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Lecture 9

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17 views7 pages

Lecture 9

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Mister Tom
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Lecture 02 Applications of Operational Amplifiers

Applications of Operational Amplifiers

2.1 Voltage Summation:


It is possible to scale a signal voltage, that is, to multiply it by a fixed constant, through an
appropriate choice of external resistors that determine the closed-loop gain of an amplifier
circuit. This operation can be accomplished in either an inverting or noninverting
configuration. It is also possible to sum several signal voltages in one operational-
amplifier circuit and at the same time scale each by a different factor. This called a linear
combination and the circuit that produces it is often called a linear-combination circuit as
shown in Fig. 2-1. For the three-input inverting amplifier of Fig. 2-1,
+ + = or + + =− =>

=− + + [2-1]
when = = = ;
=− ( + + ) [2-2]
when = ;
= −( + + ) [2-3]
The feedback ratio;
= [2-4]
where = ‖ ‖ .
The optimum value of the compensation resistor is
= =R ‖ ‖ ‖ [2-5]

Fig. 2-1

Fig. 2-2 shows a noninverting version of the linear-combination circuit. In this


example, only two inputs are connected and it can be shown that
= + [2-6]
Although this circuit does not invert the scaled sum, it is somewhat more cumbersome
than the inverting circuit, in applications where a noninverted sum is required, it can be
obtained using the inverting circuit of Fig. 2-1, followed by a unity-gain inverter.
1
Lecture 02 Applications of Operational Amplifiers

Fig. 2-2

Exercise 2-1:
(a) Design an operational-amplifier circuit that will produce an output equal to
−(4 + + 0.1 ). Use Rf = 60 kΩ.
(b) Write an expression for the output and sketch its waveform when =2 V,
= +5 V dc, and = −100 V dc.
[Answers: (a) R1 = 15 kΩ, R2 = 60 kΩ, R3 = 600 kΩ, Rc = 9.8 kΩ, Fig. 2-3(a)
(b) = 5 − 8 sin , Fig. 2-3(b)]

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2-3

2
Lecture 02 Applications of Operational Amplifiers

2.2 Voltage Subtraction:


Suppose we wish to produce an output voltage that equals the mathematical difference
between two input signals. This operation can be performed by using a differential mode,
where the signals are connected to the inverting and noninverting terminals. Fig. 2-4
shows the differential configuration. We can use the superposition principle to determine
the output of this circuit;
= and = = ,

so =− =>

= + = − [2-7]
If = = and = = =>
= + = − =>
= ( − ) [2-8]
where A is a fixed constant, the bias compensation resistance (Rc = R1||R2) is automatically
the correct value (R3||R4), namely R||AR.

Fig. 2-4

Let the general form of the output of Fig. 2-4 be


= − [2-9]
where = and = => = (1 + ) , but < 1,
to produce = − , we must have < (1 + ), this restriction limits the
usefulness of the circuit.
Moreover, we note that the compensation resistance (Rc = R1||R2) is not equal to its
optimum value R3||R4. With some algebraic complication, we can impose the additional
condition R1||R2 = R3||R4 and thereby force the compensation resistance to have its
optimum value. With = − , it can be shown that the compensation resistance
(Rc = R1||R2) is optimum when the resistor values are selected in accordance with;
= = = (1 + − ) [2-10]

3
Lecture 02 Applications of Operational Amplifiers

Although the circuit of Fig. 2-4 is a useful and economic way to obtain a difference
voltage of the form = ( − ), our analysis has shown that it has limitations and
complications when we want to produce an output of the general form = − .
An alternate way to obtain a scaled difference between two signal inputs is to use two
inverting amplifiers, as shown in Fig. 2-5.

Fig. 2-5

The output of the first amplifier is


=− ,
and the output of the second amplifier is
=− + = = − [2-11]
This equation shows that there is a great deal of flexibility in the choice of resistor values
necessary to obtain = − , since a large number of combinations will satisfy;
= and = .
Furthermore, there are no restrictions on the choice of values for a1 and a2, nor any
complications in setting Rc to its optimum value.

Exercise 2-2:
If the resistor values in Fig. 2-4 are chosen in according with
= = = (1 + − ), then,
assuming that < (1 + ), show that
(a) = − , and
(b) the compensation resistance (Rc = R1||R2) has its optimum value (R3||R4).

