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Sediment Transport and Design of Irrigation Channels

 Introduction
 Importance of sediment transport
 Sediment load
 Bed formation
 Design of stable channels in India
 Design procedure for irrigation channels

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Introduction

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Importance of sediment transport

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Sediment load

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Bed formation

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Design of stable channels in India

 Problems in India
 Regime channels
 Kennedy’s theory
 Lacey’s theory
 Tractive force approach (IS 7112-2002)

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Design of stable channels in India

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Kennedy’s Theory

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Ex - Design an irrigation channel to carry 50 cumecs of discharge. The channel is laid at

a slope of 1 in 4000. The critical velocity ratio for the soil is 1.1. Use Kennedy’s theory
and take Kutter’s rugosity coefficient as 0.023.

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Example - Determine the dimensions of the irrigation canal for the following data using Kennedy’s
theory: B/D ratio 5.7; N = 0.0225; CVR = 1.0; Bed slope S = 1 in 5000; side slope 0.5H:1V. Also
determine the discharge which will be flowing in the channel.

Solution

Given : B/D = 5.7; CVR, (m) =1; N = 0.0225; Bed slope (S) = 1/5000; side slope (z) = 0.5;

1. B/D=5.7  B = 5.7D;
2. A = (B + z*D)*D = (5.7D + 0.5D)*D = 6.2D2;

3. P = B + 2*D * 1 + 𝑧 2 ); = 5.7D + 2D 1 + 0.52 = 7.9361D

𝐴 6.2𝐷2
4. 𝑅 = = 7.9361𝐷 = 0.7812D
𝑃

1 0.00155 1
+23+ 𝑆 +23+(0.00155∗5000) 75.19
5. Chezy ′ s 𝐶 = 𝑁
0.00155 𝑁 = 0.0225
0.0225 = 0.6919
1+ 23+ 𝑆 ∗ 1+ 23+0.00155∗5000 ∗ 1+
𝑅 0.7812𝐷 0.8839∗ 𝐷

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75.19 1
6. 𝑉 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑅∗𝑆 = 0.6919 ∗ 0.7812𝐷 ∗ 5000
1+
0.8839∗ 𝐷
0.9398 𝐷 0.9398𝐷
= 0.7828 = ------------------------------------------(1)
1+ 𝐷+0.7828
𝐷

7. V0 = 0.55 * m * D0.64 = 0.55 * 1 * D0.64 ------------------------- (2)

0.9398𝐷
Now take V = V0,  = 0.55 ∗ D0.64
𝐷+0.7828

from which, we will get the equation, 0.55D1.14 – 0.9398D + 0.4297D0.64 = 0

There are two solutions of the above equation:

Solution1 Solution2
D = 2.1m; B = 11.97m; A = 14.175 m2; D = 8.11 m; B = 46.24 m; A = 407.97 m2;
V0 = 0.55 * 1 * D0.64 = 0.884 m/s Vo = 0.55 * 1 * D0.64 = 2.10 m/s
Q = A*V0 = 12.53 cumec Q = A*V0 = 856.69 cumec

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Use of Garret's Diagrams for applying Kennedy's Theory

 Graphical solution of Kennedy's and Kutter's equations, was evolved by Garret.
 The original diagrams given by him were in F.P.S. system, but here they have been
changed into M.K.S /SI system.
 The diagrams - are shown in Plates 4.1 (a), (b) and (c).

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 The procedure adopted for design of irrigation channels using Garret's diagrams is
explained below :
1) The discharge, bed slope, rugosity coefficient, value of C.V.R. are given for the
channel to be designed.
2) Find out the point of intersection of the given slope line and discharge curve. At this
point of intersection, draw a vertical line intersecting the various bed width curves.
3) For different bed widths (B), the corresponding values of water depth (y) and
critical velocity (Vo) can be read on the right hand ordinate.
o Each such pair of bed width (B) and depth (y) will satisfy Kutter's equation,
and is capable of carrying the required discharge at the given slope and rugosity
coefficient.
o Choose one such pair and determine the actual velocity of flow (V).
4) Determine the critical velocity ratio (V/ Vo) taking Vas calculated and Vo as read.
5) If the value of C.V.R. is not the same as given in question, repeat the procedure with
other pairs of B and y.
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 The diagrams have been drawn for a trapezoidal channel with side slopes as 0.5H:1V
on the assumption that irrigation channels adopt approximately this shape; even
though they were constructed on different side slopes.
 Another important point which should be noted in these diagrams is that from the
Nomogram provided at the top, the same curves can be used for different values of
rugosity coefficient n.
 In the nomogram, a vertical arrow has been shown. It represents the value of n for
which the curves have been drawn.
 When the same curves are used for some other value of n (marked on right and left
sides of central value), the point of intersection of discharge and slope curves, has to
be shifted to the extent given in the nomogram and also in the same direction, for
drawing the vertical line.

