kinematics - 2d

Topper’s short notes

1 PhysicalQuantity
scalar vector
onlymagnitude magnitude as well asdirection
as followsimplealgebra
leg mais
They
tnl subtraction
tollowttg.gg
distance work Eg force displacement
o34s ongas
Eericanent magnitude aswell direction
because charge a is conservative in nature

and E so chargeentering chargeleaving

It
2 Representation ofvector
Rectangular
arffgneffedirection
a a

s g g
j ray
2 y
A FI eriy rsinolg.gg tanay
A 21 3 4 b T rityitzi unit vector a vectorwithmagnitude I

A lil Ing Eye tff

te p
magnitude of 18
IT g parallelvectors F and B must be directedalong
I same direction
L B B ME
F ait 1925493K
nonzero positivescalar
B biitbzjtb.sk
if Allo than
const
95 m
4 A and I mustbe directed in opposite
d Antiparallelvector
direction
y
B MA
MII
B negative off

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 kinematics - 2d
Topper’s short notes

e Direction cosines T rityitzi

Y cosa l
f amp m y cosy n E
xp g
cos a cos434cosy I
a
sin at Sin B Sin y 2
Ec
3 Additionof two vectors
o o rate ima

Iia it I 0 180 R A B Min

CA B ERE Ate
anglemadeby R with a PL
PYO
it Al 151 a p
0 90 0 60 0 120

R TABI Ragtag RIFAT

A B F A B F A B F

Rag Roy PED

A 10Mls Uf 4 Subtractionofvectors AIB AI B
Atascosa
TM
Ui tom s yo
go a tana
Ling
99 31 Ifi ga g whileusing graphical method to get difference
DikOE p Emts 22122 between two vectors initial vectors must have
to make in reverse order
5 Polygon law ofUA useful for morethan two vectors
Emts

a FETE insameorder
Feverseordervector
B
y
q
if wehaveclosed polygon or of coplannerequal
n no
vectors at sameangle with each otherthan the
resultant ofgivenvectors will beEero

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 kinematics - 2d
Topper’s short notes

6 Dotproduct Scalarproduct
J
A B ABCoso

Igt A
a coso
Ej
projection
ofB alongA b Boso FBI Ausa FBI
C FIB F5 0

7 Crossproductvectorproduct
B B
i taggeddirection rate
Bone
A AXE BYE
AXE E I IculartoplanehavingA B
TIA TIB

ja i
IXI K Ixia i
jxk I xp iXK J
Ixiej ixj i
i i
8 Motion in a plane
A A
boththecordinate
randy
changeswithtime
y y
Horizontaland verticalmotion
se se are independentofeachother

se se se y y y
e r e y y y
r n ne y y yy
if angle is
measuredfrom
9 Projectilemotion
airresistance 0 ya
a tasant tasent
Ist Mtg
Efta T 243in guy tug
if
Play
A
Uyusino I 427yd Rape
YI
Y H H
o
a Bhind
Useycoso R 0 450 R Rmax
0 00
R ysinzo ayyy
a 0 30
Range R Rma
E
PER OmeasuredfeemHorizontal

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 kinematics - 2d
Topper’s short notes

b Relationbetween R and H
R 44 Coto
c equationoftrajectory pyo

gyp
setano
y o y setanof E
IF
10 Horizontal Projectile
U Uy
t se
Unitrye
t
3mn
Vy gt.CI
T unt

t 52

Range R UFF
Timeofflight
tf
11 Relativemotion
Tis
88 Y q Ua UT2 TI VI

12 RiverSwimmer
a Conditiontocrossriverin shortesttime

A.tt B widthof river

tmin dy velocityofswimmer
U at us velocityof riverwater
swimmerhasto swim Icularto River
b conditionto cross river in
sy.tt Iygt
Uls Dls
Is angle 0 withetical
diff
XI sino
Y ii if yes Sino tu s t torso
m tfyggnoj.TL KI

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 LAWS OFFMOTION

Newton's1st law of Motion Anyobjectcan'tchangethe

stateofrestand motionby
Fent 0
Rest Motion its owns
rent 0
111

ofmaterialdue towhich it resists

Inertia Inherent property
Fmf
aisnt
ofrest or
motion

dependent

Momentum PP mo
Forquantity directed alongO
Pa Ya

U const m const p const

i Newton's2nd law ofmotion
rateofchangeof linearmomentum
Fest
If
M moremais moreP moreforce will required

in y lees manatees p ten one will required

Omt
Eye fecit m.gg my
Feet m.IE itt anst
dI
ot.ImI
Ez unsttdf An

signindicates off co fin o and

vise a versa
Rocketpropulsion

a ft a
97 g

tag consideringgravity

w.r.EE
ALLAH It 20 mais
 if Feat
Collision
0
If 0 do 0 t const
pi PI
Feat
If fdt ffeyf.de
largemagnitudeforceactingforshort
duration
Ep pjpi 5 ffent.de

Impulsemomentumtheo area and forceulstimegraph

Collisionof ballwith wall
nochangeinmomentumparalleltowall
gu changeinmomentumonlytculartowall
Of Pi mucosoli Pemucosoti
ol
AF PI Pi
Ku lap 2mycoso
forceexerted ballonwall in time At
by
motion It 27ft
Actionandreact acts on Newton's 33rd law of

differentbodies To every action thereis equal and opposite reaction

Actionand reacts are types offorces meals
ofthebody
opposite in sign having
a weight W
self mtg accelerationduetogravity
magnitude
b Normalreaction N Figaro
always At T trying
8000 poemgmgoso

my
mg
c Tension
pointofapplication
alwaysact awayfrom
for will be samethroughoutstring
tagging
inextensible length ofstringremainsconst
S
F T Tz Tz Ta f
I i 5 I
for idealstring tension atanypoint will beequal to
appliedforce
ao Tr ring
 ApplicationNewton's2nd law ofmotion
F Ma

lo g 5 Fac m3 Is ma É m f t fi islargerthan a
math T and R Fi E
100114150T fa and
Tz
Egg total mais
751 I mas btwT2and E
fi Fa Fz
total mais

