-13

-ilegulators-Modules,--and-Miscellaneous
Canal Structures
13.1. Can~l Regulation·
The water which emers into' the main canal from the river has to be divided into
different Branches and Distributaries, in accordance with the relative urgency of demand
on different channels. This process of distribution is called 'Regulation'. To distribute
water effectively, the discharge has to be adjusted to any desired value. This aim is
achieved by means of regulators.
13.2. Canal Regulation Works
The works which are constructed in order to control and regulate discharges, depths,
velocities etc. in canals, are known as canal.regulation works. These structures ensure
the efficient functioning of a canal irrigation system, by giving full control upon the
canals. The important of these structures are:
(i) Canal Falls.
(ii) Canal Regulators (Head Regulator and Cross Regulator).
(iii) Canal Escapes.
(iv) Metering Flumes, etc.
(v) Canal Outlets and Modules.
- Canal fallSliavealreadybee.ri described inthe previous chapter. Now we shall deal
with the remaining structures.
CANAL REGULATORS
13.3. Alignment of the off-taking channel
When a branch channel takes off from the main channel (called Parent Channel),
the off-take alignment must be carefully designed.

Fig. 13.1 Fig. 13.2

684
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 685
The best ideal alignment is : when the off-taking channel makes zero angle with
the parent channel initially and then separates out in a transition, as shown in Fig. 13.1.
The transitions will have to be properly
designed, so as to avoid accumulation of silt
jetty. As an alternative to the transitions, both
the channels should make an angle with the
parent channel upstream of the off-take, as
shown in Fig. 13.2.
When the parent channel has to be carried
straight, the edge of the canal rather than the
centre line should be considered in deciding the
Fig. 13.3
angle of the off-take (Fig. 13.3).

13.4. Distributary Head Regulator and Cross Regulator

A distributary head regulator controls the supply of the off-taking channel; while
a cross-regulator controls the supply of the parent channel.
A head regulator provided at the head of the off-taking chanilel,controls the flow
of water entering this new channel. While a cross-regulator may be required in the main
parent channel down-stream of the off-taking channel, and is operated when necessary
so as to head up water on its upstream side, thus to ensure the required supply in the
off-taking channel even during the periods of low flow in the main channel.
The main functions of a head regulator are:
(i) To regulate or control the supplies entering the off-take channel.
(ii) To control silt entry into the off-take channel.
(iii) To serve as a meter for measuring discharge.
The main fimctions of a cross-regulator are:
(i) To effectively control the entireCananrrigationSystem.
(ii) When the water level in the main channel is low, it helps in heading up water
on the uls and to feed the off-take channels to their full demand in rotation.
(iii) They help in absorbing fluctuations in various sections of the canal system,
and in preventing the possibilities of breaches in the tail reaches.
(iv) Cross regulator is often combined with a road bridge~ so as to carry the road
which may cross the irrigation channel near the site of the cross regulator. It
is also usually combined with a fall (if required at the site of cross regulator);
when it is called a fall-regulator.
A regulator essentially consists of piers placed across the canal at regular intervals
with grooves, in which either planks or gates can be used to control the supplies. Planks
called Karriescan be used_foLSmall ~channels,Qnly,_aHh_e ma.1'jIllJl.m_beigbLQf..tbe~R.lill1.1s:s.
which can be handled manually is about 2 metres. For large channels, either hand
operated or mechanically operated gates can be used.
The hand operated gates can have spans of 6 to 8 m, while mechanically operated
gates. can be as wide as 20 metres or so. A light bridge platform has to be laid on the
piers for operation of planks or gates. It is often economical to combine a regulator with
a bridge and also to flume the channel at the site c-f the regulator, so as to reduce its
floor width for affecting economy.
 686 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

13.5. Design of Cross Regulator and Distributary Head Regulator.

Crest Levels. The crest of a cross regulator is generally kept at the upstream bed
level of the channel. While, the crest level of the distributary head regulator is generally
kept 0.3 to 1.0 m higher than the crest level of the cross regulator.
Water-way. The water-way can be worked out by using the drowned weir formula,
given as :

Q= j .C dl -{ii. B . [Ch + hy)3/2 - h~/2J + Cd2 · B . hI --/2g (h + hv) ... (13.1)

= · ·0.577.
where Cd· 1 . ..

. Cdz = 0.80.
B = Cle1ilr water-way required.
h = Difference of water level u/s and dis of
the crest.
hI = Depth of the dis water level in the chan-
nel above the crest.
hy= Head due to-~iiOCityof approach, which
is very small and is generally ignored.
The discharge formula then becomes.

US WL.

Fi~. i3.4

Q =~x 0.577--/2 x 9.81 B· h3/ 2 + 0.80B· hI --/2 x 9.8~ {h

=1.69 B ·h~l2+ 3.54 B . hI {Ii
or Q =B . {h[ 1.69 h + 3.54 hI] ... (13.2)
Conditions of flow for design. The design is done for the worst of the following
two conditions :
(a) Full supply discharge is passing down both the channels with all gates of cross
regulator and head regulator fully open.
(b) The discharge in the parent channel is low but the off-take channel is running
.fUU;"arrd'its-'-FSt'is'irrairitairii6u-bytlie':'parthil-opening':'or'tlre-'gates of cross-regulator.
In the first condition, q and HL are fixed; while in the second case q reduces and
HL increases, depending upon the low flow of the channel. The first condition of flow
generally governs the design, but in certain cases, the second flow condition may
become more critical.
If the low flow record of the parent channel is not given, the design can be done
for the first flow condition.
 'fr

REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES· 687 I

I i
Downstream Floor Level or Cistern Level. For the above two flow conditions,
q and HL are worked out. Then Ef2 is found from Plate 10.1. The level at which jump
I
would fonn, i.e. the level of dis floor, is then given by dis TEL-Ek
Neglecting velocity head, dis TEL = dis FSL
:. Level of dis floor = dis FSL - Ek
If the dis floor for the worst condition works out to be higher than the dis bed level
of the channel, the floor is provided at the bed level itself.
Length of dis Floor. It is worked out by calculating 5 (Y2 - YI)' If by chance, this
length comes out to be small in comparison to 2/3 of total floor length (worked out by
exit gradient considerations, Le. b =a . d.), then, the length of the dis floor is kept equal
to 2/3 of the total floor length .
. Cut-offs are provided as given below :
Upstream Cut-off. The minimum depth of U/S cut off below U/S floor level is kept .

as (~ + 0.6 m) where Yu is the depth of water in th,e channel upstream.

kept as. r;
Downstream Cut-off. The minimum depth of dis cut-off below the dis floor level is

+ 0.6 m } where Yd is the depth of water in the channel downstream.