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Ex – Design an irrigation channel to carry 30 cumec of discharge. The channel is to be laid

at a slope of 1 in 5000. The Critical velocity ratio for the soil is 1.1. Use Kutter's rugosity
coefficient as 0.0225.
Solution
Given Q = 30 cumec, S=1/5000 = 0.0002 = 0.0002m/m = 0.m/km; m = V/V0 =1.1 ∴ V =
1.1 V0
Using plate 4.1(c), find out the point of intersection of given slope line and discharge.
Draw a vertical line through this point.
Choose a point of B=12m as first approximation.
Calculate ‘m’ as shown in Table below:
Sr. No. B y V0 A = (B+zy)y V=Q/A V/V0=m
(m) (m) (m/s) (m2) (m/s) (m)
1 12.0 2.30 0.95 30.25 0.99 1.04
2 12.5 2.25 0.92 30.66 0.98 1.07
3 13.0 2.15 0.90 30.26 0.99 1.10

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Lacey’s Theory

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Example - Design a regime channel for a discharge of 50 m3/s and silt factor 1.1 using
Lacey's Theory.
Solution
𝑄𝑓2 1/6 50∗1.12 1/6
1. As per Lacey ′ s theory, 𝑉 = ( ) =( ) = 0.8695 𝑚/𝑠
140 140
𝑄 50
2. ∴ 𝐴 = = = 57.5m2
𝑉 0.8695

3. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦, 𝑃 = 4.75 ∗ 𝑄 = 4.75 ∗ 50 = 33.59𝑚

4. But for a trapezoidal section with bed width B, side slope zH:1V and depth of flow y, Area
and wetted perimeter is given by,
𝐴 = 𝐵𝑦 + 𝑧 ∗ 𝑦 2 ∴ 57.5 = 𝐵𝑦 + 0.5𝑦 2 (assuming side sloe to be 0.5H:1V)
𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝑦 ∗ 1 + 𝑧 2 ∴ 33.59 = 𝐵 + 2.2361𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵 = 33.59 − 2.2361𝑦
5. From steps (4) and (5), we get quadratic equation, 1.7631𝑦 2 − 33.59𝑦 + 57.5 = 0 ----(1)
6. Solution of equation (1) gives y = 1.8983 m
7. Also, B = 33.59 – 2.2361y = 33.59 - 2.2361*(1.8939) = 29.3428 m
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𝒇𝟓/𝟑
8. 𝐵𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑺 = 𝟏 = 1 in 5469.169.
𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟎𝑸𝟔
5 𝑉2
9. 𝑅 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎) = 2
∗
𝑓
= 1.72𝑚
𝐴 57.5
10. Also 𝑅 = = = 1.72𝑚, Hence, checked.
𝑃 33.59

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Example - Design a regime channel flowing through a material of average diameter of

0.328mm for the following data using Lacey’s theory:
Culturable Command Area (CCA) = 100000 ha
Intensity of irrigation – Rabi 40% and kharif 30%
Outlet discharge factor - Rabi 1800 ha/cumec and 800 ha/cumec
Solution
1. Area irrigated in Rabi = 0.4*100000 = 40000 ha
40000 ℎ𝑎
2. Required discharge for Rabi = = 22.2 𝑚3 /𝑠
1800 ℎ𝑎/(𝑚3 /𝑠)

3. Area irrigated in kharif = 0.3*100000 = 30000 ha

30000 ℎ𝑎
4. Required discharge for kharif = = 37.5 𝑚3 /𝑠
800 ℎ𝑎/(𝑚3 /𝑠)

