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lecture 1 introduction of dsp

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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific

Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

Subject: Digital Signal Processing


Lecturer: Prof Dr Bayan Mahdi Sabbar & MSc. Zahraa Eisa
Mohammed

Lecture1: Introduction

Class: 3rd
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

Content of Lecture

• Introduction
• Block Diagram of DSP
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP) vs Analog Signal
Processing (ASP)

• DSP Applications

• Classification of Signals
➢ Continuous Time signals
➢ Discrete time signals

• Standard of Discrete Time Signals (sequences)


Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

1.1. Introduction
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is a branch of electrical engineering and
computer science that focuses on analyzing, modifying, and interpreting signals.
These signals can be audio, video, sensor data, or other forms of information. The
key feature of DSP is that it works with signals in digital form—this means the
signals are represented as sequences of numbers, making them easier to manipulate
using computers or specialized hardware.

What is a Signal?

A signal is any time-varying physical phenomenon that carries information. Signals


can come from a variety of sources:

• Audio signals (e.g., speech or music)

• Video signals (e.g., images or video frames)

• Biological signals (e.g., EEG, ECG from medical equipment)

• Sensor data (e.g., temperature, pressure readings)

For Example, Cardiogram Signal

A cardiogram signal, more commonly known as an electrocardiogram (ECG or


EKG) signal, represents the electrical activity of the heart as a function of time.
This signal is recorded using electrodes placed on the skin as shown in figure 1.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

Fig.1: Cardiogram signal


Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

1.2. Block Diagram of DSP

The block diagram of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) illustrates the


fundamental steps involved in converting an analog signal into a digital signal,
processing it digitally, and converting it back into an analog signal as shown in figure
2.

1. Analog Signal: This is the continuous-time signal (e.g., audio, temperature,


pressure) that needs to be processed digitally.

2. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC):


• Sampling: The continuous analog signal is sampled at specific intervals,
converting it into a sequence of discrete values.
• Quantization: The sampled values are mapped to the nearest discrete level.
• Encoding: The quantized values are converted into binary numbers (bits) for
digital processing.

3. Digital Processing: In this stage, various operations such as filtering,


transformation, and analysis are performed on the digital signal. Some common
DSP operations include:
• Filtering: Removing unwanted components or noise from the signal.
• FFT (Fast Fourier Transform): Converting the signal from the time domain to
the frequency domain for analysis.
• Compression: Reducing the size of the signal for efficient storage or
transmission.

4. Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC): After the digital signal is processed, it may


be converted back into an analog signal. The DAC performs the reverse of the ADC
by reconstructing a continuous-time signal from the digital data.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

5. Analog Output: The reconstructed analog signal is then output to devices like
speakers, monitors, or other analog systems for further use.

Fig.2: Block diagram of signal processing system.


Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

Fig.3: depicts an audio processing application.


Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

1.3. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) vs Analog Signal


Processing (ASP)

DSP: Signals are converted from analog to digital through sampling and quantization,
then processed using digital devices and algorithms. The digital signal consists of
discrete values (bits) that represent data.
• Provides high accuracy.
• Highly flexible.
• DSP systems can be more expensive.
• Less affected by noise and interference.
• Digital signals are discrete time signals.

ASP: Signals are processed continuously in their original analog form, without
converting them too digitally. The analog signal is a continuous waveform that
represents data.

• Less accurate
• Less flexible
• Lower cost
• Analog signals are more susceptible to noise and environmental interference.
• Analog signals are continuous time signals.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

1.4. DSP Applications


1. Audio and Speech Processing
➢ Noise Reduction
➢ Audio Compression
➢ Voice Recognition

2. Image and Video Processing


➢ Image Compression
➢ Video Encoding
➢ Image Enhancement

3. Telecommunications
➢ Modulation and Demodulation
➢ Error Detection and Correction
➢ Speech Coding

4. Biomedical Signal Processing


➢ ECG/EEG Signal Processing
➢ Medical Imaging
➢ Wearable Health Devices

5. Control Systems and Robotics


➢ Adaptive Filtering
➢ Motor Control
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

1.5. Classification of Signals


The signals can be classified into two parts depending upon
independent variable (time).

1) Continuous Time signals: A continuous time signal is a signal that


is defined for every moment in time meaning it has a value at every
instant. The special characteristic of analog signals is that they are
continuous in amplitude.

2) Discrete time signals are a function x[n] where n is an integer


representing discrete time indices. Mathematically, a discrete-time signal
can be represented as x[n]:
Where,
x is the signal name,
n is the discrete time index (an integer), -∞<n<∞

The discrete time signals are obtained by time sampling of continuous


time signals.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

The discrete time signals are obtained by time sampling of continuous time
signals, such as speech, with an analog to-digital (A/D) converter. For
example, a continuous-time signal 𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) that is sampled at a rate of 𝑓𝑠 =
1/𝑇 samples per second produces the sampled signal 𝑥(𝑛), which is related
to 𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) as follows:

𝑥(𝑛)= 𝑥𝑎 (nT)
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

1.6. Standard of Discrete Time Signals (sequences)


1) Unit Impulse
The unit impulse function, denoted as 𝛿[𝑛], is defined as:

This is the formal definition of the discrete-time unit impulse function. It


indicates that the value of the impulse is 1 only at n=0, and 0 everywhere else.

This is the sequence form, showing a list of values for the function. The impulse
function is 0 for all values of n, except at n=0 where it takes the value 1.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

2) Unit Step
The unit step signal is one of the most fundamental signals defined as:

• For n ≥ 0: The signal takes a value of 1.


• For n < 0: The signal is 0.

Example:
u(n)= {0,0,0,1,1,1, 1,…}
The signal is 0 for n < 0, and for n ≥ 0, it takes the value 1.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

3) Unit Ramp
The unit ramp function in discrete time is defined as:

Example:
For n=−2, −1,0,1,2,3, …

ur(n)= {0,0,0,1,2,3,4, …}

• For n=−2, ur(−2)=0


• For n=0, ur(0)=0
• For n=1, ur(1)=1

• For n=2, ur(2)=2


Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al-Mustaqbal University
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering
Department

4) Exponential Signal

An exponential discrete-time signal can be represented as:

Where a is a constant. For example, if a=0.5:

Q\ Which one of the following signals represents a discrete time signal?

Solve:
The correct answer is:

c- x(n) = n + 1. Discrete-time signals are defined only at integer values of n.

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