Fi m
III p
fi Fbigger and
Fas Fsmaller
mats b w N and Fa
µ f E a
total mais

Mas btw Nzand Fa

mais
fi A a
total mais
Atwoodmachine pulleyBlocksystem

I a
ftp.em
fbigger fsmall
Mzg Iggy Msystem
TI Mi Ma g 2mim2
IT a T
at ma MiTmz Mitmz
M A m2
f 2p 4mi
Mixmag 9 95 T 2mg
miss ma and
MFM and mem f 4mg
Im y
if mig magsino
m't Imagine
I'm
a Mig magsino
Mitra
g
springforce
1 mom alwaysoppositetone
maaingenmesmngbaa.e
E
T.fi gggatsie
MM
se
applied ectualtotensionin the
stringconnectedto
spring
Oseudoforce
TisaFaeforcefictionsforce
it isjust a mathematical fix for applicability of
Newton's laws ofmotion in
tepffertentetwith a o

Fps a accelerationofacceleratingframe
my
malsofbodyobject
I
ofthisforcewill be oppositeto directionof
Direction a
T
a a
N ma
ng
EN anti
my
mgtmatwIfgatosas­tmgtlm
 (SHORT REVISION NOTES)

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

1 Work W F5
manglebtw 85
05 w
Figmentofdisplacementalong F
M stcoso OE scalar Joulelergtis
lottery

0 0 0 9 0 180 0 90 0790
W he w y we ve
Wars w
Egg
Whenobject is goingup mgh

It Et
h
Img
É
if
tng
Idi in

warkdone during a roundtrip iso

Work
doneby mg or against it will be stored in gravitational

if u const Ake o

bcontigatpgatey i's
particleshould shiftedfrom
slowlyslowly
hear a
Me Uemghz b mg htt
Radiusotearth
ha Img Uemgh Ui myth't'd Jao mgchzhi
an gatumindependent
Umgay D daum o
Potentialenergydatum
dependent but do not
y
dum2 0 0
doneby
Work
conservativeforces
fo d
Fret
I 0 equilibrium
 (SHORT REVISION NOTES)

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

U a
3 0 F O
E stable

MÉÉ
o o

Dentrate
unstable F
Fg O Fa
YE co pointofstableequilibrium
pointof unstableequilibrium
E IE
WEIMR
Ego
3 Workdone
t
TV byfriction
f

effort
50
E
Eti
edplacement

Mswe workdonebyfriction is pathdependent

W Nz Wz
Tontine forces
workdoneduringroundtrip non zero
conservative or non conservative
WE Is springforce
Jffman k
pols r graph
lo naturallength ksstiffnessconstant at
Fa mmmm
areaabove axis we f i
thinspring leis stilt
thickspring more stiff
r FEEL
ri ri
f morning I
areabelow axis ve Ws k

Ws EEE rit
ki o and se
Rf
Ws I koel
depends on
Fromtheaboveexample it is clearthat ws
ri and if only hence springforce
is conservative
Workdone springforce or against it will bestored as
by
elastic PE
Us EI Kk

Code MSLIVE for personalmentorship

 (SHORT REVISION NOTES)

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

Fortwo differentsprings ofstiffness k and ka PII
a Ki ra stretched
bysameamount
We ke
U LKEE
b

iii i
LIEistratiedbysittjorcel

u x
Rt
U C U2
w
Ex If

4 KineticEnergy i
p mu É mtg m

m
metermomentum
KE IMU Mm I'm
KE U2

fses
if unon n times KEFses n tim
mais constant Eero KE
Is it to
Keeping
possible have zero P but

g
explodes
m
feat o OK
rest M
4 0
pi p
PEO
I O
momentumconservation
RUE
UP
KE I M R

H I I two identicalobjects with

n
SYSTEM
m equal velocities
Psys 0 but KEsys 0 KEsys mu'tImu mu

To make KE of system zero objectsmust be at rest

so
momentumof system willalso beEero

it p is Ased than KE tses by

by n
Ki gem and

Ky
CIII 13m i tool

getse in KE
41 it f I
 (SHORT REVISION NOTES)

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

5 KoskEnergytheorem
workdoneby all theforces change in KE
Went Wot Wno AKE
we DU Fo Y Jue fan
WEI
Went Wnc DKE DU

Wert DRE DU E Wnc O

if there is no externalforceacting on system then

Went O
O IKE DU

Kit Ui Kotor
Energyconservation
6 Vertical circularmotion
a Particleconnectedtostring
4 5595 particle wil
Itt point
topmost min I it
not loopingtheloop
Us Itg

1 l
CT
Ege
motion will beoscillatory
o throughout
u Ige
motionwill beprojectile
Bottommostint Umi Ege particleleavescircle
CT mares tangentially
T o at somepoint

Maximum heightattained
by particle h e it coso b
Particle connected torod
O IMI attopmostpoint
Wing n and balanceseachother
my
so an addinal centrifugal force
omg is notrequired tobalanc
mg

1 Umin Ig
7 Power
Rateofdoing work p dd Ift Fort
Stolar 51sec or Walt

p
Enya

j
P const
g
KE Imu

P
III
u nx

a
 (SHORT REVISION NOTES)
Circulur Motion

1 Kinematics

standard
of.fr II
aytpm motionsuchthat

eqnotcirde
n 5 02
y rsino
jugular displacement
r unit Radian
y 1800 a rad

I revolution
3oÉÉÉ
forsmallmeasurement it is

www.jjj.fjjjfjq
vectorquantity Rft
I scalarquantity
Averageangularvelocity w
If
N 600 rpm
w 2201 209rad
rpm revolutionperminute
w 28 Feed
torn revolutionpermin
W
II 202 Averageangularacceleration specialnote
a BE wigwi
Instantaneous angularacceleration V rw
g

ve
aid T j
fac Alu
ta 1019
a atto at ft
fac motion
uniformcircular
ii Nonuniform circular motion
y y
II const I const a and
ac isalwaysdirected pal Y Unst atenst
ant tart
towards center
const
tana
itO Banglemadeby a with J
wit txt
WE wit 2 0 it 13 90 accelerated em
B 90 DeacceleratedCM
On wit Een e