Total floor Length. The total floor length 'b' is worked out from safe exit gradient
considerations, as explained earlier. This total floor length is then suitably distributed .
upstream and downstream.
Uplift Pressures and Floor Thicknesses. The thicknesses of the dIs floor required,
are worked out by working out the uplift pressures by Khosla's theory. The maximum
unbalanced heads at key. points are worked out for the maximum static head. The
pressure at toe of glacis is also worked out for dynamic condition. The floor thicknesses
are designed for the worst case, as explained-earlier in-the-design- of weirs andfaUs. A _.
nominal thickness of 0.3 to 0.5 m is provided on uls side.

to (~ + 0.6 m) on the upstream, and equal to r;

Protection Works. The protection works are designed for a scour depth (D) equal

+ 0.6 m) on the downstream. The 'c.c.

blocks' _and 'inverted filter' are provided in a length approximately equal to 1.5 D. The
,I

quantity of stone in launching apron is kept as 2.25 D cu. rnlmetre.

A typical design of such a regulator is illustrated in the example given below:
Example 13.1. Design a cross regulator. and a head regulator for a channel which
takes off from the parent channel with the following data:
Discharge of parent channel =140 cumecs ,
Discharge of distributary = 15 cumecs )
!
FSL of the parent channel, U/S =
210.0 m
FSL of the parent channel, dis ~ 209.8 m
Bed width of parent channel, U/S =52m
Bed width of parent channel, dis =46m
Depth of water in the parent channel
dis and U/S =2.5m
 688 IRRIGA nON ENGINeERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

FSL of distributary == 209.1 m

Silt/actor =0.8 m
1
Assume safe exit-gradient -5
_______ .S9IuJiQIl,__ ---~----.
(A) Design of Cross Regulator
Crest Levels. Crest level of cross regulatQr is kept the same as uls bed level of parent
channel = 210.0- 2.5 = 207.5 m.
Provide Crest at RL. 207.5 m.
2 ~ l~ 3/2 V~-I
Waterway Q =3 Cd: -v2g . B (h + hv) - h~ "'J + C~ . B . hI -y2g (h + hv)
r;:;--
... (13.1)

ignoring velocity head

Q =B· 01[1.69 h + ~.54hlJ ... (13.2)
whereB. is Li-}e. cle~r iaterway required.
In this case, h = U/S FSL - dis FSL
= 210.0- 209.8 = 0.2 m.
hi = dis FSL - Crest Level
=209.8 - 207.5 = 2.3 m.
140 =B ..)0.20 [1.69 x 0.2 + 3.54 x 2.3]
140 r 1 1
or
B = 0~447l8.488 = 36.9 m. J
Provide 5 bays of 8.0 m each with a clear waterway = 5 x 8.0 =40.0 m.
Provide 4 piers of 1.5 m width each =6.0 m.
Thus-theQ'\lemILwaterwayi=40+,6_;=A6m;; --
Downstream Floor Level or Cistern Level
i40
q = 40 = 3.5 cumecs/metre.
H L =O.2m.
From Plate 10.1, EI2 = 1.85 m.
dis floor level = dis FSL - Etz
=209.8-1.85=207.95m.
dis bed level =209.8 - 2.5 = 207.3 m.
which is lower than the calculated dis floor level. Hence, provide the cistern or dis floor
at R.L. 207.3 m.
__ _____ _ _____ -':-----':-"':-'c-_-::-'_-':c--'----,-
--.~
. _.
..... --.~-------- ---- --------- ---- -
- -- - - -- --
Length of dis floor. Length of dis floor required = 5 (Y2 - Yl)
From Plate 10.2,
For Era = 1.85 m ; yz = 1.8 m,
For Ell =Ef2 + HL =1.85 + 0.2 =~.05 m ; Yl =0.8 m.
.. 5 (Y2 - Yt) = 5 (1.8 - 0.8) =5.0 m.
(subject to the limitation of ird of total floor length b).
REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 689
Vertical cut-offs
Provide upstream cut-off for a depth
I
=~u +0.6 = 235 + 0.6= i,43 m
below the floor, i.e. the level of its bottom
=207.5 - 1.43 = 206.07 m.
Downstream cutoff Depth of dis cutoff below floor level
Yd 2.5
='2 + 0.6 =-T + 0.6 = 1.85 m.

Hence, the bottom level of dis cutoff = 207.30 - 1.85 = 205.45 m.

Total Floor Length from Exit Gradient Considerations
H 1
GE=d' rt:1r
where H = Maximum static head, which is caused
when there is full water on uls and there
is no water on dis.
H = uls FSL - dis bed level
=210.0 - 207.3 =2.7 m.
d = Depth of dis cutoff = 1.85 m
GE = _1 (given)
5
1 2.7 1
5= 1.85' rc· >f5:
1 1 1.85
or rc>f5:=5 x 2.7 =0.137.
From Plate 11.2,
, 1
For rc ~= 0.137, a = 9
. . b = ad= 9 x 1.85 = 16.65 m; say 17 m.
Minimum dis floor length required
= ~ . b = ~ x 17 = 11.3 m; which is greater than 5.0 m, i.e. 5 (Y2 - Yr).
He~ce, provide 11.3 m as the dIs floor length.
Glacis length = 2 x 0.2 = 0.4 m
The balance, i. e. 17 - 11.3 - 0.4 =5.3 m is provided as uls floor length, as shown
in Fig. 13.5.
2l0'0 100·,. ,
t 76~3~.- - - - _' _____ ~ -,---- m---~~~~MED THI~KNES~ :.~
II
215 , O'5(ASStJME~" ..,.. -:-- - - - -:- '- -JF!....m_ '.:.. _,26'6'"
2:1 207:'3 •
0''-'. 'I :'f_ ,C2f'
,,-=,--5·3 ~,.1J·3, 1-85

1 - - - - - - - - , . - - - ' '17' 0
D2 2"I0s-ts-
Fig. 13.5
690 IRRIGATION ENGJNEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

Calculations for Uplift Pressures

Upstream Cut-off
d= 1.43 m.
h=17.0m.
1 =.4 = 1.43 = 0.085
fJ.-b-l-1.Q-- ~-----
From Plate 11.1 (a),
<PEl = 100%
<PDI = 100% - <PD = 100%-18.5% = 81.5% .

<PCI = 100% - 4>E = 100% - 26.5% = 73.5%

(Assume uls floor thickness = 0.5 m)
Correction to 4>cI for floor thickness
81.51.43
- 73.5 x.
0 5 = 2.801 ( )
= 70 + ve .

