Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.

com/idocpp 1
 Secrets of Scripting
Bindings for C++

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 2 . 1

 Jason Turner
C++ Weekly
Weekly videos since March, 2016
112k+ subscribers, 445+ weeks straight
https://www.youtube.com/@cppweekly

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 2 . 2

 Jason Turner
Author
C++ Best Practices, C++23 Best Practices
OpCode, Copy and Reference, Object Lifetime Puzzlers
https://amzn.to/3xWh8Ox
https://leanpub.com/u/jason_turner

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 2 . 3

 Jason Turner
Developer
https://cppbestpractices.com
https://github.com/lefticus
https://github.com/cpp-best-practices
Microsoft MVP for C++, 2015-present

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 2 . 4

 Jason Turner - Training
https://articles.emptycrate.com/training.html
How to get my training:
1. Have me come to your company on-site for dynamic customized
training where you already are - generally the most economical option
for groups (DE, NL, RO, CZ, JP, US, PL, SE, …)
2. Come to a conference workshop
C++ On Sea (Folkestone, UK, ~July)
CppCon (Aurora, CO, US, ~Sept)
NDC TechTown (Kongsberg, NO, ~Sept)
C++ Under the Sea (Breda, NL, ~Oct)
And possibly others
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 2 . 5
 About my Talks
Avoid sitting in the back
Please interrupt and ask questions, yell things out, I’ll repeat it for the
room
This is approximately how my training days look, as interactive as
reasonable

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 2 . 6

 Why This Talk?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 3 . 1

 Why This Talk?
~2006 - I started looking at embedding scripting engine in C++
Learned about SWIG
Learned that Python is wrong for embedding (Global state), chose
Lua
2008 - Created SWIG Starter Kit
SWIG is great for binding to other languages, but requires a second
build step
(Side note: this project launched my contracting career)
I convinced myself I could do something automagic for C++ users
2009 - Started ChaiScript with my cousin Sophia

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 3 . 2

 SWIG

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 4 . 1

 SWIG
What is SWIG?
Simplified
Wrapper
Interface
Generator
Can either parse interface files or direct header files for C++ libraries

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 4 . 2

 SWIG
Can generate wrapper libraries for:
C#
D
Go
Guile
Java
Javascript
Lua
MzScheme/Racket
OCaml

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 4 . 3

 SWIG
Can generate wrapper libraries for:
Octave
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scilab
Tcl

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 4 . 4

 SWIG
I have personally used it for:
C#
Java
Javascript
Lua
Python
Ruby

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 4 . 5

What About Boost::Python?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 5 . 1

 What About Boost::Python?
Boost::Python (and similar later tools) are great, but Python was never
intended for embedding, presents a crossplatform headache, and shared
global state is a problem.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 5 . 2

What About Sol2 / Luabind?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 6 . 1

 What About Sol2 / Luabind?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 6 . 2

 What About Sol2 / Luabind?
Lua is mature

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 6 . 2

 What About Sol2 / Luabind?
Lua is mature
Lua is designed for embedding

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 6 . 2

 What About Sol2 / Luabind?
Lua is mature
Lua is designed for embedding
If sol2 was a thing when I started ChaiScript, I probably would not have
started ChaiScript

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 6 . 2

 Don’t Underestimate
Ignorance

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 1

 ChaiScript

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 2

 ChaiScript
Header-only scripting engine designed for embedding in C++

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 2

 ChaiScript
Header-only scripting engine designed for embedding in C++
Automatic function / type deduction

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 2

 ChaiScript
Header-only scripting engine designed for embedding in C++
Automatic function / type deduction
Native script function <-> C++ Function interaction

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 2

 ChaiScript
Header-only scripting engine designed for embedding in C++
Automatic function / type deduction
Native script function <-> C++ Function interaction
Full support for exceptions

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 2

 ChaiScript
Header-only scripting engine designed for embedding in C++
Automatic function / type deduction
Native script function <-> C++ Function interaction
Full support for exceptions
Just Works (TM)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 2

 ChaiScript
1 #include <chaiscript/chaiscript.hpp>
2
3 std::string helloWorld(const std::string &t_name) {
4 return "Hello " + t_name + "!";
5 }
6
7 int main() {
8 chaiscript::ChaiScript chai;
9 chai.add(chaiscript::fun(&helloWorld), "helloWorld");
10
11 chai.eval(R"(
12 puts(helloWorld("Bob"));
13 )");
14 } https://godbolt.org/z/z33z3qqoo