Exambat.in
 (SHORT REVISION NOTES)
Circulur Motion

2 Dynamicsofcircularmotion
Centrifugalforce
It istypeofpseudofore
butopposite in dire
Equal to magnitudeof Kripke

at om Fc Mfs may
Normalreaction in differentsituations
concaveBridge convexBridge

mint

mgtmf N
fitng My
Driverfeelsdiscomfort
Wj I ate on it
1 X X X
T1 72773 734 MW 3L

T BMwai
52 0
212121
T2 MW 2443mW't 5mw2l_

T to Effi
T mat 5mW L 6mW't
A uniform rod of mais'm and length't is rotated as shown

8h41 if I ta

Conical Pendulum
t 221 T
ME
Fear A 22
It
t o
a

to tano
Yg
retsina

Exambat.in
 (SHORT REVISION NOTES)
Circulur Motion

Deathwell
ow
torparticle to remain
u.n y.mu stuck atthe wall of
at death well
Mto Mwr
tmg t mg
a Umw're ing
w's
Ig
Wmin
I and 4min
I
3 Bendingofcylist
it cyclistwishtotake a horizontal turn than

ITTo
foot m

totakehorizontal turn w o
h
roads
require
outer
t ME
raisingof edge
Wrt toinneredge to ung ME
fi
Unant
counterbalance

y g g
Hmg
to
i
Sino My
Maso mg
tano
g
Banking superelevation with friction

omf mtg my
rotting
i
tanoty tano ee
Vmas rg I utano
4min rg itutano

Exambat.in
ETIBOAR
 GRAVITATION
Topper’s short notes

GRZANITATION

1 Newton'slaw of Gravitation

Fg G t t
If m ma

measurex
universal
gravitational consttf
irregularbodies Fycatulatey 19110 independent

Always attractive in nature

centralforce actingalonglinejoining centers
to a 9stautores
rectortormot N's law ofgravitation
A
4,1 BT 942hr
E m
E GREAT
E
Faz GMILE ri
sign indicates attractivenature
Principle ofsuperposition
Mi Mz
Thetmo FtEtEt
Vectoralgebra will beuseful here
FY.IE recall 3 special cases of UI
M3
Mo M forceon a mass placed at center
go Any of symmetric mais distribution
M
is always zero
Mo

Isp f It mais mo is placed anywhere

insideshell then netforce on
mais mo is zero
i

shellotmaism a SKI theorem

andradius
 GRAVITATION
Topper’s short notes

2 Accelerationdueto gravity go 9 8m15 lomis

independentof
p
M const
8 90 Yt goat
M PEAR
g og
assuming spherical earth

r t g app radiusofplanet
d'ensity of planet

ga
fay ftp.Tzp f yp
heck By binomial expansion
Toget
gu go 1
21 gh g D h
L
at r o g o
Gd go i
f go Ry goy
Rd r D distancemeasuredfromcenterofplanet
Ettectotrotation ofEarth

o mwh g g waras'd
5
8 d o g g war
atequator
Eyffdition
ofweightlessness 91 0
O g war
w
tri
3 GravitationalfieldIntensity
Force experienced
by a unit mais at thatpoint
E Em Q
m E Eg 4
Init D Mee m gy.pointf.in
Mathematically it is
similarto acceleration
duetogravity IIIT
 GRAVITATION
Topper’s short notes

GravitationalPotential

I
in v
91 scalarquantity
Gravitationalfield and potential dueto uniform rod

H
sie mi e T unfrimindensity

de gyms Eh
Édd added

Gaf gate GdÉÉ

Gd In r gate
Gd
fate
Eg Eg U Get in f
Gravitationalfield and Potential due to shell
5

If t

Ein 0
Ego
yy.in u

gy
y
yy out
91 Us Gye
KR r R FR

K G Gravitationalfield and Potential due tosphere

o m
R 7

Ein qtr Eat 92 Fsu

gy
Vina GREELEY Vent
Gy Us
GE
af Fo Ve 3GMR 32US
GRAVITATION
Topper’s short notes
4 Orbitalvelocity

MIL mys Fg 9 1 45
Lg Vo FI Eth
closets h o

Vo
IE IER
Vo 8km see

i
R 6400km

KE ofsaltelite

KE MOE U GMMI
veryclosetoearthsurface
KE IM.gM_
U m
gh her
TE KE to done intaking m from
Work
tiara
Gye Gyre rz.ve 911
Went AU
GET
Uf Vi r Up 9,1
TE KE t.PE
Bindingenergy TE
BE KE
GILI
TE KE PE BE I 1
tf
Sattelite
c Timeperiodofrevolution DE MI
Effr
III
T

o
T2 a 83 ER
closetosurfaceofearth TIGGER
T 84min
Estontiarysateite 7 e
24hours
 GRAVITATION
Topper’s short notes

5 Escapevelocity minimumvelocitytoescapeplanets
KEG0,0 0 as EQ gravitationpull
mu
Gt Gt
Ave byincreasing u
Ye Ve
II v
411 Satellitecan
Ve Egr ii 2km1stoffinth
Vet ve velocityat os interstellarspeed
if u ve
Vos tune
Ve is independentofangleofprojection than
that u ntfs
it particlethrownwith us ve such

4 0 momentarily atrest
a
Imu GMT Eth O

is
a
Éj Inn VE GMAIL In

Frinton
Rtd 42 In t
h
Ry te
ft
i

6 Kepler's law 1 all planetsrevolvearound

sun inelliptical orbitand
planetmove planetmoves
slower isfixed at one tocii
top ae.tn
o
apogee 2 const
perigee
p if If areavelocity

planetsweptequal area in
equal time interval
eccentricity gritty d
I
AI AE
b ITI 3 T2 a 3
g
a
MII semimajoraxis
 Solids And Fluids
Solids Er Fluids

changein dimension
1 Stressand strain
original dimension t.eemsq
I
Restoringforce
Cls area longitudinalstrain volumetricstrain shearstrain
Externalappliedforce
as area Ee AI Ex
If F
O
E
F
b
g l

be
IF
longitudinalstress normalstress f tailor to els area
a Tensilestress
f
Oc Compressivestress if
Tangentialstress shearstress e Fll tools area

g adsarea too A
f cos20
FLO
Iffy
of

Cls
e
Ight f
sina.coso
If sin 20
Findvalue of 0 Forwhich e Bo
ffcosX0 B D Tano 53 DI
pIsina.ios0 ELO