:. <Pc1 (corrected). = 73.5 + 2.8 = 76.3%

(Note. Correction due to pile interference is small and may be neglected).
Downstream Cut-off
d= 1.85m
b= 17.0m.
l=~= 1.85 =0109
a b 17.0 . .
From Plate ILl (a),
4>E2 = 4>E = 30%
<PD2 = <PD = 21 %
<PC2 =0%--
(Assume dis floor thickness near dis cut off = 0.7 m)
Correction to <PE2 due to floor thickness
30-21 .
= 1.85 x 0.7 =3.4% (- ve)
:. <PE2 (corrected) = 30% - 3.4% = 26.6%
(Note. Correction due to interference of uls cut off is neglected).
Floor Thicknesses :. DIs Floor
At Toe of Glacis
% pressure at toe of glacis
-- -76.3%c'::'-26~60/0 . ....
. C ..- -_. - '.• -. .-
=26.6% + 17 x 11.3 ~ 26.6% + 33.1 % = 59.7%
Maximum unbalanced head at toe of glacis due to maximum static head (2.7 m)
= 59,7% x 2.7 = 1.61 m.
Head due to dynamic action can be taken as
50% (Y2 - Yl) + <P • HL
=50% (1.8'- 0.8) + 59.7% x 0.2 = 0.5 + 0.12 = 0.62m < 1.61 m.
 REGULATORS MODULE:;, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 691
Hence, static head governs the
a::
thicknesses. E
W
<D~
:. Thickness required at toe of glacis u-.-
oOLL
'-
GZ
= ~ :~! = 1.3 m; Provide 1.4 m.
</1<>10

~~~

T
-0
:t:a:
</1 ~EO:: 1-0-
Eo:!:
,<D W
At 3 m beyond toe of glacis lD
z: U'> N

:3 r·~~z
,;..
% pressure Ll.E-
°co:':::
= 26 60/( 76.3% - 26.6% 8 3 ~ 1</1
3:0_' U
. 0+ 17 x . , oXI
r~ EI-
~co

~ 26.6% + 243%= 50.9% , 6

Maximum unbalanced head
= 50.9% x 2.7= 1.32m. ..;
Thickness required I: 0
B
o:l

IN, '3
c=~ :;~ = 1.07 'm; Provide 1.1 m.
0()
Q)
p::
I~
u-
'"
At 8m beyond toe of glacis ~ 8'"
, , ::: U
% pressure Ai ",
U'l
""'0
=,266m 76.3% - 26.6% x.
."10+. 33 :-:~:= E
~
~
'~

, 17 " "
E a:l
= 26.6% + 9.65% = 36.25% r-
~
"" 0
\Ci
<'i
Maximum unbalanced head
= 36.25% x 2:7 = 0.98 m. en
~
Thickness required

, =
0.98 079 P 'd '0 8
1.24 =. m;: rOVl e . m I
1.~~;t--l

" . from thispoirit t6 the end, as: shown ih '~'~ '.. -

m
.;,

Fig. 13.6. !;t ~

a: I-
Uls Floor. Theoretically no floor ~:5 E~UJ
thickness is required under the 0': ,. ,!,.:':::"Z
ouo
upstream floor, since the uplift is more <{I-
c..\f,)
than counterbalanced by the weight of 3:
the water standing over it. But a
nominal thickness of O.5m is provided.
The floor is thickened to 1.0 m under
the crest in a length equal to 2.0 m as
Vl
.. ~

::t
:x::
u
-2:
:t: o
I-a:
E"-
"!<t
1
shown in Fig. 13.6. '
Upstream Protection shall be pr(rvided~ for a scour depth
.. yu i~----'-- - 0 ' •

=3'+O.6m=T+O.6= 1.43m.
La~nching apron~ Provide launching' apron of thickness 1.2 m
. 1ength'=
lOa 2.25x
'1.21.43 =.
268'
m . d = 2.25 D cu. mlmetre)
(' .,' '"vO1ume reqUIre

Use launching apron = 1.2 m thick laid in a length of 2.8 m.

 -,
692 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
r'
C.C. Blocks. Lei us provide C.C. blocks of size 0.8 m x 0.8 m x 0.6 m for a length
D = 1.5 x 1.43 = 2.2 m. Hence, 3 rows of C.C. blocks of size 0.8 m x 0.8 m x 0.6 m size I
with 10 cm. jhories filled with bajri, laid over packed stone apron of 0.6 m thickness,
in a total length of 2.6 m, .shall be provided as shown in Fig. 13.6.
I
i
Downstream Protection shall be provided for a scour depth
. . -- -- - .. y;r--2:5'- --.---- -----..
D='2+0.6=T+0.6= I.85m.
Launching apron. Provide a launching apron of thickness equal to 1.2 m.
Length of apron required .
= 2.2; D = 2.25t21.85 = 3.48 m; say 3.6 m.
Provide a launching apron of 1.2 m thickness laid in a length of 3.6 m.
Inverted filter. Length of filter required := 1.5 x 1.85 = 2.77 m.
Provide 4 rows of C.C. blocks of size 0.8 m x 0.8 m x 0.6 m with 10 cm gaps in
between, laid over an inverted filter of 0.6 m thickness, in a total length of 3.5 m, as
shown in Fig. 13.6.
Provide 0.4 m thick and 1.2 m deep toe walls between blocks and apron on uls as
well as on dis.
(B) Design of Distributary Head Regulator
We shall first of all determine a suitable regime section for the distributary, so as
to carry the given discharge of 16 cumecs with the given silt factor = 0.8.
From Lacey's Regime Diagrams
Bed width of such a channel = 15.0 m.
Depth of water in this channeL = 1.5 m.
Bed Level of Distributaryy = FSL - Depth = 209.1-::-,1.5 = 207.6 m.
Crest Level. The- Crest level of the Distributary Head is generally kept 0.3 to 1.0 ill
higher than the bed level of the parent channel. Let us keep it 0.6 m higher.
:. Crest Level = 207.5 + 0.6 =208.1 m.
Hence keep the crest of Head Regulator at RL 208.1 m.
Watenvay. The discharge is given by
Q = B . -v'h [1.69 h + 3.54 hd i.e. Eq. (13.2)
where h = FSL of parent channel - FSL of Dis-
tributary
= 210.0-209.1 =0.9 m.
hi = FSL of Distributary - Crest Level
= 209.1- 208.1 m = LOrn.
- ---Q = 15 cumecs.
B = Clear waterway required .
.. 15 =B . viO.90 [1.69 x 0.9 +3.54 x ·\J1.0J
or 15 =B x 0.949 [1.521 + 3.54]
15
or B = 0.949 x 5.061 =3.12 m.
Which is very small as compared to bed width of distributary, i.e. 15.4 m.
 I'I!
I

REGULA TORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES

,I
Hence, provide 2 bays of 3.0 m each with 1.0 m thick pier in between. I
Overall waterway provided = 6 + 1 :;:: 7.0 m :1'
Ii
Clear waterway provided :;:: 6.0 m. :1

The wing walls shall be expanded with proper divergence, so as to provide the 11.
normal width of the channel.
Cistern or dis floor. The discharge intensity q
15
= -- = 2.5 cumecs/metre
6 .' --
HL = u/s FSL - dis FSL
:;:: FSL of parent channei - FSL of Distributary
= 210.0 - 209.1 = 0.9 m
From plate 10.1, I!
Eh = L8m ,Ii
EfJ =Ef2 +HL= 1.8+0.9=2.7m.
From plate 10.2,
For E,J 1 =2.7m
,
;Yl =O.4m
For E.t: = 1.8 m ; Y2 ::::: 1.7 m.
R.L. of cistern (i.e. dis t1oor)
:;:: dis FSL - Ef2 =209.1 - 1.8 =207.3 m.
Length of cistern required
= 5 (Y2 - Yl) = 5 (1. 7 - 0.4)
= 8.0 m (subjected to a minimum of ~ b)
Vertical Cutoff. Depth of u/s cutoff below floor
Yu 2.5
=3+0.6=3+0.6= 1.43m.

The bottom level of uls cutoff

= 207.5 - 1.43 = 206.07 m.
The depth of dis cutQff below floor
Yd 1.5
=2 +0.6=2+ 0 .6 = 1.35m.

Provide dIs cutoff depth = 1.6 m

~~1.'):l~ bottf,ll!l. of ells cut-of(. ______ .________ _
= 207.3 -1.6 =20S.7m.
Total Floor Length from Exit Gradient Considerations
Maximum static head (H) is callS';;;;;; when there is full water on uls and no water on
dis
H = 210.0 - 207.3 = 2.7 m.
d = Depth of dis cutoff = 1.6 m. ,I
H 1
GE=d n·VJ:
 ~
I
i

694 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND H:t:DRAULIC STRUCTURES

1 2.7. 1
'5 = "l.6 . 1t:..rr
or
1t ~=J~ ~:~ =~O.~19_.~
From Plate 11.2,
1 .
For 1t~=O.1l9;a=13

b=a' d= 13 x L6=20,8m;say21 m.
Minimum length of dis floor required

=3"2 x 21 = 14 m. (which is greater than' 8 m.)