5. Design discharge, Q = 37.5 m3/s (maximum of the above two discharge values).
6. 𝑓 = 1.76 ∗ 𝑑𝑚𝑚 = 1.76 ∗ 0.328 = 1

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𝑄𝑓2 1/6 37.5∗12 1/6

7. 𝑉 = ( ) =( ) = 0.8029 𝑚/𝑠.
140 140
𝑄 37.5
8. 𝐴 = = = 46.71m2
𝑉 0.8029

9. 𝑃 = 4.75 ∗ 𝑄 = 4.75 ∗ 37.5 = 29.09𝑚

10. Also, 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑦 + 𝑧 ∗ 𝑦 2 ∴ 46.71 = 𝐵𝑦 + 0.5𝑦 2
11. 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝑦 ∗ 1 + 𝑧 2 ∴ 29.09 = 𝐵 + 2.2361𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵 = 29.09 − 2.2361𝑦
12. From steps (10) and (11), we get equation 1.7631𝑦 2 − 29.09𝑦 + 46.71 = 0 −− −(1)
13.Solution of equation (1) gives y = 1.8 m
14.From step (11), we get B = 25 m
𝒇𝟓/𝟑
14. 𝐵𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑺 = 𝟏 = 1 in 6110
𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟎𝑸𝟔
5 𝑉2
15. 𝑅 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦) = ∗ = 1.61𝑚
2 𝑓
𝐴 46.71
16. Also 𝑅 = = = 1.61𝑚, hence checked.
𝑃 29.09
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Example - The slope of an irrigation channel is 0.2 per thousand. Lacey’s silt factor = 1.0, channel
side slope = 0.5H:1V. Find the full supply discharge and dimensions of the channel.
Solution
Here Slope, S = 0.2 per thousand = (0.2*5)/(1000*5) = 1 in 5000
6 6
𝑓5/3 𝑓5/3 15/3
Now, 𝑆 = 1 , from which, 𝑄 = = = 11.25 𝑚3 /𝑠
3340∗𝑆 3340∗1/5000
3340𝑄6
Now example is same as Ex-1 of Lacey’s theory in which Q = 11.25 m3/s and f=1.
Solution gives following results:
V = 0.66 m/s
A = 17.13 m2
R = 1.08 m
P = 15.93 m
y = 1.2434 m
B = 13.1517 m

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Use of Lacey’s Diagrams

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Use of Lacey’s Diagrams

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Example - Design a
regime channel of or
a discharge of 50
m3/s and silt factor
1:1 using Lacey's
diagrams.
Solution:
1. Take intersection
of Q=50 cumec
and f=1.1.
2. From the
intersection point
go downward to
find B=29.8m
and go towards
left to find
y=1.9m.
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3. Take intersection of Q=50 cumec and f=1.1.

4. From the intersection point go towards left to find S = 0.19 parts per 1000 = 0.00019 = 1 in 5263.1

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Design of channels by tractive force approach

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Design of Channels by Tractive Force Approach

IS 7112 2002 permits the tractive force method for design of unlined channels in alluvial soils.
Following is the procedure:
1. The permissible tractive stress is obtained from the observed data of existing channels. It may
also be obtained from expressions given by Shield, White, Lane etc.
2. A suitable bed slope S of the channel is then selected either with reference to average ground
slope along the alignment or on the basis of experience.
3. The value of R is obtained by considering τ = τc = ɣRS
4. A suitable value of Manning’s N is assumed and V is calculated by Manning’s formula,
V = (1/N) * R(2/3) * S(1/2).
5. Area of c/s is calculated by A = Q/V
6. Wetted perimeter is calculated by P = A/R
7. Also for a trapezoidal section,
A = (B+z*y)*y and
P = B + 2y * sqrt(1+z2)
Both are the functions of B and y, and hence, B and y can be calculated.
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Example – Design an unlined channel in alluvial soil by tractive force approach for a discharge
of 50 cumec from the following data:
Bed slope (S) = 1 in 5000; Side slopes (z) = 0.5H:1V; Manning’s N = 0.0225; Permissible
tractive stress (τc) = 0.0025 kN/m2
Solution:
1) Take τ = τc = ɣRS  0.0025 = 9.81* R * 1/5000 from which R = 1.27m
2) V = (1/N) * R(2/3) * S(1/2) = (1/0.0225) * 1.27(2/3) * (1/5000)(1/2) = 0.737 m/sec
3) A = Q/V = 50/0.737 = 67.82 m2
4) R = A/P from which P = A/R = 67.82/1.27 = 53.4m
5) Now, A = (B+z*y)*y 67.82 = (B+0.5*y)*y -----(1)
P = B + 2y * sqrt(1+z2) 53.4 = B + 2.24y ---------(2)
From Eq. (1) and Eq. (2),
B=50.43m and y=1.33m