2 Stressandstraincurve on proportionallimit B elasticlimitpoint

Hooke'slaw on orbeforepointif
stress Ox E
Fappliedremoved than
O YE material regainsits
E
a.MY Young'smodulus
shape andsize

Elasticmaterial
EA YAI Elasticity
0
strain se
t
Ey Effy
MAHI SIRHANDPICKED Solid's and fluids

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 Solids And Fluids

yeildingpoint material beginsto fail

C
stain hardning zone materialgains strength colonies fifthatoms
D Ultimatestresspoint Maximum stress
DE Necking eone material break at anypointoftime
E Fracturepoint specimen breaksfinally

3 Types ofmaterial
a Ductile capable of undergoing a large amountof plastic deformationbeforetailur
that BreakMETEtat
Eg mostofthemetals aregoodexampleofductilematerial like Gold silver cuetc
b Malleable A thinsheet can be easily formed by hammering or rolling
it hasability to deform under compressive stress
Eg Gold andsilver
c Brittlematerial havingextreamly lowplasticity crackcan initiate w o plastic
deformation and soon evolve into brittle breakage
Eg Rubber Glas wood etc
stress a
F Brittle
Rubber or steelwhichone is more

MFM
Ductile elastic
undersameconditionselongation
in rubber is verylargecompared
to Steel Thus 4s Yrubber
strain steelmore elastics

4 Elongation dueto selfweight 5 Elastic PotentialEnergy

U I x Forcexelongation
m l Maesteg volume
u t Eff
u EOE YE 2
De
E t se
3nF
5 Poisson'sRatio 6 Bulkmodulus 7 shearmodulus
modulusofrigidity
lateral strain
m K
longitudinalstrain TIIT e x o

o
l IM
Yu s 0.5
0.5
practicalpurpose
Theoriticalvalues
sp changein Pressure
D volumetric
to
q
strain

8 Relationbetween M Y KandG Y 26 t u and Y 3K I 2M

9 Thermalstress

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 Solids And Fluids

I
Of can expand freely strainrestricted treestrain an o
od can contractfreely

treestrain in so
SI strss YADI
stress 0
If Of Do
Ot Doso
o o compressivestress
o Tensilestress

10 Adhesiveand cohesive forces 11 SurfaceTension

Property ofliquidby virtue ofwhich it tries
to minimisesurface area

0
1 Im Fr
I 103
If f

specialcase
I Whenanyneedlefloats on the liquidsurface

É minimumforceneeded to lift needle Amin

Egging
g
g
2 When a circularthickring Hollowdisc floats on theliquid surface

fencers 22T ritts

p
i r re r fences 42T r Thinring
ng y ii r r and ra o fences 22Tr for disc coin
iii fora squareframeofside a
there are twosurface onefrontand Oneback

Fences 2 497
a
in for a squareplateofside a
gag Fences
49
3 Dependingofsurface
Tension
a se a cohesiveforce
b ST a solubleimpurities
d ST
Imp Staffnication
C ST
patiasoubleimpurities
e stacontnation ST a
futurearea
Onmixing detergentin waterits setses
Surfacetensionofwateris morethan water alcohol

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 Solids And Fluids

4 WorkingDefinition of SI

done force displacement

Work
W 12Th Are T lax ease
IIIII a W T
surtaceared
fettarea Backarea
a
T n
W E T DA

i work
done in formation of a drop of radius r IN 4hr27
workdoneagainst se

1 done in formation of a soapbubble ofradius r

Work W 8m
workdoneagainst St soapbubblehastwosurfaces

Hi Workdoneinformation ofbubble radius ra from a bubble of radius n

W TAA T 21428224hr
W 89T ri ri

5 Splitting of Biggerdrop into smaller droplets

change in surfacearea AA n4hr2 4hr

RT
HE 42T Inr2 R2
n smallerdrops amountofSE Absorbed

Far n 5hr3 BE 49 RT IF It ses

In thisprocess temp ofsystem
r
By JMC DO 4hr3T IF If
III itsmallerdroplets BiggerOne
Ofsy
go 4B I I

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6 Excess pressure inside a curved liquid surface
i Excess pressure inside the drop myprecesspressureinsidesoapbubble
Percess
Pin Pout Pin Pont
Peress
Ep
Ii ExcesspressureInsidethe cavity
or air bubble in liquid
Palm

In pout Peress Pi Pont 22yegg

pg Pin Palmtegh
22

10 0
O const

7 CapillaryAction
27050
a h as area ofcapillarytube A ar
pgr r a IA
h a
t hat a

or her const and i hee

For a capillarytubeof insufficientheight
h heightof tube only liquid will notspill out
 8 Viscosity
Itopposesrelativeslidingbtwdifferent layers of fluid I
causeofviscosity intermolecularforceofattraction
viscosity temperature
Newton'slaw of viscosity e
ndy o F 7 Aguy
coefficientofviscosity I 4 velocitygradient
law
Stoke's
Validforround objectsonly
It any round object body tall into liquid it attains
B 00g a
ktt.vgity
g.ly

It Fa Ganru gregCff
pg E r distance
ng
9 Hydrostaticpressure and force
Po Path Palm Po 105Pa Nm2 760mmofHg 10m ofH2O
E p
P Po p Po
j Faugepressure Vaccum pressure
B Pa Po and PB PotPgh pressureTseswithdepth
pressurevarieslinearly withdepth

hydrostaticforceon side wall of container

D F Pang area of wall 0191 Away

f
If Away Thisforcewill act at centroide of
triangularprofile from base

A
Pressuredecreases
alongdirection of a
y
Po Pressure at due to effect of Ase
Po
PB Pot Parl and PB Pot Pgy
y p