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 3

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming
Lambdas

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming
Lambdas
constexpr

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming
Lambdas
constexpr
Static Analysis

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming
Lambdas
constexpr
Static Analysis
Compiler Warning Options

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming
Lambdas
constexpr
Static Analysis
Compiler Warning Options
Runtime Analysis

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming
Lambdas
constexpr
Static Analysis
Compiler Warning Options
Runtime Analysis
Sanitizers

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4

 ChaiScript
ChaiScript had a moderate amount of success, and through its
development and via bug reports and contributions from users, I learned
about:
Template Meta Programming
Lambdas
constexpr
Static Analysis
Compiler Warning Options
Runtime Analysis
Sanitizers
Fuzz Testing
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 4
 ChaiScript
It is probably the single most important project I’ve worked on in my
career.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 5

 Why This Talk?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 6

 Why This Talk?
2010-2023 - Consulted on C++/Scripting projects

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 6

 Why This Talk?
2010-2023 - Consulted on C++/Scripting projects
2016 - C++Now “Why and How to Add Scripting”

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 6

 Why This Talk?
2010-2023 - Consulted on C++/Scripting projects
2016 - C++Now “Why and How to Add Scripting”
2011-2017 - Ported ChaiScript from Boost  C++11  C++14  C++17

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 6

 Why This Talk?
2010-2023 - Consulted on C++/Scripting projects
2016 - C++Now “Why and How to Add Scripting”
2011-2017 - Ported ChaiScript from Boost  C++11  C++14  C++17
2019-2023 - Pondered making a newer constexpr friendly embedded
scripting engine

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 6

 Why This Talk?
2010-2023 - Consulted on C++/Scripting projects
2016 - C++Now “Why and How to Add Scripting”
2011-2017 - Ported ChaiScript from Boost  C++11  C++14  C++17
2019-2023 - Pondered making a newer constexpr friendly embedded
scripting engine
2023 - Created cons_expr, a scheme-inspired embedded scripting
engine with no dynamic allocations, no exceptions, and 100%
constexpr capable

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 6

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 7 . 7
 In Other Words

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 8 . 1

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 8 . 2
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 8 . 3
 Goals For This Talk

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 1

 Goals

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 2

 Goals
1. You’ll understand the challenges of bridging compile time  run time
worlds

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 2

 Goals
1. You’ll understand the challenges of bridging compile time  run time
worlds
2. You’ll understand one possible solution

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 2

 Goals
1. You’ll understand the challenges of bridging compile time  run time
worlds
2. You’ll understand one possible solution
3. You’ll be able to pick up from the simple example and build your own
simple scripting tool

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 2

 Code Goals

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 3

 Code Goals
1. Simple

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 3

 Code Goals
1. Simple
2. Succinct

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 3

 Code Goals
1. Simple
2. Succinct
3. Readable

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 3

 Code Goals
1. Simple
2. Succinct
3. Readable
4. Leverages the standard library

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 3

 Code Non-Goals

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 4

 Code Non-Goals
1. We are not worried about performance

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 4

 Code Non-Goals
1. We are not worried about performance
2. We are not worried about compile-time

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 4

 Code Non-Goals
1. We are not worried about performance
2. We are not worried about compile-time
3. We are not worried about binary size

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 9 . 4

 The Parts

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 10 . 1

 The Parts
1. Way to register function with engine
2. Way to call function with runtime known values

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 10 . 2

 Registering Functions

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 11 . 1

 Registering Functions
1 int add(int, int);
2 int abs(int);
3 void print(int);
4 void print(std::string_view);
5
6 struct ScriptEngine {
7 void add(/**/); /// what here?
8 };
9
10 int main() {
11 ScriptEngine se;
12 se.add(&add, "add");
13 se.add(&abs, "abs");
14 se.add(&print, "print_int");
15 se.add(&print, "print_string");
16 } https://godbolt.org/z/W8M7Wed7j

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 11 . 2

 A Function That Can Match
Functions

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 1

 A Function That Can Match Functions

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 2

 A Function That Can Match Functions
Must be a template

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 2

 A Function That Can Match Functions
Must be a template
Uses template pattern matching

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 2

 A Function That Can Match Functions
Must be a template
Uses template pattern matching
1 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
2 void add(Ret (*func)(Param...)); // can match any free function