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Design procedure for irrigation channels

 Cross section of an irrigation canal

o Side slopes
o Berms
o Free board
o Banks
o Service roads
o Back berm (counter berm)
o Spoil bank
o Borrow pits
 Balancing depth for excavating canals

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Design procedure for irrigation channels

Cross-section of an Irrigation Canal
 A typical and most desired section of a canal is shown in Fig. 4.19.
 This section is 'partly in cutting and partly in filling', and aims at balancing the quantity
of earth work in 'excavation' with that in 'filling'.
 Sometimes, when the natural surface level (i.e. NSL) is above the top of the bank, the
entire canal section will have to be in cutting, and it shall be called 'canal in cutting'.
 Similarly, when the NSL is lower than the Bed level of the canal, the entire canal
section will have to be built in filling, and it is called 'canal in filling', or 'canal in
banking'.

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Side Slopes
The side slopes should be such that they are stable, depending upon the type of the soil.
A comparatively steeper slope can be provided in cutting rather than in filling, as the soil in
the former case shall be more stable.
1H:1V to 1.5H:1V slope in cutting and 1.5H:1V to 2H:1V in filling, are generally adopted.
In case of channels with silt laiden water, the actual capacity of the channel is worked out
with 0.5H:1V side slopes, even though flatter slopes such as 1H:1V to 1.5H1V may be
constructed at the time of execution. This is because of the fact that the sides of such a
channel gets silted up to a slope 0.5H:1V with the passage of time, as shown in Fig. 4.20.

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Berms.
 Berm is the horizontal distance left at ground level between the toe of the bank and the
top edge of cutting.
 The berm is provided in such a way that the bed line and the bank line remains parallel.
 If S1:1 is the slope in cutting and S2:1 in filling, then the initial berm width =(S2-S1)*d1.

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 Since ground level (NSL) fluctuates considerably, while canal bed level (CBL) varies
very slightly, d1 shall vary; and, therefore, the berm width shall vary.
 After the water flows in the channel for some time, the silt gets deposited on the sides
giving them a slope of 0.5H:1V. The position of the berm, therefore, changes from ground
level to FSL, as shown in Fig. 4.21 and its width becomes equal to (S2-0.5)*y.
 If S2 = 1.5, then the final berm width = y, i.e. equal to the depth of the canal.

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The berms when fully formed, serve the following purposes:

1) The silt deposited on the sides is very fine and impervious. It, therefore serves as a good
lining for reducing losses, leakage and consequent breaches, etc.
2) They help the channel to attain regime conditions, as they help in providing a wider
waterway, if required. Even fluctuations of discharge do not produce much fluctuations in
depths because of wider waterway.
3) They give additional strength to the banks and provide protection against erosion and
breaches.
4) The possibility of breaches gets reduced because the saturation line comes more in the
body of the embankment.
5) They protect the banks from erosion due to wave action.
6) They provide a. scope for future widening of the canal.
7) Berms can be used as borrow-pits for excavating the soil to be used for filling.

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Example - An irrigation canal is having a full supply depth of 4m above the existing ground
level and free board of 1m. It is provided with banks 3m wide at a top. Side slope is 2H:1V
and slope of hydraulic gradient line through bank is 5H:1V. Calculate minimum width and
height of counter berm needed to ensure that seepage of water does not pose any problem
for the safety of canal banks. Assume that the hydraulic gradient line is kept covered by
0.5m.
Given
Full Supply Depth = 4m
Free Board = 1m
Ht. of canal above GL = 4 + 1 = 5m
Top width of bank = 3m
Side slope of canal = 2H:1V
HGL slope = 5H:1V
Cover of HGL = 0.5m

