Iran University of Science and Technology

Automotive Engineering Department

Optimization
Lecture 2:
Graphical
Optimization
 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
• A company manufactures two machines, A and B.
• Using available resources, either 28 A or 14 B can be
manufactured daily.
• The sales department can sell up to 14 A machines or 24 B
machines.
• The shipping facility can handle no more than 16 machines
per day.
• The company makes a profit of $400 on each A machine and
$600 on each B machine.
• How many A and B machines should the company
manufacture every day to maximize its profit?

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 2

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• DEFINITION OF DESIGN VARIABLES:

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 3

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• DEFINITION OF DESIGN VARIABLES:

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 4

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• OPTIMIZATION CRITERION: Objective Function

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 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• OPTIMIZATION CRITERION: Objective Function

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 6

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS:

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 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS:
Shipping and Handling Constraint

Manufacturing Constraint

limitation on sales department Constraint

The design variables must be non-negative

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 8

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS:
Shipping and Handling Constraint

manufacturing Constraint

limitation on sales department Constraint

the design variables must be non-negative

It is a linear programming problem

Integer Linear Programming Problem

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 9

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 1: COORDINATE SYSTEM SET-UP

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 10

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 1: COORDINATE SYSTEM SET-UP

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 11

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 2: INEQUALITY CONSTRAINT BOUNDARY PLOT

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 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 2: INEQUALITY CONSTRAINT BOUNDARY PLOT

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 13

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 3: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION FOR AN INEQUALITY

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 14

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 3: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION FOR AN INEQUALITY

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 15

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 4: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 16

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 4: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 17

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 5: PLOTTING OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION CONTOURS

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 18

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 5: PLOTTING OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION CONTOURS

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 19

 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 6: IDENTIFICATION OF THE OPTIMUM SOLUTION

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 Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem

• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:

STEP 6: IDENTIFICATION OF THE OPTIMUM SOLUTION

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 Graphical Solution Process
• DESIGN PROBLEM WITH MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS

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 Graphical Solution Process
• DESIGN PROBLEM WITH MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS

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 Graphical Solution Process
• DESIGN PROBLEM WITH MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS

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 Graphical Solution Process
• PROBLEM WITH UNBOUNDED SOLUTIONS

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 Graphical Solution Process
• PROBLEM WITH UNBOUNDED SOLUTIONS

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 Graphical Solution Process
• INFEASIBLE PROBLEM

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 Graphical Solution Process
• INFEASIBLE PROBLEM

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 28

 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam

Optimization 29
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
• Design of a hollow square-cross-section cantilever beam to
support a load of 20 kN at its end.
• The beam, made of steel, is 2 m long

The failure conditions for the beam are as follows:

(1) the material should not fail under the action of the load,
(2) the deflection of the free end should be no more than 1 cm.
(3) The width-to-thickness ratio for the beam should be no more than 8.
(4) The width and thickness of the beam must be within the following limits:

A minimum-mass beam is desired.

Optimization 30
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Required information:
• Expressions for bending and shear stresses
• the expression for the deflection of the free end

Optimization 31
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam

Optimization 32
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam

Optimization 33
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Design Variables:

Optimization 34
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Objective Function:

Optimization 35
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Constraints:
The failure conditions for the beam are as follows:
(1) the material should not fail under the action of the load,
(2) the deflection of the free end should be no more than 1 cm.
(3) The width-to-thickness ratio for the beam should be no more than 8.
(4) The width and thickness of the beam must be within the following limits:

Optimization 36
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Constraints:
The failure conditions for the beam are as follows:
(1) the material should not fail under the action of the load,
(2) the deflection of the free end should be no more than 1 cm.
(3) The width-to-thickness ratio for the beam should be no more than 8.
(4) The width and thickness of the beam must be within the following limits:

Optimization 37
Lecture 1: Introduction
 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 38

 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM

• Step 1: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

• A beam of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a bending moment
• and a maximum shear force
• The bending stress in the beam is calculated as
• Average shear stress is calculated as
• where b is the width and d is the depth of the beam.
• The allowable stresses in bending and shear are 10 MPa and 2 Mpa
• The depth of the beam should not exceed twice its width

The cross-sectional area of the beam should be minimized

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 39

 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM

• Step 2: DATA AND INFORMATION COLLECTION

• Let:
• bending moment
• shear force

All other data and necessary equations are given in the

Problem description

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 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM

• Step 3: DEFINITION OF DESIGN VARIABLES

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 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM

• Step 4: OPTIMIZATION CRITERION

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 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM

• Step 5: FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS

Bending Stress

Shear Stress

Allowable Bending Stress

Allowable Shear Stress

Bending Stress Constraint

Shear Stress Constraint

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 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM

• Step 5: FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS

the depth be no more than twice the width

both design variables should be non-negative

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 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Graphical solution to the minimum-area beam design problem

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 45

 Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Graphical solution to the minimum-area beam design problem

Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 46