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 2

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (2)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (2)
Member functions (which includes?)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (2)
Member functions (which includes?)
non-cv qualified, const , volatile , const volatile (4)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (2)
Member functions (which includes?)
non-cv qualified, const , volatile , const volatile (4)
non-reference qualified, & , && (* 3)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (2)
Member functions (which includes?)
non-cv qualified, const , volatile , const volatile (4)
non-reference qualified, & , && (* 3)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (* 2)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (2)
Member functions (which includes?)
non-cv qualified, const , volatile , const volatile (4)
non-reference qualified, & , && (* 3)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (* 2)
Objects with call operator overloaded (1)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
We’re going to concern ourselves with just free function pointers today,
but in total we must deal with:
Free functions (which include class static member functions)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (2)
Member functions (which includes?)
non-cv qualified, const , volatile , const volatile (4)
non-reference qualified, & , && (* 3)
noexcept(true) and noexcept(false) (* 2)
Objects with call operator overloaded (1)
2 + (4 * 3 * 2) + 1 = 27 if I counted correctly

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 3

 A Function That Can Match Functions
1 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param> void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
2 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param> void add(Ret (*f)(Param...) noexcept);
3
4 template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
5 void add(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...));
6 template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
7 void add(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const);
8 template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
9 void add(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) volatile);
10 template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
11 void add(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const volatile);
12 template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
13 void add(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) &);
14 template<typename Ret, typename Class, typename ... Param>
15 void add(Ret (Class::*f)(Param...) const &);
16 /// and so many more
17
18 template<typename Func> void add(Func &&func) {
19 add(&Func::operator()); /// fallback that then registers overloaded call operator
20 } https://godbolt.org/z/7fWGsq63P

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 4

 A Function That Can Match Functions
What about static member functions?
1 struct S {
2 static int get_value();
3 };
4
5 int main() {
6 add(&S::get_value);
7 } https://godbolt.org/z/17vE4fYf6

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 5

 A Function That Can Match Functions
What about static member functions?
1 struct S {
2 static int get_value();
3 };
4
5 int main() {
6 add(&S::get_value);
7 } https://godbolt.org/z/17vE4fYf6

They are just free functions.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 5

 A Function That Can Match Functions
What about explicit this ?

1 struct S {
2 int get_value(this const S &self);
3 };
4
5 int main() {
6 add(&S::get_value);
7 } https://godbolt.org/z/bv6YdMc8o

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 6

 A Function That Can Match Functions
What about explicit this ?

1 struct S {
2 int get_value(this const S &self);
3 };
4
5 int main() {
6 add(&S::get_value);
7 } https://godbolt.org/z/bv6YdMc8o

They are just like static members.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 6

 A Function That Can Match Functions
How did we do this before C++11’s variadic templates?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 7

 A Function That Can Match Functions
How did we do this before C++11’s variadic templates?
1 template<typename Ret>
2 void add(Ret (*f)());
3
4 template<typename Ret, typename P1>
5 void add(Ret (*f)(P1));
6
7 template<typename Ret, typename P1, typename P2>
8 void add(Ret (*f)(P1, P2));
9
10 template<typename Ret, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3>
11 void add(Ret (*f)(P1, P2, P3));
12 /*...*/ https://godbolt.org/z/YKoGvzeKa

OR…?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 7

 A Function That Can Match Functions
How did we do this before C++11’s variadic templates?
1 template<typename Ret>
2 void add(Ret (*f)());
3
4 template<typename Ret, typename P1>
5 void add(Ret (*f)(P1));
6
7 template<typename Ret, typename P1, typename P2>
8 void add(Ret (*f)(P1, P2));
9
10 template<typename Ret, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3>
11 void add(Ret (*f)(P1, P2, P3));
12 /*...*/ https://godbolt.org/z/YKoGvzeKa

OR…?
BOOST_PP and lots of macros (not recommended)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 7

 Registering Functions
1 int add(int, int);
2 int abs(int);
3 void print(int);
4 void print(std::string_view);
5
6
7 struct ScriptEngine {
8 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
9 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
10 };
11
12 int main() {
13 ScriptEngine se;
14 se.add(&add, "add");
15 } https://godbolt.org/z/cWsqhaezY

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 8

 Registering Functions
1 int add(int, int);
2 int abs(int);
3 void print(int);
4 void print(std::string_view);
5
6
7 struct ScriptEngine {
8 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
9 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
10 };
11
12 int main() {
13 ScriptEngine se;
14 se.add(&add, "add");
15 } https://godbolt.org/z/cWsqhaezY

How do we store the functions we want to register?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 8

 Registering Functions
1 int add(int, int);
2 int abs(int);
3 void print(int);
4 void print(std::string_view);
5
6
7 struct ScriptEngine {
8 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
9 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
10 };
11
12 int main() {
13 ScriptEngine se;
14 se.add(&add, "add");
15 } https://godbolt.org/z/cWsqhaezY

How do we store the functions we want to register?