Isis
it ayy and Agt
Are
tano
g ay
10 Pascal'slaw In staticfluid equal pressuretransmit at all points
Ep Bag by small forces effectof largeforce canbedeveloped
11 Archimedes principle
it any body placed in fluid it displaces volumeofliquid
AFB FB Paid tdisp g
volumeofbody inside fluid
t density of fluid
object
conditionfloatation p dysitybody
densityofHaid
As mg otting ptg
t f 11
Fraction
ofvolumeinsidefluid
Wapp Wain FB mg otg I Napp mg i
E
12 Laminarand Turbulent Flow
o o o o
o o o o 2 Flow intheformof laminated sheets
layer will notjump intoother
f
o o o o molecules of one
o o o o This is streamunes flow
o o o pathfollowed by all theparticleis same
o o o o
o d d g 2 Figtagmotionofmolecules
o o o o molecules of onelayerjumpintootherone

g to d
d o This is not streamlines flow
o o o
Rayman is veryhigh MR E 2000 Laminar
2000 MRE3000 Transition
viscousforce DVD
up Inertial fore y
Nr 3000 Turbulent

13 Equationof continuity ANi AJ

14 Bernoulli'sEquation marten
KE PET PressureEnergy const

F Pt IPU Pgh const

www am
I Ettlusevelocity Torricelli's equation

I
EEgI
I
0
su
Its and
HT a A R Ust it tug
Range Vet R 2t
Rt Rmax 4 12
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1 Calorimetry Measurementof
heat formofenergy always intransientstate
Heatalwaysflowfromhighertemptowardslowertemp
in a body or heatof a bodyfalsestatement
IF
unit calorie Amountofheatneeded to raisetemperature
of water from 14 5 C 15.50C

I C'd 4 1825 I 4025

NOTE it same amount of heat is giventoothermaterial
than temperature changes by more than ie
2 Heatcapacity Thermalcapacity amountofheatneeded
c changein temperature ofsubstance H Ag
3 Specific heatcapacity
ie change in temperature ofIg ofsubstance c
Ifmtiimmatisfisagdstance
S H C depends on phaseofsubstance water I
C
go 4200kg high
Thisformula is
usefulonlywhen
AirJeeNeet
DO
go
MCD0 X
c s

C
ice I
go 2100 In
s steam 0.46
Hc 1930Ek
I

temperaturechanges my a copper 0.4 too o

latentbeat

latentbeatotfusion Lp Lathtbeatofvaporisation lx
80cal gm 540cal gm
ice water water steam
Nochange in volume i e ang significantchangein volume
intermoleculardistanceremains same Aug intermoleculardistancechanges
All I used tochangephaseonly significantly

53 3880
Generally she increases with temperature relationbetween H and e

as myEgo
C Im ord H me
O

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 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
e

4 Principle of calorimetry HeatlostbyHotsubstance HeatGainedbycoldsubstance

Substance Substance Mia T Tm Mzcz Tm Ts
Ma C T Ma CzT2 Htt milit Malt
pm
MiG M2C2 It
Note thataboveformula will be usefulfor similar
phaseofsubstance
It Tm
TEI Mic Macz

5 Heatingcurve
I
if Heatis supplied at constantpower
Boiling
to
p daf mq1 watertsteam

Io meeting
It infer
c Csac
m slopeotheatingcurve

6 Temperaturescales Thermometricpropertiesvaries
liearly

AirJeeNeet a liquidthermometer RedwineEng

steam 100C 373K 212F 80k b Gasthermometer
point constantvolume Pressure
UFP
constantpressure volume
c Resistance thermometer

Givenunknown icepoint
Scale
Any steampoint icepoint
icepoint
OF 27312
Fertienheit Reimer
celsius
Kelyin
Oc of R

K C 1273 DK DC É 151
1 IE
f
go 132 o
fye REcPtcandtic are resistance pressureand
at 40C of c volume at Ec respectively
OK zero no
Fa o RocPocand toe are resistance pressure and
volume at Oc respectively
IQ tano g Riou Moocandtooo are resistance pressureand
c t of volume at looe respectively

tana
g

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 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

7 ThermalExpansion
vibrationbluemolecules
In solids temp Fang intermoleculardistance
a LinearExpansion AL LoxDO
L LOCHLAO
Difference oflengthindependentoftemp s 44 2242
maintained same at all temp
44 1242
composite
lit 12

X
Bimetallicstrip 4 ha a a cu
Rod with more value bend
a convene
y
Copper CU
Eat da da y y
Timeperiod of pendulum
OF et ri
7 a
12290
T
zag od ed ed gain or loss of
time in t It 7 fado

AirJeeNeet
DO 0 DT 0 clock runs slow Tf T lossoftime
DOLO Deco dockrunsfaster To Ti Gain oftime

b ArealExpansion BA AoBDO material Isotropicmaterial

patisatigic
A Aocitpgo

c CubicalExpansion AH Holdo Anisotropicmaterial Isotropicmaterial

to i typo Y Nit 22 23 4 3A
Variation ofdensitywith temperature DP PoYao
P Poli Yao Pt with FO
PT with do
8 Anomalous Expansionof water
at 4C water occupiesminimum volumeand has max density t.am cc io3kglm
In cold countries pipe burst whentemp decreases below 4C and waterexpand

0in te toYego Ye Ys s Dtapp O level ofliquid

I Dts toysDO Yecys Dtapp co level ofliquid u

Attapp Dte Its Ye Ys Attapp o level ofliquid
g Ho Ye Ys Do same
Ys 3A
AVapp to Ye 32 DO

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 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

10 Modes of heattransfer

a Convection Transferofenergywithmatter
mainly in fluids specially liquids
Bottom
layer molecules heatsup become Nasalconvection for convection
lighterand rises up and cold molecules land Breezes and working of AC
settledown and so on see Breezes
Gravityplays an importantrole
b Conduction Transferofthermalenergy w otransferofmatter
Mainly in solids
Energytransferdueto oscillationofmolecules
Energy is transferfromhighertempend lowertemp end

Te Ia es Te Lagged Untagged
Conductor conductor
Heat Ta Ta
Alongdirectionof flow tempt with et

foggytemperaturegradient

Conduction
AirJeeNeet
sign indicates TI with tie

a Transientstate
Q I 02
Is ol a
I e

b Steadystate temp of differentcrosssection oftherod remains constantwithtime

Q 02
Thermal conductivity
Ek
O
Ija Fifa 02
so kAgo material dependent
more k good conductorof heat
se
03 04 const temperatureditt