Hence, Provide dIs floor length = 14 m.

Length of dis Glacis = 1.6 m.
Length of Crest = 1.0 m.
Length of uls Glacis =0.6
Total = 17.2m.
The remaining 3.8 m is provided on the 'uls side, as shown irl. Fig. 13.7.
208.1
~ 207.5 1:1
1.4~1 (I 207.3 C

Ti06~d7
r:..3.0 O'~I"0 /J-01'1, 6..'1'"-------.:.1.;::.4,""'0-----+---.,""
I E2 2~
... - L
r-
>:-----------'--
foo 21 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.;-_D~.21205.7

Calculation for Uplift Pressures

(0 Upstream cutoff
b=21 m.
d= 1.43m.

*=~= li~3 =0.068

From Plate 11.1 (a),
$EI = 100%
<PDI = 100% - <PD = 100% - 16.5% = 83.5%
····<Pc~='lOO%C-<PE-=100%-14%-= 76% .•.•. c ~- ~-:.
I

Assume uls floor thickness near cutoff =0.5 m.

Correction to <Pc
I
due to floor thickness

= 83.5% - 76%
1.43 0 5 = 2 .62~v (+ve)
x.
Correction due to dis pile is neglected.
<l>cl (corrected) = 76% + 2.62% =78.62%; say 78.6%
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 695
(ii) Downstream cutoff
b=21.0m.
d= 1.6 m.
1 d 1.6
-;;=J;= 21.0 =0.076.
From Plate 11,1 (a),
ti>E2 = <l>E = 25.5%
'G>J:j=<I>D=
2
17;5%
<l>c2 =0%.
Assume dis floor thickness near cutoff = 0.8 m.
Correction to <1>£2 due to floor thickness

= 25.5%1.6 08 = 4 .O~0 (_ ve.

-17.5% x. )

Correction due to dis pile is neglected

<1>£2 (corrected) = 25.5% - 4.0% = 21.5%

Floor Thickness
At toe of dis Glacis
.. 78.6% - 21.5%
%age pressure = 21.5% + 21 x 14
= 21.5% + 38.1% = 59.6%
Maximum unbalanced head due to static head
'·=59.6%><2.7';;" L5·8·in.
Head due to dynamic action can be taken
=50% 0'2 - Yt) + <I> . HL
= 50% (1.7 - 0.4) + 59.6% x 0.9
== 0.65 + 0.54 =1.19 m; which is less than 1.58 m .
. Hence, static head governs the floor thicknesses.
Floor thickness required at toe of glacis
= !:~! = 1.28 m; Provide 1.4 m.
At 3 m beyond toe of dis glacis
··-··~%age-pressure'-';;:21.5%·+-7.8.6%;:21S% xTf.c:-·cc~c_.c"~.c,,c:. .:::.::.:.... c:: ......•.., .•.•..

=21.5% + 29.9% = 51.4%

Unbalanced head =51.4% x 2.7 = J ,::;9 m.
Thickness reqd. = ~ :;: = 1.12 m; Provide 1.2 m.

At 6 m 'beyond toe of dis Glacis

%age pressure = 21.5% + 78.6% ~ 21.5% x 8 ='.21.5% + 21.8% =43.3%

 I
:

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OP~RATING PLAT.ORM

, JRIO~f. ARRANGLM£.NT MAV OR M"Y MO,T BE. PltOYID£.D

vis WING W'~LI; 211' &.t III ill

II ~
I ~~£?""·~'''''''cLttnnr-
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_ _ _------_~._ _ __ ~
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110,0
C:"\~L GROOVE: WI"" 210,0
r.g
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H 2·&"" ~'''.'\ +--~--ti-"'O"'.I'{,~ ,3,om 30M 4 .~ __ ~'" ~&..,.. +t+ 2.6'''' ;:4 .. ::r:
-fr..--- 33· .. M -----+ ~
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p
()
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CIl

::<:I
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i -l
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Fig. 13:.8. Details of Distributary Head Regulator. 51
,j
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 697
Unbalanced head = 43.3% x 2.7 = 1.17 m
Thickness reqd. = ~:~~ = 0.945 m. Provide 1 m.
At IO m beyond tow of dis Glacis
- 78.6% - 21.5%
%age pressure = 21.5% + 21 x 4 = 21.5% + 10.9%= 32.4%
Unbalanced head = 32.4% x 2.7 = 0.875m.
Thickness reqd. = ~.~;: = 0.705 m; Provide 0.8 m upto the end, as shown in Fig. 13.8.
VIs Floor. Provide a nominal thickness of 0.5 m under the uls floor and extend it
under the crest and then join it to the bottom of dis glacis, as shown in Fig. 13.8.
U/s Protection. Same as provided in the upstream of Cross Regulator.
DIs Protection. The dis protection shall be provided for a scour depth (D)
Yd 1.5
=2:" + 0.6 =T+ 0.6= 1.35m.
Launching apron. Provide 1.2 m thick launching stone in a
C1 h- 2.25 x 1.35
Ienot - 1.2 2.54 m; say 2.6 m.
Inverted filter. The length offilter reqd.
=1.5D = 1.5 x 1.35 = 2.03 m.
Provide 3 rows of C.C. blocks of 0.8 m x 0.6 m size with 10 cm jhories filled with
bajri, laid over 0.6 thick inverted filter.
The details are shown in Fig. 13.8.
CANAL ESCAPES
As the name implies, an escape is a side channel constructed to remove surplus
water from an irrigation channel (main canal, branch canal, or distributary, etc.) into a
natural drain. The water in the irrigation channel may become surplul) due to some
mistake;cor-diffieuIW-in regulation at. the head; -or _due,to-excessive-r~il}f~IL inupper__
reaches. Sometimes, the cultivators may find that the demand of water is over and may
close their outlets suddenly, In such circumstances, the canal supplies shall become-
surplus, and this excess may overflow the banks unless escaped.
Nq doubt, in all such circumstances, the suppiies shall be reduced or stopped from
the head works, but the effect of this reduction is felt only after a certain time. Therefore,
in order to avoid damage, some immediate action is required, and this is achieved by
means of an 'Escape', generally called a 'surplus water escape'.
, The importance of such an escape is realised more, in case, a breach occurs iIi a
channel. If a breach occurs, immediate information is sent to the head, so as to close
down the channel supplies. But the water already contained in the channel from the head
to the breach site, will cause wide spread damage if allowed to pass through the breach.
In such circumstances, the escape existing on upstream of the breach is opened and most
of the water is allowed to escape. Hence, it can be stated that escapes are the safety
vaives-vfcanals' and must be· provided at regularintervakdepending' up01l'thdmpor-
tance of the channel and availability of a suitable drainage for the disposal of the
escaped water. The minimum capacity of the escape is generally kept as half of the
channel capacity at the point of the escape.
13.6. Types of Canal Escapes
Such an escape may be of the following two types:
(i) Weir type. In this type, the crest of the weir wall is kept at R.L. equal to canal FSL,
as shown in Fig. 13.9. When water level rises above FSL, it gets es~aped.
 U2

1
I
I
I
1
Ii I

---------:--l: ~ ~C:z: U-: : T~OF=F: : 2W.;: : 'A: :;L:z: L: :a:f

I
DISTBIB~ 1

-------~---
BANK LEVEL
· NI

I· :I
r~ o~
~ A
o
I 00
10
1

_.0 L
Q SECTION AT B-8
I 2H+SOmm= 1780 Q
BED WIDTH (8)
4680 760
1900 2000 1900 --------
I
I
BOTTO!i1! PLAN OF A P. M.
.1
ALL DIMEtJSJONS_ AHE.- .IN .. -.....-
r:nm~- .-~ ...~~-~.:::-:--~-:-----.-~ -".--:- _. -------~-- ---
I SCALE" I: 25

I
'1MASONRY TO BE BROKEN
WHILE RECHANGING THE 1250
· DISCHARGING CAPACITY.