We need a generic way of storing any possible type of callable.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 8

 Registering Functions
1 struct ScriptEngine {
2 std::vector</*...*/> functions; /// ??
3
4 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
5 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
6 }; https://godbolt.org/z/qvdzf9r9T

We need a generic mapping for any type of function.

Some way to store any possible function, and call it later.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 9

 A Generic Function Signature
What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think “generic
function?”

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 10

 A Generic Function Signature
What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think “generic
function?”
Template?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 10

 A Generic Function Signature
What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think “generic
function?”
Template?
Can you store a function template?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 10

 A Generic Function Signature
What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think “generic
function?”
Template?
Can you store a function template?
Can you get a pointer to a function template?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 10

 A Generic Function Signature
What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think “generic
function?”
Template?
Can you store a function template?
Can you get a pointer to a function template?
For the sake of this conversation a helpful mental model is:

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 10

 A Generic Function Signature
What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think “generic
function?”
Template?
Can you store a function template?
Can you get a pointer to a function template?
For the sake of this conversation a helpful mental model is:
Function templates don’t exist

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 10

 A Generic Function Signature
What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think “generic
function?”
Template?
Can you store a function template?
Can you get a pointer to a function template?
For the sake of this conversation a helpful mental model is:
Function templates don’t exist
Instantiations of function templates do

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 10

 A Generic Function Signature
So we need a concrete function (not a template) that can take any
number of parameters.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 11

 A Generic Function Signature
So we need a concrete function (not a template) that can take any
number of parameters.
1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 11

 A Generic Function Signature
So we need a concrete function (not a template) that can take any
number of parameters.
1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

What should this placeholder Type be?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 11

 A Generic Function Signature
So we need a concrete function (not a template) that can take any
number of parameters.
1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

What should this placeholder Type be?

It needs to be able to hold all of the types we care about plus one other
thing…

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 11

 A Generic Function Signature
So we need a concrete function (not a template) that can take any
number of parameters.
1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

What should this placeholder Type be?

It needs to be able to hold all of the types we care about plus one other
thing…
void

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 11

 A Generic Function Signature
So we need a concrete function (not a template) that can take any
number of parameters.
1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

What should this placeholder Type be?

It needs to be able to hold all of the types we care about plus one other
thing…
void

Unfortunately void is not a regular type, so we have to deal with it

separately.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 11

 A Generic Function Signature
Functions we initially want to support:
1 int add(int, int);
2 int abs(int);
3 void print(int);
4 void print(std::string_view); https://godbolt.org/z/MvxThfWKr

Now what should be the replacement for Type ?

1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

There are 2 main choices.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 12

 A Generic Function Signature
Functions we initially want to support:
1 int add(int, int);
2 int abs(int);
3 void print(int);
4 void print(std::string_view); https://godbolt.org/z/MvxThfWKr

Now what should be the replacement for Type ?

1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

There are 2 main choices.

std::variant<std::monostate, int, std::string_view>

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 12

 A Generic Function Signature
Functions we initially want to support:
1 int add(int, int);
2 int abs(int);
3 void print(int);
4 void print(std::string_view); https://godbolt.org/z/MvxThfWKr

Now what should be the replacement for Type ?

1 Type generic_function(std::span<Type>);

There are 2 main choices.

std::variant<std::monostate, int, std::string_view>
std::any

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 12

 A Generic Function Signature - variant
1 #include <functional>
2 #include <span>
3 #include <variant>
4 #include <vector>
5
6 template<typename ... AllowedTypes>
7 struct ScriptEngine {
8 using ParamType = std::variant<std::monostate, AllowedTypes...>;
9
10 std::vector<std::function<ParamType (std::span<ParamType>)>> functions;
11
12 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
13 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
14 }; https://godbolt.org/z/Yefxxfr7M