14
by H
II
ka Re Thermalresistance
Heatcurrent
SeriescombinationofRods

Ii it
H Same Hi H2
E 04 I.tk
for twoidentical rods
Mi ME game generally 1,14
it O K
OF 0221 Rif and Raka

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 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Parallelcombination ofrods
l Ip tr t tr
Kp Kianthftt fortwoidenticalrods
0 Oz DO Const
l same
Kp KIKI
H Hit Hz

c Radiation
The process of heattransfer w o heatingthe medium
No medium is required for radiation as it is Em wave
Radiation is mixture of Enn waves rangingfrom IR to Uv

Prevost theory of heat Exchange

All bodies emitts and absorb radiations at all temperature
Amountofheatemission Absorbtion depends on temp and material ofbody
some BasictermsFor radiation
Qi Amountofenergyincident r reflectance
Or Amountofenergyreflected
ME w a absorptance
g
ha sAmountof

at AirJeeNeet energyabsorbed

Amountofenergytransmitted
t transmittance
rt at t I
Yg

at t o at r 1 Good Absorber is bad reflector and viseversa

r o a i blackbodies
s Perfect absorber s perfect

BlackBody Sun stars s zeroreflection and eero transmittance

Anideal blackbody absorbs all radiation at all temperature baa t
absorbfivepower

When a perfect BB beatup to suitablehightemp it emits all typeradiations

of all wavelength s Kirchhoff'slaw

Ea const Ea a Ear BB

GoodAbsorber are Goodemitter

No Body can emit beat radiations more than a perfectly BB at a given temp
M
It
whitelight
Black a
Body with
my my whitelight

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 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

steafan's Bolteman law Abgolutetempertureofbody

surfacetemp
ya
E T e
fa o

Emissive Feagan'sconstant 8
powerof BB EA 5.67 10
Ya
depends on d and T
P TAT 4

emissivity e ftp.joayI p evatt era p a

radiationpotwerot
Of es I anybody P XA

Wein's Displacement law

d T const
Areaunder curve of
a poweremitted whvelength
ofradiationof
us by maximum
intensity Black Body
3
dT 2 89 10 mk
0.289 Mk
TF s Areat
dit data

AirJeeNeet
If BodycoolsbyRadiation

Oo 31
CoA T To

Iy Mg1
CoA 74 74

T 4 To
13 Rateofcooling
Gtf
Newtons law of cooling
temperature dirt
Rateof cooling
dy a at
É
o
4egf.tt
ft ktq
Oo so it body coolsfrom Oi Of in time t

Oif K
foist Oo

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I kinetictheoryofgasesAssumptions
Agascontains verylarge no ofmolecules
identical mais shape size
Perfectlyelastic
spheres
tiny
volumeofmoleculeis negligiblecompared to H ofgas

at T ok randomnets completelystops
Theeffect ofgravity on themotion of molecule is negligible
Smallmolecules with highvelocity so interaction blue
molecules is bareminimum

Ftw pressureand hightemperature

2 Differentspeeds of
gasmolecules
vang vituatt
Ung TE IES IE um
gy FI FI
Ump
EE TE If
Maxwell'sDistributioncurve

Urms Vary Up
I It E

3 IdealGasequation
Pt MRT
givenmais
PH MtRT
D
Ya IF molarmass Ip PI
PH NIA NKT
 4 KineticGasEquation
momanotonemolecules mo 3212nF
painmo KE
n no ofmolecules volume KE 3NRT 3MKT
Nt conemolecule
ptotalmais
10 34252
KE 3kt
KE 3RT 2PH
10 13PEZ na onemole
Fensity
It Note totalman 02 2
E

É 32E energyperunit volume

5 Maxwell's law of equipartition ofenergy

Kt
Energyassociated witheachdegreeof
freedom
degreeoffreedom
total KE IK nootwaysthrough
whichenergy
can beexchange
monoatomic
gas R T t
0 3 3
Diatomicgas 2 3 5
athighertemperature 2 extra
because of vibrationalenergy
notinsyllabus
Triatomicgas 3 3 6

6 Boyles law 7 charle'slaw

T constant Peconstant
Isothermalprocess Isobaricprocess

pit const
AT 2 T2

P
Pitt Paltz 4
71 T
A HA
Ha Pu
IE
Ta
It 10 T to I
Oz O
tano slope DR
y tano tano
tano a Palp
GayUsac'slaw Pa Pa Hz
11 constant
Isochoricprocas t
PAT go If it
PE T tano slope ME 0270
tano tano
qtr T tano X taste
it temperaturemeasurein Ethan
p

Pot pressureat oc
T Oc

9 Intatenesgy
U n GT Cu shcatconstantvolume
She at constantpressure
U DIRT Cp

Statefunction Cp W R na

doesnotdepends on path CP G NR
DU MERIT
t 17 0 gu o
te Y adibaticexponent

W ER Meantreepath

d ditd2td3t
Cp Itt R

d
Eady t
4 it
9,1
law of mixing
gasa gasp data
Icu op news P data radius
Comix
NYI 944
Cpmix
MCP 1MHz
Dan
6 30AM 12 30PM N 6th
July 9
DUT
fp.M
6 12th DI D
32AM
fyREEpre W
u AI

area
ofcycle
DW
O

If
I
Ee
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 SHM(Simple Harmonic Motion)

1 Motion Periodic Repeatsmotionafterfixedinterval oftime

motionof Eartharound sun
Monperiodic
NonOscillatory

oscitiatarynnition
to and fro motion
back andforthmotion
simplePendulum springblocksystem

mm
ng
Hnotioniferpressed
intermsof sine and
NonHarmonic cosinefunction

F
Sting Monster
Frest x se Frest Kae
KI­M at KK D

91241mn o
Moffatkn o

wrk o
Standardequationofstem

417 wise o will not be representing stem

Onsolving standard equation of sum

R Asin wt 0 O t o 2 0 t o e A
0 0 6 32
A Sto EEP
K Asinwt R Awswt
t o t O
z 8 10 2 2
whilesolving we
placementofparticle
always use equist
with given conditions
atanytime
A maximumdisplacement
from mop
Amplitude
0 initial phase at EI