+r---'-'12::.>3"-"O'------<II _ _ _ _--=0:+_ 75 TH. PRECAST R.C.C. SLABl
.-11'
1.25 F.S.L.
. --4-
gil -[HEAD ABOVE IL
..JI
I
0
r<l

----------~.-.,.-t-
. -~[I·.-I··b
/ - r::..
-0
1 THE CREST=
f!i", sUCH n'LAT- -
l
1.25
>,' 10" 10 I'- Hs Hy = O.~
ci (l): I r:o (l) -~ 0 ~ ----+
<Ii o. I ,-,+-J---j_ _ _c ~~g. "';-'-----~-~
.~-----'-'---- _._----_. ,,-_.-- ---------- ._. u..: - -:-~I~c~c:,_

15
BRICK EDGE 115 TH.
C.C. 150 TH. I: 4: 8
1780

SECT ION AT A-A .

Flg.13·20
 698 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

(ii) Regulator type TOP OF(ANAL BANK

(Sluice type). In this type, the
sill of the escape is kept at CANAL FSL

canal bed level and the flow

.-.. --·isGontroIIeEiby -gates- (Fig.-=----
13.10). This type of escapes (ANA L BED
C d h d LEVEL((,B.L.)
are prelelTe t ese ays, as ~'f"'7"T7'"~""-;-~,.-v
they give better control and
c.an ..be.. used_foLcompletely
emptying the canal. Fig. 13.9. Weir type escape or 'Tail escape'.
The weir type escape P LA T FORM FOR
may, however, be provided GATE OPERATION ~
at the tail end of the canal BRIDGE ROAD
and is useful in maintain-
ing the required FSL in the CA NAL F S L

tail reaches of the canal. p'l ERS -+-0.,11

This escape is then caIIed a
Tail 'escape.
The 'regulator type'

~IRE(T[ON
may, however, be con-
structed for the purpose of FLOW
scouring off excess bed silt 1 FOR CANAL
deposited in the head Fig. 13.10. Regulator type escape or 'Surplus water escape'.
reaches, from time to time.
In that case, it is known as a Scouring escape.
In such a case, the siII of the regulator is generaIIy kept at about 0.3 m below the canal
been-ever artlie-escape' site:'Wne'I1llie ueposifeo'sil tis fo-5e'scorireoouY; a:discharge-firgner
than the full supply discharge is let off into the canal from its head. The gates of the escape
are raised so as to produce scouring velocities, which scour out the deposited silt. For better
efficiency, a cross regulator may be provided just downstream of scouring escape. Such
escapes have become obsolete, because silt ejectors are now-a-days providecl for better
efficiency.
The regulator type escape can be designed like a head regulator withoutany raised crest.
METERING FLUMES
A meter is a structure constructed in a canal for measuring its discharge accurately.
A metering flume is an artificiaIIy flumed (narrowed) section of the channel, which can
be utilized for calculating the discharge in the channel.
__ .,-Tb~-,n.Qr.maLup.sJr.e.anLse_c.tioJLofthe__chann.eLis_nalIo_we.d_hy_mas_onry_waUs.with_.a_
splay of 1 : 1 to 2 : 1 to a rectangular section caIIed Throat. From where, the channel
is slowly diverged so as to attain its normal section by means of masonry wings with a
splay of 2 : 1 to 10 : 1. More gradual the convergence and divergence, less wiIl be the
loss of head in the flume.
13.7. Types of Metering Flumes
There are two types of metering flumes which are generaIIy used, and work on the
principle of Venturimeter. They are:
 1

REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 699

(a) Non-modular venturi flume
U/S F SL DIS F Sl
or drowned venturi-flume, VI
generally caIled venturi 7:7-- Y1
flume. U/S LB.L
I/I/JII I
* Dis LB. L
IIII/J) J,
(b) Standing wave flume; or
modular venturi flume; or
free flow venturi flume.
(a) Venturi Flume. A venturi flume
consists of a gradually contracting chan- .
1 .'" TH ROAT ..
. B,
/
nel leading to 'throat', and a gradually
expanding channel leading away from it.
Stilling welIs are provided for measuring
head at the entrance and at the throat, as
Fig. 13.11. Venturi flume.
shown in Fig. 13.11. If h is the dif-
ference of head between the two weIIs, then the discharge is given by
til 'a2 .r;;-;-
Q = C(j .1 2 2 -v2gh ...(13.3)
'val - a2
where Cd = Varies from 0.95 to 1.0
al = Area at entrance = B J • Yl

a2 = Area at throat ~ B2 . Y2
When all the factors are known, discharge can be calculated.
(b) Standing Wave Flume. .
When a standing wave, (i.e. U/S TEL .
hydraulic jump) forms on the -U/S- FSL--f-I---::::':-
- - ]: - . L
- - - - -HV-DIS FSL
downstream glacis in the diverg-
_ingchannel; the flume is called - .~ H · (REst ..... '
J_ L
JO/
". DIS
-.1 --
a standing wave flume (see Fig. U/S C.B.L. /' .~ ,(""G:LA (I S
13.12). It is superior to venturi ~...._ _--"f...;D""'IS;..B-.;;ED
flume because its discharge SECTION
depends only upon the upstream
head over the crest of the throat, - - - - '............... THR9AT , - - - 1
and also for the same upstream U/S_ I I ,j I, 1. _DIS
head, its discharging capacity is I
more than that of a venturi
flume. The length of its throat is
atleast 2 to 3 times the head over
the crest. Discharge formula for
such a flume is given by . Fig. 13.12. Standing wave flume.
3/2
Q = 1.7 Cd' B· H ... (13.4)
.._-._... -..... -.. : ,........................... ·~h~i:tifr;'th~~idth oyth~throat·:·:·.-· c .. ''c .. :c-.c .. ;:

The head of water over the crest can be measured in a stilling well and the discharge
can be easily calculated.
The only drawback of such a flume is that it requires greater loss of head (HiJ, and
where this loss of head is not available, this flume wiJI act like a venturi flume. Due to this
reason, canal faIl sites (giving sufficient loss of head, HiJ are generally used as standing
wave flumes. For this purpose, flumed meter falls are constructed as explained earlier.
Such a flume is, therefore, seldom constructed separately, and falls, regulators and
other masonry structures are flumed, so as to act like a metering flume.
 . \1

700 IRRIGATION ENGIN"EERiNG AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

CANAL OUTLETS OR MODULES

A canal outlet or a module is a small structure built at the head of the watercourse
so as to connect it with a minor or a distributary channel.
The control and maintemance of the entire network of canals upto the module falls
- ~LInder the-jurisdictiun-of-the-State-Governmenr,--andbeyon-d -the module, the entire
working of the water courses or field channels is taken care of by the cultivators
themselves. The module is thus a connecting link between the Government and the
cultivators. These outlets playa very prominent role in controlling the flow of water to
different areas, so as to effect an equitable distribution of available water in accordance
with the needs of the whole area.
Hence, an outlet should be such that it fits well to the decided principles of water
distribution.
Moreover, it should be simple, cheaper, efficient and easy to handle. The. design of