Pro - You get exactly what you ask for

Con - You must declare ahead of time exactly what types you want to
support

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 13

 A Generic Function Signature - std::any
1 #include <any>
2 #include <functional>
3 #include <span>
4 #include <vector>
5
6 struct ScriptEngine {
7 using ParamType = std::any;
8
9 std::vector<std::function<ParamType (std::span<ParamType>)>> functions;
10
11 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
12 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
13 }; https://godbolt.org/z/qPaWMbnsK

Pro - Works with literally any type that can be copied or moved, user
doesn’t have to specify. “It’s Magic”
Con - If objects are bigger than the small object optimization, you’ll get
a heap allocation inside of the any

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 14

 A Generic Function Signature
std::any - The approach taken by ChaiScript. It’s magic and trivially
easy for the user
std::variant<> - The approach taken by cons_expr. Requires more
foreknowledge of the types wanted
We will be using the std::any approach for the rest of this talk, but the
principles are similar.
1 #include <any>
2 #include <functional>
3 #include <span>
4 #include <vector>
5
6 struct ScriptEngine {
7 std::vector<std::function<std::any (std::span<std::any>)>> functions;
8
9 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
10 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...));
11 }; https://godbolt.org/z/MsYMeono3
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 15
 A Generic Function Signature
Questions up to this point?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 16

 The add Function
1 std::vector<std::function<std::any (std::span<std::any>)>> functions;
2
3 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
4 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...))
5 {
6 ///
7 } https://godbolt.org/z/zKPaer7sb

We need to write a function that takes a function and returns a new

function that’s generic but knows how to call the original function…

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 17

 The add Function
1 std::vector<std::function<std::any (std::span<std::any>)>> functions;
2
3 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
4 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...))
5 {
6 functions.push_back(
7 [f](std::span<std::any>) -> std::any {
8
9 };
10 );
11 } https://godbolt.org/z/rWeEPhKcn

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 18

 The add Function
1 #include <any>
2 #include <functional>
3 #include <span>
4 #include <vector>
5
6 std::vector<std::function<std::any (std::span<std::any>)>> functions;
7
8 template<typename Ret, typename ... Param>
9 void add(Ret (*f)(Param...))
10 {
11 functions.push_back(
12 [f](std::span<std::any> params) -> std::any { // stored lambda
13 // a lambda that knows how to take the span of anys
14 // and cast them to the desired types
15 const auto invoker = // helper lambda
16 [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
17 /// we need to unpack the parameter types and the indices together
18 /// this works because they have the same pack size
19 /// replace `any_cast` with your own helper that does
20 /// any conversions you want.
21 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
22 };
23
24 return invoker(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>());
25 }
26 );
27 } https://godbolt.org/z/Y74jse1Wv
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 19
 The add Function

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 20

 The add Function
We assume contained type is exactly the same as parameter type

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 20

 The add Function
We assume contained type is exactly the same as parameter type
A failed any_cast will throw an exception

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 20

 The add Function
We assume contained type is exactly the same as parameter type
A failed any_cast will throw an exception
If we’re passed the wrong number of parameters, we have UB (span.at
doesn’t exist until C++26)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 20

 The add Function
We assume contained type is exactly the same as parameter type
A failed any_cast will throw an exception
If we’re passed the wrong number of parameters, we have UB (span.at
doesn’t exist until C++26)
C++20’s explicit lambda template parameters are needed to get the
index pack

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 20

 The add Function
We assume contained type is exactly the same as parameter type
A failed any_cast will throw an exception
If we’re passed the wrong number of parameters, we have UB (span.at
doesn’t exist until C++26)
C++20’s explicit lambda template parameters are needed to get the
index pack
No conversions, not even to & is currently supported

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 12 . 20

 We Need More Context

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 13 . 1

 We Need More Context
We can store a function now in a generic way, and (at least theoretically)
can call it, but we also need (at least) arity (number of parameters) and
name.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 13 . 2

 1 #include <any>
2 #include <functional>
3 #include <map>
4 #include <span>
5 #include <string>
6
7 struct Function {
8 /// std::function because we have a capture
9 std::function<std::any(std::span<std::any>)> callable;
10 std::size_t arity;
11 };
12
13 std::map<std::string, Function> functions;
14
15 template <typename Ret, typename... Param>
16 void add(std::string name, Ret (*func)(Param...)) {
17 functions.try_emplace(
18 std::move(name), /// key
19 /// value params
20 [func](std::span<std::any> params) -> std::any {
21 return [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
22 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
23 }(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>()); /// IILE
24 },
25 sizeof...(Param));
26 }
27
28 int main() {
29 add("+", +[](int x, int y) { return x + y; }); /// func *
30 } https://godbolt.org/z/frnrT7h76
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 13 . 3
 Notes
We can avoid using type erasure like std::function by using function
pointers, but then we need to ensure that the lambdas don’t capture
We might prefer C++23’s flat_map , but it’s not constexpr capable, if you
care about that
This is probably the most ... and most TMP examples I’ve ever used
in a conference talk
Globals used for conciseness - we’ll fix this later