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Solution
(1) Width of back berm (GE = KH)
Now, KH = KJ + JH
Where, KJ = NJ - (MM+ML+LK) in which,
NJ = FSD * HGL slope =(4*5) = 20m
KJ = NJ - (MM+ML+LK) = 20 - (2+3+10) = 5m
Also, from le JIH, JH = cover of HGL / sin(α)
Where, Angle α (radian) = tan-1(1/HGL slope) = tan-1(1/5) = 0.1974 radian = 11.31°
 JH = 0.5/sin(11.31) = 2.55m
Width of back berm, KH = KJ + JH = (5 + 2.55) = 7.55m

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(2) Height of back berm (h=EP)

h = EP = EO + OP  OP = EP - EO
Now in le EOF, EO = cover of HGL / cos(α) = 0.5 / cos(11.31) = 0.51m
 OP = EP - EO = h - EO = h - 0.51
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑃 ℎ−0.51
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐺𝐿 𝐻: 𝑉 = = = , But, slope of HGL (H:V)) =1/5
𝑃𝐽 𝑃𝐾+𝐾𝐽 2ℎ+5

1 ℎ − 0.51 5 + 0.51 ∗ 5
∴ = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ, ℎ = = 2.52𝑚
5 2ℎ + 5 5−2

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Example – A canal has a bed width of 18m, cutting slope 1H:1V and filling slope 2H:1V.
The bank embankments are kept 3m higher than the ground level (berm level) and crest
width of banks is kept as 2m. Calculate balancing depth for this canal section.

Solution

 Area of cutting , 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐵 + 𝑧𝑦 ∗ 𝑦
 Here, B = 18, and z = 1
  𝐴𝑐 = 18 + 𝑦 ∗ 𝑦

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Solution

 Area of filling, 𝐴𝑓 = 2 ∗ 𝐵 + 𝑧𝑦 ∗ 𝑦
= 2 ∗ 2 + 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 3 = 48 𝑚2

 Equating area of cutting to the area of filling,

 18 + 𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 = 48
∴ 𝑦 2 + 18𝑦 − 48 = 0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ, 𝑦 = 2.356𝑚

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Ex – A canal has a bed width of 8m, full supply depth 2.5m, bank width at top 3m, cutting
slope 1H:1V, filling slope 1.5H:1V and free board 0.5m. Calculate balancing depth for
this canal section.
3m
1.5
0.5m
1
(3-y)
2.5m

1 y (1.5)*(3-y) 3 (1.5)*(3-y)
1 (12-3y)
8m

Solution
Area of cutting, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐵 + 𝑧𝑦 ∗ 𝑦
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐵 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1
∴ Area of cutting, 𝐴𝑐 = 8 + 𝑦 ∗ 𝑦

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(3-y)
 Area of filling, 𝐴𝑓 = 𝐵 + 𝑧𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 1
1.5
 Here, B=3, z = 1.5 and y = (3-y) 3m

 ∴ Area of filling, 𝐴𝑓 = 2 ∗ 3 + 1.5 ∗ (3 − 𝑦) ∗ 3 − 𝑦

 = 2 ∗ 3 + 4.5 − 1.5𝑦) ∗ 3 − 𝑦
 = 2 ∗ 7.5 − 1.5𝑦 ∗ 3 − 𝑦
 = 2 ∗ 22.5 − 7.5𝑦 − 4.5𝑦 + 1.5𝑦 2
 = 2 ∗ 22.5 − 12𝑦 + 1.5𝑦 2
 = 45 − 24y + 3𝑦 2
 Equating area of cutting to the area of filling,
8𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 45 − 24𝑦 + 3𝑦 2

∴ 2𝑦 2 − 32𝑦 + 45 = 0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ, 𝑦 = 1.56𝑚

