2 bytes is network and last 2 byte are Host (N.N.H.H)
IPv4 Classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
Netid and Hostid
NOTE: Each address is divided into two parts netid and hostid. The netid is
used to determine the network address while hosid tells the id of a particular
node in a network.
Example 2
• Examples:
203.215.177.33 www.vu.edu.pk
216.239.33.101 www.google.com
203.215.177.33
DNS address IP address
www.vu.edu.pk
Domain Name System (DNS)
• Domain Name System (DNS) – resolves IP addresses
into easily recognizable names
• For example:
72.44.192.233 = www.CIWcertified.com
www.CIWcertified.com
User’s
Computer
Browser
User types in the URL into the browser
User’s
Computer
The browser breaks down the URL
User’s
Computer
http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs/index.html
cs/index.html
Directory &
File Name
www.vu.edu.pk
http Server’s Name
Protocol
Identifier
Browser sends server’s name to the DNS server
Domain Name
User’s DNS
Computer Server
IP Address
Browser establishes a connection with the server
User’s
Computer
Internet
Web
Server
Browser sends a ‘GET’ request for cs/index.html
User’s
Computer
Web
Server
Server sends the requested file to the browser
User’s
Computer
Web
Server
Browser displays index.html
User’s
Computer
X
eMail
• Computer-to-computer messaging
• eMail client
• SMTP server
• POP3 server
eMail Clients
Sender’s
Computer
eMail
Client
The eMail client sends it to the SMTP server
Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
If the receiver is local, it goes to the POP3 server
Sender’s POP3
Computer Server
SMTP
Server
The receiver picks it at his/her convenience
Sender’s POP3
Computer Server
SMTP Receiver's
Server Computer
Otherwise, it is sent to receiver's SMTP server
Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
Internet
SMTP
Server
Which forwards it to the local POP3 server
Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
POP3 SMTP
Server Server
The receiver picks it at his/her convenience
Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server