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 13 . 4

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 13 . 5
 Invoking a Function

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 14 . 1

 1 #include <any>
2 #include <functional>
3 #include <map>
4 #include <span>
5 #include <string>
6 #include <array>
7
8 struct Function {
9 std::function<std::any(std::span<std::any>)> callable;
10 std::size_t arity;
11 };
12 std::map<std::string, Function> functions;
13
14 template <typename Ret, typename... Param>
15 void add(std::string name, Ret (*func)(Param...)) {
16 functions.try_emplace(
17 std::move(name),
18 [func](std::span<std::any> params) -> std::any {
19 return [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
20 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
21 }(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>());
22 },
23 sizeof...(Param));
24 }
25
26 int main() {
27 add("+", +[](int x, int y) { return x + y; });
28 std::array<std::any, 2> values{1, 2}; ///
29 return std::any_cast<int>(functions.at("+").callable(values)); ///
30 } https://godbolt.org/z/861hWMddx
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 14 . 2
 I know what you’re
thinking…

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 15

Why jump through all these
hoops? What has been
gained?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 16 . 1

 Scripting Funnel
void print(string) parsed input void print(string)

any dispatch(string_view name,

int add(int, int) int add(int, int)
span<const any> params)

string to_string(int) string to_string(int)

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 16 . 2

 Scripting Integrations
1 int main() {
2 add("-", +[](int x, int y) { return x - y; });
3 add("*", +[](int x, int y) { return x * y; });
4 add("to_string", +[](int x) { return std::to_string(x); });
5 add("print", +[](int x) { return std::to_string(x); });
6
7 std::vector<std::any> stack;
8
9 stack.push_back(1);
10 stack.push_back(3);
11 stack.push_back(6);
12
13 eval("*", stack);
14 eval("-", stack);
15 eval("to_string", stack);
16 eval("print", stack);
17
18 return std::any_cast<int>();
19 } https://godbolt.org/z/PafYPYWoa

What have we just executed?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 16 . 3

 Scripting Integrations
1 int main() {
2 add("-", +[](int x, int y) { return x - y; });
3 add("*", +[](int x, int y) { return x * y; });
4 add("to_string", +[](int x) { return std::to_string(x); });
5 add("print", +[](int x) { return std::to_string(x); });
6
7 std::vector<std::any> stack;
8
9 stack.push_back(1);
10 stack.push_back(3);
11 stack.push_back(6);
12
13 eval("*", stack);
14 eval("-", stack);
15 eval("to_string", stack);
16 eval("print", stack);
17
18 return std::any_cast<int>();
19 } https://godbolt.org/z/PafYPYWoa

What have we just executed?

1 print(to_string(1 - (3 * 6)))

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 16 . 3

 Scripting Integration
Imagine this was your input file:
1 print(to_string(1 - (3 * 6)))

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 16 . 4

 Scripting Integration
Imagine this was your input file:
1 print(to_string(1 - (3 * 6)))

or
1 (print (to_string (- 1 (* 3 6))))

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 16 . 4

 Scripting Integration
Imagine this was your input file:
1 print(to_string(1 - (3 * 6)))

or
1 (print (to_string (- 1 (* 3 6))))

or (with effectively 0 effort parsing)

1 1
2 3
3 6
4 *
5 -
6 to_string
7 print

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 16 . 4

 Inspired Yet?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 17

 New Goal

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 18 . 1

 1 #include <string_view>
2 static constexpr std::string_view script = R"(
3 Value Was:
4 1
5 3
6 6
7 *
8 -
9 to_string
10 append
11 print
12 )"; https://godbolt.org/z/rYWhndvMd

If the line is empty, it’s skipped

If the value matches a known function, the function is executed
appropriate number of values are popped from the stack
return value is pushed to the stack
If the value fully parses as an integer, it’s an integer
Otherwise it’s a string literal

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 18 . 2

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 18 . 3
 Registering All The
Functions