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Example - A distributary takes off from a branch canal having CBL at 204m and FSL 205.8m. The gross
command area at the head of distributary is 30000 ha and after each km, it is reduced by 5000 ha. The
culturable command area is 75%. The intensity of irrigation for Rabi and Kharif seasons is 32% and
15% respectively. Take design discharge to be 10% more than the required discharge. Design suitable
channel sections for the first 3km of this distributary, assuming the following data:
(1) The losses below 3 km = 0.44 cumec
(2) Channel losses occur @ 2 cumec / million sq. meter of wetted perimeter
(3) Kor period for Rabi (Wheat) = 4 weeks
(4) Kor depth for Rabi = 14 cm
(5) Kor period for Kharif (Rice) = 2.5 weeks
(6) Kor depth for Rabi = 20 cm
(7) Manning's n = 0.0225
(8) Critical Velocity Ratio = 0.95
(9) Side slope of canal = 0.5H:1V
(10) Bed slope of canal = 0.225cm/km for 3 & 2 km and 0.2cm/km for 1 & 0 km
The GL at every 200m, along the line of proposed alignment, have been obtained and are tabulated below:
Distance
from head 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
(m)
RL (GTS)
205.2 205.3 205.3 205.0 204.9 204.3 204.3 204.2 204.2 204.1 204.1 204.0 204.0 204.0 203.9 203.8
(m)
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Given
GCA = 3000 ha
Reduction of GCA after each km = 5000 ha
CCA =75% 0f GCA
Losses below 3 km = 0.44 cumec
Losses @2 cumec / million sq.m of wetted perimeter
Kor period for Rabi = 4 weeks = 28 days
Kor depth for Rabi =14cm = 0.14m
Intensity of Irrigation (II) for Rabi = 32% = 0.32
Kor period for Kharif =2.5 weeks = 17.5 days
Kor depth for Kharif =20cm = 0.2m
Intensity of Intensity (II) for Kharif =15% = 0.15
CVR = 0.95
Manning’s N = 0.0225
Side slope of canal (z) = 05H:1V
Bed slope of canal = 0.225cm/km for 3 & 2 km and 0.2cm/km for 1 & 0 km
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Calculations
The channel is designed from tail end (where losses are known) towards its head.

Rabi Kharif
Area
Below Outlet Area
under Base Delt Base Outlet
km GCA CCA Duty Discharg under Delta Duty
irrigatio period a period Discharge
e irrigation
n
(Days
(ha) (ha) (ha) (Days) (m) (ha/cumec) (cumec) (ha) (m) (ha/cumec) (cumec)
)
(A) (B) (Δ) (D) (Q) (A) (B) (Δ) (D) (Q)
(1) (3)=0.7 (4)=0.32 (7)=8.64* (9)=0.15 (12)=8.64*B
(2) (5) (6) (8)=A/D (10) (11) (13)=A/D
5*GCA *CCA B/Δ *CCA /Δ
0 (i.e.
head) 30,000 22500 7200 28 0.14 1728 4.17 3375 17.5 0.2 756 4.46

1 25,000 18750 6000 28 0.14 1728 3.47 2812.5 17.5 0.2 756 3.72
2 20,000 15000 4800 28 0.14 1728 2.78 2250 17.5 0.2 756 2.98
3 15,000 11250 3600 28 0.14 1728 2.08 1687.5 17.5 0.2 756 2.23

Outlet Discharge for Kharif is more and hence, it becomes controlling factor. Therefore, outlet discharge = 2.23 cumec
below 3 km.. 85
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Procedure for Canal Design at 3 km

1 Outlet Discharge =2.23 cumec (calculated earlier).

2 Total discharge = outlet discharge + losses below 3 km (0.44 cumec) = 2.23 + 0.44 = 2.67 cumec

3 Design discharge = 1.1*2.67 = 2.94 cumec

Here, Following parameters are known to us.
1 Design Discharge Q=2.94 cumes

2 CVR=0.95

3 Manning’s N= 0.0225

4 Bed Slope S=0.25cm/km = =0.25cm / 1000 cm = 0.000225

5 We can now design the canal by Kennedy's Theory . The procedure is already explained earlier.

Solution gives y = 1.13m, B = 4m and P = 6.55m

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Design of canal Below 3km

After some trials, we can take depth of flow, y = 1.13m

For a depth of flow, y = 1.13m

V0 = 0.55*m*y0.64 = 0.55*0.95*1.130.64 = 0.565 m/s
A = Q/V0 = 2.94/0.57 = 5.2 m2
But, A = (B+zy)*y  5.2 = (B+0.5*1.13)*1.13 from which, B = 4.04m
P = B+2y*sqrt(1+z2) = 4.04 + sqrt(1+0.52) = 6.56m
R = A/P = 5.193 / 6.55 = 0.79m
1 0.00155 1 0.00155
+23+ +23+(0.000225) 74.33
Chezy ′ s 𝐶 = 𝑁 𝑆
0.00155 𝑁 = 0.0225
0.00155 0.0225 = = 42.34
1+ 23+ 𝑆 ∗ 1+ 23+0.000225 ∗ 1.76
𝑅 0.79