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velocity and acceleration ofparticle a is alwaysdirected towards mp
k o a O
AWCos Wt 10
u
If K
sea
A
a
a
WEA
W'A
U AwSin wt 10 22

lads r
by phase 912
V W l A2 get

Eat I

2 0 vCmax Aw
n tA U Min 0

a
dy Aw sin wt 10
a wise
Tagsbehind
byphase
a Em home wase

4 forceconstant
2
w

a is alwayoppositeto

is I
EnergyofParticle Performing SHM

KE 12m02
Im A2W CosWE 0 U I Kk KA'sin wt 10

I ka fitcoslaettd
KE willbehavingdoublethefrequency TPEwillbehavingdoublethefrequency

KE 12mW LARRY 2 0 0 0 min

k A 0 12KAZ Max
atse o KE 21mWAZ I KA Max
am
RIE KE U
my my
KET U TE KAZconst

KE LU KA

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 PhasorDiagram

Aparticle performing stem can be

represent in form of unitorcircularmotion
with radius a

Angularvelocity of0cm angularfrequency

phaseangle at
anytime will be wt
Exceptextream position at all other
positions particle will be having two
different phase angles

T 0 I
300

4 150 563

Timeperiod ofparticle performing stem

seriescombination
a springblocksystem
mom mom m
K2
Mmm m
ki ka
ks k I o ks KitKz
se

THE mp
m
Parallel combination

Msm m M m
specialcase
I 2h yep ki K2 kpa kit Kz
n
Ms mass ofspring
jjj
Multiplesprings connected withblockof mais

qq.gg egg
TIE Ik
Lg e foettientot T It Is
K
it K Kz I ke
KEEP 45,1

Simple Pendulum
T aa.IT
independent macs bob
ofof
a

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 Pendulum in Elevatoraccelerating
a
up or down
i

Unst
in
get g get gta get g a

my Iga 7 22FgÉa

b charged Pendulumin External EA

for a n n n n

IE
fo
ion his inn ill in

9
In i Il
Jim
Mtf Mtf
9
get get get get9g get g fm
NOTE Fe 9E 970 EVE and 9 0 Fanti IIE

c Pendulum in fluid of density o

i alongwith selfweight bob experience Bouyantforce as well

n
get g II g 1
E
o density offluid
P density ofbody
F
KIEF LEE P o must P o

Physical Pendulums

É h
d E
I MOIaboutAOR
I BI d 42
d separationbetweencomand AoÉ
En
7
FM Tz
22
m man ofrigidbody
22E3tg­Eom
Tortional Pendulum T mot Aor
24
t
ay tortionalconst

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 Superposition ofSHM

81 9 sin wt 9 19492 29 gg
22 92Sin Wt 10
90 0 a phaseagren Case II
0 0 180 0 90
as fi g fit I ellipse

a
9 4222 a an a
ppg straightlineEquat rites a circle

Damped sum

Mmm m
Ismoth
surface springforceis onlyrestoringforce
Amplitude remainsconstant
Energy will remainsconstant
k
roughsurface spring and dampingforce restoringforce
Mmm m
f So y
y Amplitude decreases
Energydissipates in the form of heat
Dampingforce
m t Kat bu 0
b Damping coefficient

If Insethmu o

on solvingaboveequation
2km
hmm se Aoe cos wittol

A
W Em
A

Aoekt bÉm
AE t o A Ao max and ttt At Aoe

IF e
II Im g Ime DampingRatio
m
In

who
a
BET E he o

be III be tame b t.tk

not criticaldamp mm condition of over

damped
Energyofdamped SHM TE LgKAI Kao e ht

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Forced Sam f periodicforce
k F folostWat wa drivingfrequency
roughsurface
m's
mom
t Su y
y Fnet m a

Dampingforce
focoscwat Kk bo m
472

Itt setby foroscwat

x Acos Wat 0

Wab Fo
tanof A
MCW I m Cw Wj wit

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Join us on Telegram: AirJeeNeet
 Waves and Sound
Nature of Waves

(i) Transverse Waves: A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate at right
angles to the direction of propagation of wave, is called a transverse wave.

(ii) Longitudinal Waves: A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate in the
same direction in which wave is propagating, is called a longitudinal wave.

frequency (f)
1
f=
T ime period(T )

Its SI unit is hertz

2¼
Angular frequency, !=
T
¡1
Its SI unit is rad s

Velocity of wave
The distance travelled by a wave in one second is called velocity of the wave ( v ).

v = f¸ wave length

v
Frequency

Sound Waves

Sound is a form energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. Sound waves are longitudinal in nature.

Sound waves are of three types

(i) Infrasonic Waves : The sound waves of frequency range 0 to 20 Hz are called infrasonic waves. 168
(ii) Audible Waves : The sound waves of frequency range 20 Hz to 20000 Hz are called audible waves.
(iii) Ultrasonic Waves : The sound waves of frequency greater than 20000 Hz are called ultrasonic waves.

Sound waves require medium for their propagation. Sound waves can travel through any material medium (i.e. solids, liquid and gases) with
speed that depends on the properties of the medium.

Sound waves cannot propagate through vacuum.

If v , v and v are speed of sound waves in solid, liquid and gases, then v > v >v
s e g s e g
Sound waves (longitudinal waves) can reflect, refract, interfere and diffract but cannot be polarised as only transverse waves can
polarised.

AirJeeNeet
 Velocity of Longitudinal (Sound) Waves
s
E coefficient of elasticity of medium
v=
½ density of medium

Newton’s Formula
According to Newton, the propagation of longitudinal waves in a gas is an isothermal process. Therefore, velocity of longitudinal (sound)
waves in gas s s
ET P
v= =
½ ½

E is the isothermal coefficient of volume elasticity and it is equal to the pressure of the gas.
T
Laplace’s Correction

According to Laplace, the propagation of longitudinal wave is an adiabatic process. Therefore, velocity of longitudinal (sound) wave in
gas should be s s
Es °P
v= =
½ ½

E is the adiabatic coefficient of volume elasticity and it is equal to p.

S

i Factors Affecting Velocity of Longitudinal (Sound) Wave

(i) Effect of Pressure : there is no effect of pressure on velocity of longitudinal wave.