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 19 . 1

 Registering All The Functions
1 struct Function {
2 std::function<std::any(std::span<std::any>)> callable;
3 std::size_t arity;
4 };
5 std::map<std::string, Function> functions;
6
7 template <typename Ret, typename... Param>
8 void add(std::string name, Ret (*func)(Param...)) {
9 functions.try_emplace(
10 std::move(name),
11 [func](std::span<std::any> params) -> std::any {
12 return [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
13 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
14 }(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>());
15 },
16 sizeof...(Param));
17 }
18
19 int main() {
20 /// Will this compile?
21 add("print", +[](std::string input) { puts(input.c_str()); });
22 } https://godbolt.org/z/WbM5nG9er

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 19 . 2

 Registering All The Functions
1 template <typename Ret, typename... Param>
2 void add(std::string name, Ret (*func)(Param...)) {
3 functions.try_emplace(
4 std::move(name),
5 [func](std::span<std::any> params) -> std::any {
6 return [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>) {
7 /// how to handle void return types?
8 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
9
10
11
12
13 }(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>());
14 },
15 sizeof...(Param));
16 }
17
18 int main() {
19 add("print", +[](std::string input) { puts(input.c_str()); });
20 } https://godbolt.org/z/1bEPe3c71

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 19 . 3

 Registering All The Functions
1 template <typename Ret, typename... Param>
2 void add(std::string name, Ret (*func)(Param...)) {
3 functions.try_emplace(
4 std::move(name),
5 [func](std::span<std::any> params) {
6 return [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>)->std::any {
7 if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<void, Ret>)
8 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
9 } else {
10 func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
11 return {};
12 }
13 }(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>());
14 },
15 sizeof...(Param));
16 }
17
18 int main() {
19 add("print", +[](std::string input) { puts(input.c_str()); });
20 } https://godbolt.org/z/ah9Eobrfa

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 19 . 4

 Oh, And You’ll Eventually
Hit This…

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 20 . 1

 Overloaded C++ Functions
1 template <typename Ret, typename... Param>
2 void add(std::string name, Ret (*func)(Param...)) {
3 functions.try_emplace(
4 std::move(name),
5 [func](std::span<std::any> params) {
6 return [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>)->std::any {
7 if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<void, Ret>)
8 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
9 } else {
10 func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
11 return {};
12 }
13 }(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>());
14 },
15 sizeof...(Param));
16 }
17
18 void print(int);
19 void print(std::string);
20
21 int main() {
22 add("print", &print); // Works?
23 } https://godbolt.org/z/aKsq6zbGa

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 20 . 2

 Overloaded C++ Functions
1 template <typename Ret, typename... Param>
2 void add(std::string name, Ret (*func)(Param...)) {
3 functions.try_emplace(
4 std::move(name),
5 [func](std::span<std::any> params) {
6 return [&]<std::size_t... Index>(std::index_sequence<Index...>)->std::any {
7 if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<void, Ret>) /// not void
8 return func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
9 } else { /// void (would [[likely]] help here?
10 func(std::any_cast<Param>(params[Index])...);
11 return {};
12 }
13 }(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Param)>());
14 },
15 sizeof...(Param));
16 }
17
18 void print(int);
19 void print(std::string);
20
21 int main() {
22 add("print_string", static_cast<void (*)(std::string)>(print));
23 add("print_int", static_cast<void (*)(int)>(print));
24 add<void, int>("print_alt", print); /// OR
25 } https://godbolt.org/z/5aGPdj6Y8

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 20 . 3

 Executing Functions

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 21 . 1

 Executing Functions
1 void exec(const std::string &func_name) {
2 const auto func = functions.at(func_name);
3 const auto begin = std::prev(stack.end(),
4 static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(func.arity));
5
6 auto result = func.callable(std::span{begin, stack.end()}); /// 1 Get result
7
8 stack.erase(begin, stack.end()); /// 2 erase used values
9
10 if (result.has_value()) {
11 /// I don't like this, but don't have a better option
12 /// we have to query the value to know if we want to keep it
13 stack.push_back(std::move(result));
14 }
15 } https://godbolt.org/z/8W9vsrfoe