V=C*sqrt(R*S) = 42.34*sqrt(0.79*0.000225)=0.5654 m/s

Thus, V = V0 Hence, assumed depth of flow (1.13m) is correct.
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Hydrau
𝑨 − 𝒛𝒚𝟐

Wetted
𝒚

Below Design Depth V0 = lic C_Num C_Den Chezy's

Bed Slope CVR Area Perimet V
km Discharge of flow 0.55*m*y0.64 mean erator ometer C
𝑩=

er
depth

V=C*s
Q S m y V0 A=Q/V0 B P R =A/P C
qrt(RS)

(cumec) (m) (m/s) (m2) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
3 2.94 0.000225 0.95 1.13 0.57 5.193 4.02 6.55 0.79 74.33 1.76 42.35 0.57

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Procedure for Canal Design at 2 km

1 Outlet Discharge =2.98 cumec is given.
Total discharge = outlet Discharge + losses below 3 km (0.44 cumec) + Transmission losses
2
between 2 to 3km at 2 cumec per million km2
Now, wetted perimeter P at 3km = 6.55m (from design of canal at 3km)
∴ Transmission losses between 2 to 3km =2*( 6.55*1000)/106 = 0.0131 cumec
∴ Total Discharge = 2.98 + 0.44 + 0.0131= 3.43 cumec
3 Take design discharge as 1.1 times Total Discharge
Design Discharge = 1.1 * 3.43 = 3.78 cumec
Here, Following parameters are known to us.
Discharge Q=3.78 cumes ; CVR=0.95; Manning’s N= 0.0225 ; Bed Slope S=0.25cm/km = 0.000225
We can now design the canal by Kennedy's Theory .
Solution gives y = 1.26, B=4.3m and P=7.12m
Adopt the same procedure for 1 and 0 km.

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Wetted Hydrauli
Design Depth of C_Numer C_Deno
Below km Bed Slope CVR V0 = 0.55*m*y0.64 Area Perimete c mean Chezy's C V
Discharge flow ator meter
r depth

V=C*sqr
Q S m y V0 A=Q/V0 B P R =A/P C
t(RS)

(cumec) (m) (m/s) (m2) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

2 3.78 0.000225 0.95 1.26 0.61 6.22 4.3 7.12 0.87 74.33 1.72 43.23 0.61

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Procedure for Canal Design at 1 km

1 Outlet Discharge =3.72 cumec is given.
In outlet Discharge, add losses below 2 km (0.4531cumec) and losses between 1 to 2km at 2
2
cumec per million km2 to get Total Discharge
Wetted Perimeter P at 2km = 7.12m (from design of canal at 3km)
Transmission losses between 2 to 3km =2*( 7.12*1000)/106 = 0.014 cumec
Total Discharge = 3.72 + 0.4531 + 0.014= 4.19 cumec
3 Take design discharge as 1.1 times Total Discharge
Design Discharge = 1.1 * 4.19 = 4.61 cumec
Here, Following parameters are known to us.
1Discharge Q=4.61 cumec; CVR=0.95; Manning’s N= 0.0225; Bed Slope S=0.2cm/km = 0.0002
We can now design the canal by Kennedy's Theory .
Solution gives y = 1.2, B=5.89m and P=8.59m

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Hydrau
Wetted
Below Design Depth lic C_Num C_Den Chezy's
Bed Slope CVR Vk = 0.55*m*y0.64 Area Perimet Vc Vk/Vc
km Discharge of flow mean erator ometer C
er
depth

Vc=C*s
Q S m y Vk A=Q/Vk B P R =A/P C
qrt(RS)

(cumec) (m) (m/s) (m2) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

1 4.61 0.0002 0.95 1.2 0.59 7.83 5.89 8.59 0.91 75.19 1.72 43.6 0.59 1.0001

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Procedure for Canal Design at 0 km