the outlet is, therefore, of prime importance in efficient and effective management of
canal irrigation system. The requirements of a good module are listed below:
13.8. Requirements of a Good Module
(1) The module should fit well to the decided principles of water distribution. For
example, if the supply is to be fixed in accordance with the cultivable area commanded
by the outlet, the outlet must be able to pass a constant and a fixed discharge. Similarly,
if the supply is to be regulated in accordance with the area irrigated in the past year, the
capacity of the outlet should be capable of being changed from year to year.
(2) The module should be simple, so that it can be easily constructed or fabricated
by local masons or technicians.
(3) It should work; efficiently with a small working head.
(4) The outlet should be cheaper, since they are required in large numbers.
(5) It should be sufficiently strong with no moving parts, thus avoiding periodic
maintenance. _____ _ ________ . _' __.. ____ .__ ... __ .. __
(6) The outlet should be such as to avoid.interference_by cultivators, thus preventing
undue tapping of water by cultivators. In other words, any- interference by the local
people should be made difficult and easily detectable.
(7) It should draw its fair share of silt.
13.9. Types of Outlets (Modules)
The various available types of outlets can be classified into three classes:
(i) Non-modular outlets are those through which the discharge depends upon the
difference of head b0tween the distributary and the water-course. The discharge through
such a module, therefore, varies widely with either a change in the water level of the
distributary or that of the water-course. The common examples of this type of outlets
are: (I) open sluice, and (ii) drowned pipe outlet.
(ii) Semi-modules or Flexible modules are those through which the discharge is
indepenaentcof-tne-waterle-velofthe water-course but depends only upon the water level
of the distributary so long as a minimum working head is available. The discharge
through such an outlet will, therefore, increase with a rise in the distributary water
surface level and vice versa. The common examples of this type of modules are: pipe
olltlet, venturi flume, open flume and orifice semi-module.
(iii) Rigid modules or Modular outlets are those through which the discharge is
constant and fixed within limits, irrespective of the fluctuations of the water levels of
either the distributary or of the water course or of both. Gibb's module is a common
example of such a module.
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 701
13.10. Criteria for Judging the Performance of Modules
The behaviour and functioning of a module can be judged by the following impor-
tant terms and definitions:
Flexibility. Flexibility is defined as the ratio of the rate of change of discharge of
the outlet to the rate[ ~f 5ha]nge of discharge of the distributary channel.
Thus F=: ~ ... (13:5)

where F = Flexibility of the outlet

q = Discharge-passing through the outlet
Q = Discharge in the distributary channel.
Now, if H is the head acting on the outlet, the discharge through the outlet (q) may
be expressed as
q = C- H'" ... ( 13.6)
where C and m are constants depending upon the
type of outlet
Similarly, the discharge passing down the distributary channel may be expressed as
Q = K. yn ... (13.7)
where K and n are constants and y is the depth of
water in the distributary.
Differentiating equations (13.6) and (13.7), we get
dq=C-m·Hm - dH i'
... (13.8)
dQ = K . n . yn -:, 1 dy ... (13.9)
Dividing equation (13.8) with (13.6), we get
!!:!1= C- m· Hm - 1 dH m dH ... (13.10)
q C.Hm H
Similarly,
dQ _ K· n . t - 1 dy !!:. dy
... (13.11)
Q- K·yn y
Hence, the flexibility,
!!:!1
m dH
H m dH m· dH
F=l= _ _ =-.X.-=-.1.._
dQ !!:. dy H n dy n H dy
Q Y
or F=m .1... dH ... (13.12)
n H dy
But since a change in the water depth of the distributary (dy) would result in an
equal change-inJhe head w()rlcing 9.11 the outlet (dHl, we have
dy=dH.
Substituting in equation (13.12), we get

Flexibility =F = mn . 1..
H
... (13.13)

Proportionality. The outlet is said to be proportional when the rate of change of

outlet discharge equals the rate of change of channel discharge. In other words, the outlet
is 'proportional' when 'flexibility' equals unity. Hence for a proportional outlet, we get
702 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

F=In.L=l
n H
H m outlet index ... (13.14)
or

- channel index·
For a wide trapezoidal channel, the discharge is proportional to Therefore, for l/3.
such channels
n=5/3
Hence, the channel index is generally 5/3. The discharge through an orifice type outlet is
proportional to {if; and thus for such an out~~t, jn~=~ In_=.t_
. H m 112
:. Settmg =-=-=-=0.3
y n 5/3
Hence, for such a combination of an orifice type outlet and a trapezoidal channel,
the setting must be equal to 0.3. In other words, a pipe or orifice type outlet shall be
proportional, if the outlet is fixed or set at 0.3 times the depth below the water surface.
Similarly, for a weir type outlet, m =3/2 ('.' the discharge is proportional to H3/2).
Hence, the setting for a combination of a weir type outlet and a trapezoidal channel
m 312
=-;= 5/3 =0.9
Hence, for the weir type outlet to be proportional, the outlet should be set at 0.9
times the depth below the water surface. - - ----
Hypercproportional outlet. An outlet is known to be hyper-proportional if its
flexibility is greater than unity.
Thus F = m . L> 1 m H
or ->-
n H n y
or
H In
-<-
. m
or S ettmg<-
y n . n
Hence, the outlet will be hyper-proportio'nal, if the numerical value of its setting (Hly) is
less than min. In other words, the outlet is hyper-proportional if set higher (i.e. head
acting on the outlet, H, is less than what is required for proportionality).
Sub-proportional outlet. An outlet is known to be sub-proportional if its flexibility
is less than unity. Thus
___.c__- - ' _ ---F;;;m-.1.:.<'-i-'--·-·''--'-~~---·-·-· -·:·:m:~·H:·c--··'-----:-·o;ccc:.: ::~·-·H-;:·m.:·:'-=·--:

nH n y y n
Hence, the outlet will be sub-proportional, if the numerical value of its setting
(H/y) is more than min. In other words, the outlet is sub-proportional if set lower (i.e.
H is more than what is required for proportionality).
Sensitivity. Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the rate of change of discharge
through the outlet to the rate of change of water level of the distributary, referred to the