Exercise 2-3:
Design an operational-amplifier circuit using the differential configuration to produce the
output = 0.5 − 2.0 . Assume R4 = 100 kΩ. Check if the compensation resistance
has its optimum value.
[Answer: R1 = 200 kΩ, R2 = 40 kΩ, R3 = 50 kΩ, Rc = 9.8 kΩ,
Rc = R1||R2 = 33.3 kΩ = R3||R4 (as required)]
4
Lecture 02 Applications of Operational Amplifiers

Exercise 2-4:
Design an op-amp circuit to produce the output = 20 − 0.2 . First, check if you
can use the differential circuit.
[Answer: = 20 > (1 + ) = 1.2 (we cannot use the differential circuit),
Two of many design models are shown in Fig. 2-6(a) and (b)]

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2-6

Exercise 2-5:
(a) Design an operational-amplifier circuit using two inverting configurations to
produce the output = −10 + 5 + 0.5 − 20 . Choose feedback resistor
Rf = 100 kΩ for each amplifier.
(b) Assuming that the unity-gain frequency of each amplifier is 1 MHz, find the
approximate, overall, closed-loop bandwidth of your solution.
[Answers: (a) One of many possible solutions is shown in Fig. 2-7,
(b) BWCL(Overall ) = Min. (BWCL1= 153.8 kHz, BWCL2= 31.2 kHz) = 31.2 kHz]

5
Lecture 02 Applications of Operational Amplifiers

Fig. 2-7

2.3 Controlled Voltage and Current Sources:


A controlled source is one whose output voltage or current is determined by magnitude of
another, independent voltage or current.

2.3.1 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS):


An ideal, voltage-controlled voltage source is one whose output voltage Vo equals a fixed
constant (k) times the value of another, controlling voltage: Vo = kVi; and is independent of
the current drawn from it. The constant k is dimensionless. Both the inverting and
noninverting configurations of an ideal operational amplifier meet the two criteria. In each
case, the output voltage equals a fixed constant (the closed-loop gain, determined by
external resistors) times an input voltage. Also, since the output resistance is (ideally) 0,
there is no voltage division at the output and the voltage is independent of load.

2.3.2 Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS):


An ideal, voltage-controlled current source is one that supplies a current whose magnitude
equals a fixed constant (k) times the value of an independent controlling voltage: Io = kVi;
and is independent of the load to which the current is supplied. The constant k has the
dimensions of conductance (siemens). Since it relates output current to input voltage, it is
called the transconductance, gm, of the source. Fig. 2-8 shows two familiar amplifier
circuits: the inverting and noninverting configurations of an op-amp.
In Fig. 2-8(a), v− is virtual ground, so I1 = Vin/R1. Since no current flows into the
inverting terminal of the ideal amplifier, IL = I1, or
= ⁄ = [2-12]
The transconductance gm = 1/R1 siemens. Since RL does not appear in the equation, so the
load current is independent of load resistance. This version of a controlled current source
is said to have a floating load, because neither side of RL can be grounded.
In Fig. 2.8(b), v− = Vin, so I1 = Vin/R1. Once again, no current flows into the inverting
terminal, so IL = I1. Therefore, = ⁄ = . As in the inverting configuration,
the load current is independent of RL and the transconductance is 1/R1 siemens. The load is
also floating in this version.
6
Exercise 2-6: Design Op-Amp circuit to give the following outputs.
1- 𝑉𝑜 = −2 𝑉1 − 5𝑉2

2- 𝑉𝑜 = 10 𝑉1 − 5𝑉2

3- 𝑉𝑜 = −5 𝑉1 + 3𝑉2

4- 𝑉𝑜 = 8 𝑉1 − 7𝑉2

5- 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 + 2𝑉2 + 3𝑉3

6- 𝑉𝑜 = −3𝑉1 − 3𝑉2 − 4𝑉3 − 5𝑉4

7- 𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑉1 − 3𝑉2 + 12𝑉3 − 6𝑉4

8- 𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑉1 + 4𝑉2 + 8𝑉3 − 16𝑉4

9- 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 + 2𝑉2 + 3𝑉3 − 12𝑉4

10- 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑉1 − 4𝑉2 − 8𝑉3 + 8𝑉4

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