Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is one of the basic elements of human survival and economic stability,
where the investment from farmers has to be significant to prevent pests and diseases in
crops. Pest detection early is essential as it will prevent major damages in the yield of
crops and ensures the maximum yield levels. With this view, we propose an innovative
automatic early pest detection approach that relies on advanced image processing
techniques with MATLAB. Our method employs preprocessing, modification, and
clustering of leaf images by using computer vision algorithms to effectively evaluate crop
health.

To improve the accuracy of pest detection, we feature extract from processed images
into an SVM classifier that is inputted in order to ascertain the presence of pests. It is not
only a reliable solution for the management of pests but also integrates well with
intelligent agricultural machinery for purposes of construction of good accurate maps as it
seeks the detection of the loop closures.

Traditional approaches to loop closure detection are often time-consuming and less
accurate, but Convolutional Neural Networks give a faster alternative. Taking into
account the limitations imposed by small embedded devices of agricultural equipment,
especially demanding for quick response times with real-time performance, a lightweight
CNN-based approach employing GhostNet is proposed that integrates high-dimensional
semantic information with low-dimensional geometric features to improve the accuracy
of detection.

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

1.1 Existing system

Related Work

The related early work concerning pest detection and agricultural automation is based
on the application of advanced image processing as well as machine learning techniques.
Traditional methods use manual inspections, which are time consuming and error prone.
Early attempts used SVMs to classify pests by applying features of leaf images. Pre-
processing techniques such as image segmentation, clustering, and feature extraction have
been broadly applied towards improving classification accuracy.

This innovation in Convolutional Neural Networks led to a drastic change in

agricultural applications by precision and scalability. CNN-based models have proven
their potential for complex image pattern analysis which no traditional methods could
possibly be done. The drawback related to the implementation of the models on small
embedded devices is also addressed using such light-weight architectures like MobileNet
and GhostNet with response time and real-time capability.

Improvements of the use of loop closure detection using CNNs made it possible to
develop robust maps for intelligent machines that are to be used in farm mapping and
navigation. Methods such as Multi-Probe Random Hyperplane Local Sensitive Hashing
have been proposed to help increase computational ability, leading to a detection speed
which is relatively high at the expense of high precision. The validity of the combination
applied has been proved through experimental studies over various datasets and, thus,
provided a strong framework for both pest detection and agricultural machinery
automation.
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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

1.2 Problem Statement

“Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management Using Image
Processing And RGB-D SLAM with CNN”

Real-time efficient pest detection, on the other hand, is a daunting task, especially in
realizing deployment of high-end algorithms on low-resource embedded systems, but it is
crucial for reducing crop yield loss. Developing simple and effective models designed
specifically for working in the agriculture sector becomes imperative considering the
existence of detection accuracy and real-time performance shortage.

1.3 Objectives
1. Design an automated pest detection system using image preprocessing, SVM
classification, and MATLAB-based computer vision techniques.

2. Improve intelligent agricultural machinery mapping through precise and efficient

CNN-based loop closure detection.

3. Optimize real-time performance and accuracy with a lightweight GhostNet-based

CNN model and Multi-Probe Random Hyperplane Local Sensitive Hashing.
1.4 Scope
1. Automated Pest Detection: Develop an advanced system for early pest identification
using MATLAB, computer vision algorithms, SVM classification, and image
preprocessing to enhance crop health assessment and pest management.

2. Agricultural Machinery Optimization: Improve intelligent agricultural machinery

operations with precise CNN-based loop closure detection for constructing reliable
maps.

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

3. Real-Time Performance and Efficiency: Address real-time constraints in embedded

devices by implementing a lightweight CNN model (GhostNet) and optimizing

detection speed with Multi-Probe Random Hyperplane Local Sensitive Hashing.

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 Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

 Traditional Pest Detection Techniques: Earlier methods primarily relied on manual

observation and basic image processing techniques for pest identification, which
were time-consuming, error-prone, and inefficient for large-scale agricultural
applications.

 Machine Learning-Based Approaches: The introduction of SVM classifiers

enabled effective pest detection by extracting and analyzing features from images.
Studies demonstrated improvements in accuracy with preprocessing techniques
such as segmentation and clustering.

 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): CNNs revolutionized agricultural pest

and map detection by providing higher accuracy and robustness in complex
scenarios. Compared to traditional methods, CNNs improved the precision of loop
closure detection in intelligent agricultural machinery.

 Lightweight Models and Optimization: Recent research highlights the importance

of lightweight CNN architectures, like GhostNet, for real-time applications in
resource-constrained environments. Techniques such as Multi-Probe Random
Hyperplane Local Sensitive Hashing have been explored to further enhance
computational efficiency and detection speed, making them suitable for embedded
systems.

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 3

DOMAIN ANALYSIS

Introduction
Agriculture is a cornerstone of human survival and economic development, requiring
significant investments in crop protection against pests and diseases. Early pest detection
is critical to prevent severe crop damage and ensure high yields. Traditional methods are
labor-intensive and inefficient for large-scale agriculture, prompting the need for
automated solutions. Intelligent agricultural machinery also demands accurate and
efficient mapping for operations, further highlighting the importance of advanced
technologies.

Purpose
The objective is to create an automated system for early pest detection and agricultural
machinery optimization. This system employs image preprocessing techniques, SVM
classification, and CNN-based loop closure detection, addressing the limitations of
traditional methods while ensuring high precision and real-time performance.