normal depth of the -channel. For rigid modules, the discharge is fixed and hence the
sensitivity is zero.
 "'1""')"H
"

REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 703

I
1

For flexible modules, where the discharge through the outlet is independent of the
water level of the watercourse and depends only upon the water level of the distributary,
a gauge can be fixed and calibrated so as to indicate its reading G = 0 when q = O. Thus
. . . , -,
S ensltlVlty [E9.!.!L]
- S -- dGly . .. (13.15)
Relation between Sensitivity and Flexibility. We know that -----

Flexibility =F=[:a;~] i.e. Eq. (13.5)

But 11 =_-ydy
dQ n
. - - ... .i.e.. Eq,_(l3,ll)___ ..

Equation (l3. 5t then becomes

F-
-
dql q ] _1. [!!fi]
(nly) dy - II dyly

But since, dG =dy we get F =1. . S.

n
or IS=n·F I ... (13.16)
If ri = ~,
j
for wide trapezoidal channels, then, S = (5/3) F..
It is also evident that:
(i) Greater is the variation in the discharge of an outlet for a given rise or fall in
water surface level of the distributary, the larger is the sensitivity of the outlet.
(ii) The sensitivity of a non-flexible module is zero.
13.11. Certain other Important Definitions Connected with Modules
Minimum modular head. The minimum difference between the upstream and
downstream water levels, which is required to be maintained so as to enable the module to
pass the designed discharge is known as minimum modular head or minimum modular loss.
Efficiency of an outlet. It may be defined as the ratio of the head recovered to th~
C
11eadput in. Lesser is the head required forfuiiCfioningonlie oUtT6C; luore efficienlthe
outlet will be. Efficiency is a measure of the conservation of head by the outlet.
Drowning Ratio. It is the ratio of the depth of water level over crest on the
downstream of the module to the depth of water level over crest on the upstream o f : ! 1
module. In case of a weir type outlet, the efficiency is the same as the drowning ratio.
Modular limit and modular range. The modular limits are the extreme values of
anyone or more variables, beyond which an outlet becomes incapable of acting as a
module or semi-module, The range between the lowest and the highest limiting values
of various such factors is known as modular range.
13.12. Types of non-Modular Outlets
A non-modular outlet may be in the form of a rectangular opening or open sluice,
or a simple submerged pipe. Pipe outlet (when submerged) is a very simple type of a
non~modular outl~t and is ~)(.!.~n~y_~!~u~~i1 in,~~~~~ }_n_dia..~.. == .. :.. ::'.~

13.12.1. Open Sluice. An open sluice (Fig. 13.13), like a bridge opening, is a rectangular
pucca opening created across the bank of the distributary, by raising two abutments at 2.5 to
3 m apart and with a horizontal pucca floor. The width B of the opening and height H of the
opening are computed to pass the given discharge, by using the appropriate discharge formula.
The si111evel of the outlet (i.e. the si111evel of the pucca floor) is kept somewh~t
above the DBL of the distributary, as shown in Fig. 13.'13. For maximum silt draw,
however, the height of water level in distributary above si111evel, i.e, H, has to be kept
equal to FSD of distributary, y.
 1
704 IRRIGA TIONENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

Fig. 13.13. Open Masonry Sluice.

There was a time when the sectional area of the opening (B.H) was calculated by
assuming a flow velocity of 0.3 m'sec through the OI'~ning,J()pas_stlle given discharge,
q [ i.e. Area (BH) = q/O.3 ] through the outlet. The old simple calculation method is even
being used in present days for sluices off-taking from the river. But as owners of the
water-courses could draw extra discharge in a simple open cut by lowering & clearing
their water courses, such open cuts are nowadays designed on the basis of drowned weir
formula by computing the average head loss (HJ. HL is given as ::; [the water level of
distributary-water level of water course]: HL in design is, thus, taken as equal to the
average of head loss values observed once a fortnight throughout the season.
The discharge through the opening is, thus, given by the supressed weir (i.e. weir
without end contractions)· formula, for submerged flow, where discharge consists of:
(i) flow over upper part of section (lying above the line AB) of depth NL
(i.e. H - d) may be considered as free discharge into the air as a weir flow, given by eqn,
2 . _r;:;-. 3/2-· .
qI~3-Cd/.-v2g . B· HL , . . ···Uf
Oi) flow through the remaining lower part (lying below the line AB), which is
computed as discharge through a submerged orifice, given as ;
. q2=Cdz ·B.d-YZgHL . -.
= Cd2 . B . (H - HL) -Y2g . HL ... (il)
If we assume Cdl = Cd2 = Cd' then the total discharge through the outlet is given as :
q = qI -i- q2 = (l) + (iz)

=~ Cd ·1ig· B· Hf'2+ Cd" B (H-HJ· ...J2g· HL

-=-Cd . .J2g'B-YHZ'[~'HL+(H-HL) ]
=Cd"-Y2g .HL .B[ H-tHL] ... (13.17)
Taking C =0.64, we get
q=2.83513~[ H-iHL ] ... (13.18)

r
.. Weir having length equal to width of canal, across which the weir is constructed.
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 705
Flexibility of an open sluice is given as

=F= m xL=_I_xL=l..Y.:. ... (13.19)

n H 5/3 H 5 H
and setting Hly for proportionality = min = 3/5 = 0.6.
Hence for an open sluice to be proportional, the pucca floor should be provided in
such a way as to give H = 0.6y ; or the sill level of floor be provided at 0.4 y above the
DBL of canal.
13.12.2. Submerged Pipe Outlet. Two types of pipe outlets are shown in Figs.
13.14 (a) and (b). The pipe diameter varies from 10 to 30 cm. Pipes are generally
embedded in concrete and are generally fixed horizontally at right angles to the direction
of flow. They may also be laid sloping upwards by depressing the upstream end of the
pipe [as shown in Fig. 13.14 (b)] so as to increase silt conductivity. In U.P., the pipes
are generally laid horizontally at about 21 cm below the water surface level of the
distributary channel. .
HL =WORKING HEAD
=HEAD CAUSING FLOW
( =LOSS OF HEAD
..J:.J ...
_ F- --=.. -:.=.. -== --=
- :.~ WATER COURSE
OUTlET
t= LENGTH OF PIPE ~I BED OF WATER
COURSE

(a) Horizontal pipe outlet (Submerged)

(b) Inclined pipe outlet (Submerged)

Fig. 13.14. Non-modular Outlets.

The velocity through the pipe can be precisely computed by using the relation:
HL =Total loss of head =Entry loss + FrictionaHoss + Velocity head at exit
_ V2 f'lV2 V2
or HL - 0.5 2g +2gd + 2g ... (13.20) "

r;-[l :5-+-9J~~-.
i

--()[-------Hi = -.:..:"c. ... (13;21J )~r':