(ii) Effect of Temperature :

r r
°p RT
v= =
pp M
v® T

If v And v are velocities of sound in air at 0°C and t°C, then

o t
vt = v0 + 0:61t

(iii) Effect of Density:

1
v ®p
½ density of gas

(iv) Effect of Humidity: The velocity of sound increases with increase in humidity in air. Thus, speed of sound in moist air is slightly
greater than in dry air.

AirJeeNeet
 Speed of Transverse Motion

on stretched string
r
T Tension in the string
v=
m
i mass per unit length of string

speed of transverse wave in solid

r
´ modulus of rigidity
v=
½ density of solid

Plane Progressive Simple Harmonic Wave

µ ¶ y = displacement, a = amplitude of vibration of particle,

Y f ar bt
t x
y = a sin 2¼ ¡ ¸ = wavelength of wave, T = time period of wave, areCtve
T ¸
or x = distance of particle from the origin btl ve
2¼
y = a sin (vt ¡ x) v = velocity of wave.
areC ve tray
JJ
¸
btw

Important Relation Related to Equation of Progressive Wave

wave velocity
! 2¼ I 41
v = ; [k = ]
k ¸
Angular wave number

wavelength
2¼ 2¼
¸= =
Coef f icient of x k

Time period
2¼ 2¼
¸= =
Coef f icient of t !

frequency
Coef f icient of t !
¸= =
2¼ 2¼

Particle velocity
µ ¶µ ¶
dy t x 2¼
vp = = a cos 2¼ ¡
dt T ¸ T
µ ¶
2¼
(vp)max = a = a!
T

Phase of the vibration is the angle of sine in equation of plane progressive wave. It is denoted by Á.
µ ¶
t x
Á = 2¼ ¡
T ¸

AirJeeNeet
Relation between phase difference, path difference and time difference

2¼ 2¼
¢Á = ¢x 08 ¢Á = ¢t
¸ T
It BE
Energy density (u)
The energy density is defined as the total mechanical energy (kinetic + potential) per unit volume of the medium through which the wave is
passing.
1 2 2
u= ½! A
2

Power (P)
P = Energy density x volume

1 1
= P ! 2 A2 £ Sv = P ! 2 A2 Sv distance travelled by wave
2 2

Area of Cross section

Intensity (I)

I = Power = P

Area of Cross section S

1
I=
2
P ! 2 A2 v I LAZf E

Superposition of Waves
Two or more progressive waves can travel simultaneously in the medium without effecting the motion of one another. Therefore,
resultant displacement of each particle of the medium at any instant is equal to vector sum of the displacements produced by two
waves separately. This principle is called principle of superposition.

Interference
I I Ez 222 cosof
Constructive Interference
Phase difference between two waves = 0; 2¼; 4¼

Maximum amplitude = (a + b)
2
Intensity (Amplitude)2 (a + b)
mad
p
In general, Amplitude = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos Á

AirJeeNeet
 Destructive Interference
Phase difference between two waves = ¼; 3¼; 5¼

minimum Amplitude= (a ¡ b)
2
Intensity (Amplitude)2 (a ¡ b)
mind

Beats
When two sound waves of nearly equal frequencies are produced simultaneously, then intensity of the resultant sound produced by
their superposition increases and decreases alternately with time. This rise and fall intensity of sound is called beats.

The number of maxima or minima heard in one second is called beats frequency.

Number of beats Heard per second = n I -n

2
= Difference of frequencies of two waves

For loudness, time intervals are

1 2
; ; :::::
n1 ¡ n2 n1 ¡ n2

Reflection of Wave
The rebouncing back of waves when it strikes a hard surface is called reflection of wave.

If equation of incident travelling wave is

y( x , t ) = a sin ( kx - wt )

Equation of reflected wave

y( x , t ) = a sin ( kx + wt )

Stationary or Standing Waves

When two similar waves propagate in a bounded medium in opposite directions, then due to their superposition a new type of wave is
obtained, which appears stationary in the medium. This wave is called stationary or standing waves.

Equation of stationary wave, y = 2a sin

2¼t 2¼x
cos
T ¸

Nodes ( N ) and antinodes (A) are obtained alternatively in a stationary waves.

AirJeeNeet
Position of Nodes
Nodes are the points on the string where the amplitude of oscillation of constituents is zero.

n¸
x= ; n = 0; 1; 2 : : :
2

Position of Antinodes
Antinodes are the points where the amplitude of oscillation of the constituents is maximum.

for maximum amplitude sin kx = ± 1

¸
x = (2n + 1) ; n = 0; 1; 2 : : :
4

Vibrations in a Stretched String

Vibrations of a String Fixed at One End

v
Fundamental frequency of vibration or first harmonic is n0 =
4l
3v
Frequency of third harmonic, n = = 3v0
I 4l
5v
Frequency of fifth harmonic, n = = 5n0
2 4l

n : n : n = 1: 3 :5
o n z

Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends

r
v 1 T
Fundamental frequency or frequency of first harmonic n1 =
2l
=
2l m

v
Frequency of first overtone or second harmonic n2 = 2 ¢ = 2n1
2l
v
Frequency of second overtone or third harmonic n3 = 3 ¢
2l
= 3n1

n1 : n2 : n3 : : : = 1 : 2 : 3 : : :

Organ Pipes

Open at Both Ends :

nc speed of Sound
v=
2l

c
fundamental frequency, v0 = 2l

possible frequency, v0; 2v0; 3v0:::::

AirJeeNeet
Closed at one end:
(2n ¡ 1)c
v=
4l

c
fundamental frequency , v0 =
4l

possible frequency,
v0; 3v0; 5v0:::::

Doppler’s Effect

µ ¶
0
v =v
c ¡ Vo
c ¡ Vs tto.IE
V , V are positive if they are directed from source to the observer. They are taken as
o s
negative if they are directed from observer to source. In other words, we will assume that the
direction from source to the observer is the positive direction.

If the medium is moving relative to the ground, the speed of the sound will be taken as
c + V (Vm is the speed of the medium). Again note that Vm will be positive if the medium
m
is moving from source to the observer.
So in general the apparent frequency is :
µ ¶
c + Vm ¡ V o
v0 = v
c + Vm ¡ Vs

É d
fo f VII to

us to
to
t f III

thankyou
AirJeeNeet