Scope

The scope of this analysis includes:

 Automated Pest Detection: Enhance crop health assessment through image
processing and classification techniques to detect pests early and efficiently.
 Agricultural Machinery Mapping: Improve the reliability and precision of

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

mapping systems using CNN-based loop closure detection.

 Real-Time Optimization: Employ lightweight CNN models, such as GhostNet, for
deployment in resource-constrained environments, ensuring real-time performance.
 Performance Enhancement: Utilize Multi-Probe Random Hyperplane Local
Sensitive Hashing to optimize detection speed and scalability for diverse
agricultural datasets.

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 Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 4

REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

4.1 Hardware Requirements

 Processing Unit: Small embedded devices or edge devices with support for
lightweight deep learning models (e.g., Raspberry Pi or NVIDIA Jetson Nano).
 Memory: Minimum 4 GB RAM for real-time processing of agricultural datasets.
 Storage: At least 32 GB storage for storing image data, trained models, and
processed outputs.
 Camera: High-resolution camera for capturing clear images of crop leaves and
machinery environment.
 Power Supply: Stable and portable power source for field operations.

4.2 Software Requirements

 Operating System: Linux or Windows-based environment compatible with
MATLAB and Python.
 Programming Tools: MATLAB (for preprocessing), Python (for CNN
implementation and optimization).
 Libraries and Frameworks: TensorFlow/Keras for CNN and GhostNet
implementation, OpenCV for image processing, and relevant hashing libraries for
Multi-Probe Random Hyperplane Local Sensitive Hashing.
 Database: MySQL or SQLite for managing public and proprietary greenhouse
datasets.

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

4.3 Functional Requirements

 Image Preprocessing: Ability to perform preprocessing, modification, and

clustering of leaf images.
 Pest Detection: Use of SVM classifier to detect the presence of pests with high
accuracy.
 Mapping and Navigation: Implementation of CNN-based loop closure detection
for reliable map construction in agricultural machinery.
 Optimization: Integration of lightweight GhostNet and hashing techniques for
enhanced speed and precision.

4.4 Non-Functional Requirements

 Real-Time Performance: Ensure rapid response time to support real-time pest

detection and mapping tasks.
 Scalability: Support diverse datasets and varying agricultural conditions without
compromising accuracy.
 Energy Efficiency: Optimize algorithms and hardware usage for prolonged battery
life in field operations.
 Reliability: Deliver consistent results across different environmental conditions
and device configurations.

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 Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 5

METHODOLOGY

5.1Introduction
Agriculture plays a vital role in ensuring food security and economic stability,
necessitating innovative strategies for crop protection against pests and diseases.
Traditional pest detection methods are time-consuming and lack precision, especially in
large-scale operations. To address these challenges, this study proposes an automatic and
efficient approach for pest detection and agricultural machinery optimization, leveraging
advanced computer vision techniques and lightweight deep learning models.

5.2Proposed Methodology
The proposed system begins with the preprocessing of leaf images using MATLAB to
enhance their quality through techniques such as modification and clustering. Key
features are then extracted from the preprocessed images and fed into an SVM classifier
to determine the presence of pests. For agricultural machinery, precise loop closure
detection is achieved using CNN, which outperforms traditional methods in speed and
accuracy. To address the constraints of embedded devices, a lightweight CNN model,
GhostNet, is utilized. This model effectively combines high-dimensional semantic
information with low-dimensional geometric features, improving detection efficiency
while reducing computational overhead. To further enhance real-time capabilities, Multi-
Probe Random Hyperplane Local Sensitive Hashing is employed, optimizing detection
speed without compromising precision. Experimental validation on public and
proprietary greenhouse datasets demonstrates the system's ability to meet real-world
requirements for pest detection and loop closure mapping.

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

5.3Summary
This methodology outlines a robust system for early pest detection and agricultural
machinery optimization. By combining traditional SVM classification, lightweight
CNNs, and advanced optimization techniques, the proposed approach delivers high
precision and real-time performance. Its validation on diverse datasets confirms its
suitability for addressing the challenges of modern agriculture.

5.3.1.1.1.1

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 Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 6

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

6.1Image Proccessing Methodology

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6.2 Loop Closure Detection

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Shows overall accuracy evolution of model. In which it has been seen that validation loss is
decreasing and validation accuracy is increasing noticeabl achieved training accuracy of
approximately 93.49%. achieved a validation accuracy of approximately 100% on the
Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management.

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The proposed system provides an effective and reliable solution for early pest detection in
agriculture using an automatic approach with MATLAB. By applying advanced image
preprocessing techniques and utilizing computer vision algorithms, the system
successfully identifies pests on crop leaves, ensuring efficient pest management. The
integration of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) enhances the precision and speed
of loop closure detection in intelligent agricultural machinery, offering significant
improvements over traditional methods. The lightweight CNN-based approach using
GhostNet, combined with Multi-Probe Random Hyperplane Local Sensitive Hashing,
addresses the challenges of real-time performance and accuracy in small embedded
devices, making it suitable for practical agricultural applications. Experimental results on
greenhouse datasets confirm the system’s effectiveness in meeting both precision and
real-time requirements for pest detection and map construction.

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Intelligent Agricultural Equipment for Pest And Disease Management 2024-25

CHAPTER 8

REFERENCES

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[5] Nguyen, D.D.; Elouardi, A.; Florez, S.A.; Bouaziz, S. HOOFR SLAM system: An
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[6] Mur-Artal, R.; Tardos, J.D. ORB-SLAM2: An Open-Source SLAM system for
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