1 Outlet Discharge =4.46 cumec is given.
In outlet Discharge, add losses below 1 km (0.4673cumec) and losses between 0 to 1km at
2
2 cumec per million km2 to get Total Discharge
Wetted Perimeter P at 2km = 8.59m (from design of canal at 3km)
Transmission losses between 2 to 3km =2*( 8.59*1000)/106 = 0.017 cumec
Total Discharge = 4.46 + 0.4673 + 0.017= 4.95 cumec
3 Take design discharge as 1.1 times Total Discharge
Design Discharge = 1.1 * 4.95 = 5.44 cumec
Here, Following parameters are known to us.
Discharge Q=5.44 cumec; CVR=0.95; Manning’s N= 0.0225; Bed Slope S=0.2cm/km = 0.0002
We can now design the canal by Kennedy's Theory .
Solution gives y = 1.3, B=6.17m and P=9.06m

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Wetted Hydraul
Below Design Depth of C_Nume C_Deno Chezy's
Bed Slope CVR V0 = 0.55*m*y0.64 Area Perimete ic mean V
km Discharge flow rator meter C
r depth

V=C*sq
Q S m y V0 A=Q/V0 B P R =A/P C
rt(RS)

(cumec) (m) (m/s) (m2) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

1 4.95 0.0002 0.95 1.3 0.62 8.83 6.17 9.06 0.97 75.19 1.7 44.2 0.62

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Summary of Channel Design

Losses @ 2
Losses Design
Outlet Wetted cumecs /
Below km below given Total losses Total Discharge Discharge Bed Slope CVR
Discharge Perimeter 106 m2 of
km (10% more)
wetted P
HL Total = HL
Q Total = Q Design Q =
belo given km +
Q outlet P Outlet + Total 1.1 * Q S m
HL losses per
Losses Design
million sq.km
(cumec) (cumec) (m) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
3 2.23 0.44 0.440 2.67 2.94 0.000225 0.95
2 6.55 from
2.98 0.44 0.013 0.453 3.43 3.77 0.000225 0.95
col.(16)
1 3.72 0.4531 7.12 0.014 0.467 4.19 4.61 0.000200 0.95
0 4.46 0.4673 8.59 0.017 0.485 4.95 5.44 0.000200 0.95

Wetted Hydraul
Bed C_Numerato C_Denomet
Below km Depth of flow V0 = 0.55*m*y0.64 Area Perimeter ic mean Chezy's C V
width r er
(calculated) depth
V=C*sqrt(
y V0 A=Q/V0 B P R =A/P C RS)

(m) (m/s) (m2) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)

(1) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21)
3 1.13 0.57 5.193 4.02 6.55 0.79 74.33 1.76 42.35 0.57
2 1.26 0.61 6.2211 4.30 7.12 0.87 74.33 1.72 43.23 0.61
1 1.20 0.59 7.826 5.89 8.59 0.91 75.19 1.72 43.60 0.59
0 1.30 0.62 8.8284 6.17 9.06 0.97 75.19 1.70 44.20 0.62

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Schedule of area statistics and channel dimensions

Controlling area to be
irrigated

Rabi Kharif Outlet Losses in Total Total Design

Below km GCA CCA Perennial Duty
(32%) (15%) Discharge reach losses Discharge Discharge

(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha/cumec) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
0 30,000 22500 7200 3375 756 4.464 0.017 0.485 4.949 5.444
1 25,000 18750 6000 2812.5 756 3.720 0.014 0.467 4.188 4.606
2 20,000 15000 4800 2250 756 2.976 0.013 0.453 3.429 3.772
3 15,000 11250 3600 1687.5 756 2.232 0.440 2.672 2.939

Channel Dimensions

Free Board Width of

Ht. of bank above
Water front (Table bank (Table
Below km Bed slope Bed width ground decided after Velocity Vk/Vc
depth 4.11 of S K 4.11of S K
drawing L-section
Garg) Garg)
(cm/km) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)
(1) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)
0 20.0 6.17 1.30 0.6 1.000 2.00 0.62 1.00
1 20.0 5.89 1.20 0.5 1.000 2.00 0.59 1.00
2 22.5 4.30 1.26 0.5 0.900 2.00 0.61 1.00
3 22.5 4.02 1.13 0.5 0.925 2.00 0.57 1.00
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Thank you

Thank You

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