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 21 . 2

 Parsing The Script Input

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 22 . 1

 Parsing The Script Input
1 void parse(std::string input) {
2 // Empty
3 if (input.empty()) { return; }
4
5 // Function to execute
6 if (functions.contains(input)) {
7 exec(input);
8 return;
9 }
10
11 // Possible number
12 const auto begin = input.data();
13 const auto end = std::next(input.data(), std::ssize(input));
14 int value = 0;
15 if (auto result = std::from_chars(begin, end, value); result.ptr == end) {
16 stack.emplace_back(value);
17 return;
18 }
19
20 // Otherwise string
21 stack.emplace_back(std::move(input));
22 } https://godbolt.org/z/7z6evaac1

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 22 . 2

 Putting It Together

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 23 . 1

 Putting It Together
Link
https://compiler-explorer.com/z/dzofzoros

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 23 . 2

 Bonus - Overloading

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 24 . 1

 Overloading
What are our options, if any?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 24 . 2

 Overloading
What are our options, if any?
Arity-based overloading
This is usually the “easier” option, but for our stack-based
interpreter it’s harder
How do we decide how many parameters to take?

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 24 . 2

 Overloading
What are our options, if any?
Arity-based overloading
This is usually the “easier” option, but for our stack-based
interpreter it’s harder
How do we decide how many parameters to take?
Type-based overloading (effectively 2 options)
Just try every function with a given name and see which succeeds
Store a type-list for each overload and do a run-time check to filter
possible overloads

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 24 . 2

 Overloading
This is hard, and potentially expensive. Tools like SWIG create a single
proxy function for the target language that knows how to dispatch to the
overloads.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 24 . 3

 Overloading
Knowing what you know now, you should be able to interpret this
snippet from some SWIG generated code…
1 if (argc == 1) {
2 int _v;
3 {
4 int res = SWIG_AsVal_int(argv[0], NULL);
5 _v = SWIG_CheckState(res);
6 }
7 if (_v) {
8 return _wrap__print__SWIG_0(self, args);
9 }
10 }
11
12 if (argc == 1) {
13 int _v;
14 int res = SWIG_AsPtr_std_string(argv[0], (std::string**)0);
15 _v = SWIG_CheckState(res);
16 if (_v) {
17 return _wrap__print__SWIG_1(self, args);
18 }
19 } https://godbolt.org/z/z4Gzv3M38

Who wants
Copyright toTurner
Jason give it a go? @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 24 . 4
 Your Homework

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 1

 Your Homework
Try to add overloading support.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 2

 Your Homework
Add more structure to the scripting language.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 3

 Your Homework
Add member function support and member object support.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 4

 Your Homework
See what reflection would gain you, if anything.

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 5

 Your Homework
Remember to test, particularly with fuzz testing. It’s easy to create
dangerous scenarios when parsing user input.
1 int main() {
2 add("process", &function_expecting_20_parameters);
3 // add 21 parameters to stack
4 while (!stack.empty()) {
5 call("process");
6 }
7 } https://godbolt.org/z/5hqc8KEaW

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 6

 Your Homework
CE version of this script engine that has had some enhancements and
TODO items.
https://compiler-explorer.com/z/86558dW56

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 7

 Your Homework
gist of this script engine that has had some enhancements and TODO
items.
https://gist.github.com/lefticus/5d94357725413dce5005b0b1b7f77836

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 25 . 8

 Secrets of Scripting
Bindings for C++

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 26 . 1

 Jason Turner
C++ Weekly
Weekly videos since March, 2016
112k+ subscribers, 445+ weeks straight
https://www.youtube.com/@cppweekly

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 26 . 2

 Jason Turner
Author
C++ Best Practices, C++23 Best Practices
OpCode, Copy and Reference, Object Lifetime Puzzlers
https://amzn.to/3xWh8Ox
https://leanpub.com/u/jason_turner

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 26 . 3

 Jason Turner
Developer
https://cppbestpractices.com
https://github.com/lefticus
https://github.com/cpp-best-practices
Microsoft MVP for C++, 2015-present

Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 26 . 4

 Jason Turner - Training
https://articles.emptycrate.com/training.html
How to get my training:
1. Have me come to your company on-site for dynamic customized
training where you already are - generally the most economical option
for groups (DE, NL, RO, CZ, JP, US, PL, SE, …)
2. Come to a conference workshop
C++ On Sea (Folkestone, UK, ~July)
CppCon (Aurora, CO, US, ~Sept)
NDC TechTown (Kongsberg, NO, ~Sept)
C++ Under the Sea (Breda, NL, ~Oct)
And possibly others
Copyright Jason Turner @lefticus emptycrate.com/idocpp 26 . 5