::< I

~
where HL is the difference in the water level of the ~
distributary a.nd the water course, l is the I
length of the pipe, d is the diameter of the !
ti
pipe and I' is the coefficient of friction of ",I

the material of the pipe.

After computing Virom Eq. (13.21), the discharge q can be computed as q = Vx
area of outlet pipe.
 706 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

The discharge, however, for all practical purposes, may be easily computed by using
the simple relation :
l
i
I

q = Cd' A . -V2gHL ... (13.22)

where q;;:: Discharge through the outlet
• _____._______ _____. _Cd_=::' .C.oefficient of discharge for the pipe outlet.
Its average value, determined at CWPRS
poona is 0.73, although it depends upon the
length & size of the pipe, besides on the pipe
material.
A = Area of the pipe
HL = DifJerencc of head between the FSL of dis-
tributary and FSL 01 wmer course, usually
called work"jng head of irrigation outlet.
It becomes evident from equation (13.22), that the discharge through the outlet can
be increased by increasing HL or by lowering th;; bed of the watercourse. Hence, for a
certain water level in the distributary, the water entering high fields shall be less and that
entering the lower fields shall be more; consequently equitable distrioution of water becomes
difficult, as the owners of high fields are put to a di~advan(agc in drawCll of tJlcir shcu·e.
Although, such outlets can. work eve:: with I·f· .. ·, sma!! available hea+;, and silt
conduction is also quite good due to di srurban<l..: at the mtrance, they tliJY not be
preferred as they do flot ensure equitable distriburiuh (~f water.
Pipe outlets ;lre more in
vogue in South India, where
glazed earthenware pipe lengths,
0.6m long, are used to build up
the barrel. Against the usual
convention of sockets facing
against the flow, the pipes· here .'-'
are usually laid in the reverse
direction, otherwise the head
(front) socket will become a
bellmouth at entry of discharge
from the distributary, making
the measurement of diameter
difficult and unreliable. Th"
spigot of the pipes are b"nce
kept at the upstream ends.
A non-modular outlet may
be controlled by providing a
I-- shutter on its .upstre~m_ end (~ee
--""1rh-oL"ogra:-p'hlC' ·vlew.----P-fg~-
13.14(c». Arrangement is
r provided to lock the shutter in
any required posltlOn, so as to I

have a given discharge pass. . II!

. f Fig. l3.l4(c). PIpe outlet controlled by Shutter on U/S end.
th roug h th e ou tl e t ( I.e, area 0
1.1

.
opening A can be changed and the discharge passing is controlled). Since the loss of
head in a non-modular outlet is less than that in a modular outlet, the former is useful
where much loss of head is not available.
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 707
Flexible modules (semi modules) and rigid modules are preferred to non-modular
outlets, so as to ensure more equitable distribution of water in the watercourses,
irrespective of their being at high or low levels. However, such outlets can work as
modular outlets, only within certain limits of water level in the distributary and the water Ii
!I
course. The range over which eac\1 module works as modular outlet, is called its working
range; or range of modularity. Also certain minimum difference of water levels on two
sides of each module should always be there to ensure its modularity (i.e. its working
as modular outlet). This minimum difference of levels is called minimum modular head
or minimum loss of head of the modular outlet.
Example '13.1. Design all irrigation outlet for the following data:
FSQ of outlet .. =5()!it/sec. ...... -
FSL in distibutary on u/s side of outlet = 200.00 m.
FSL in water course on dis side of outlet = 199.92 m.
FSD in distributary on u/s side of outlet = 1.05 m.
Solution.
A vailable head across the outlet
=FSL of Distributary - FSL of water course
= 200.00-199.92= 0.08 m.
Since the available head i.:; very small, a non-modular outlet (such as a submerged
pipe outlet) will have to be provided [ .,' The very small head of 0.08 m clearly indicates
that the dIs water level will definitely be above the opening on that side.]
The discharge in such a submerged pipe outlet is given by Eq. (13.22) as :
Q =Cd . A . .y2g HL
where Q = 50 lit/sec = 0.05 cumec.
A = Area of pipe
HL = working head or Loss of head between
.. uls and dis.
= 0.08m
Cd =:0.73· fof subinergeo flow.
Putting these values in the above Eqn. we get
. 0.05 = 0.73 A . .y2 x 9.81 x 0.08 or A = 0.055 m 2
If a pipe of dia d is used, then
~ d2 = 0.055 m 2 or d=0.264m.
Hence, use a pipe of dia, say 30 cm.
The R.L. of the bed of the distributary
= 200.00 - 1.05 = 198.95 m.
The pipe top can be fixed at about 22 cm below the FSL of the distributary. In other
. words; the pine .can· be laid-horizontally withcits·invert level-(or·si1l1evel)
=200.00-0.22-0.30= 199.48m .
'i.if+
i.e. at 199.48 - 198.95 = 0.~3 m above the bed of the distributary. I~:
III
13.13. Types of Semi-Modules or Flexible Outlets Iii

The common types of semi-modules are: .il

"I

(i) Pipe outlet discharging freely into the air. h

(ii) Venturi-flume outlet or Kennedy's Gauge outlet. II'
\ .'
/' i

(iii) Open flume outlet.

708 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

(iv) Adjustable orifice semi-module.

These outlets are discussed below in details:
13.13.1. Free Pipe Outlet. Pipe outlet discharging freely into the atmosphere is the
simplest and the oldest type of a flexible outlet. The discharge through such an outlet will
.depen~d onlyupun-thewater level of the distributary,and will be independent of the water level
of the water-course so long as the pipe is discharging freely. Silt conduction for such an outlet
is quite good and efficiency is high. But a freely falling jet outlet can be provided only at a
few places where sufficient level difference between the distributary and water-course is
available. The discharge can be easily computed by using the equation.
Q = Cd· A· ..J2g Ho ... (13.23)
where Cd is coefficient of discharge = 0.62 for
average condition of free over fall.
Ho = Head on uls side measured from FSL of
distributary up to the centre of pipe outlet.
A = Area of cross-section: of pipe
Example 13.2. Design a pipe outlet for the following data:
Full supply discharge at the head of water course = 90 lit/sec
FSL in distributary = 205.00 m.
FSL in water course = 204.00 m.
Solution
A vail able head across the outlet
=FSL of distributary - FSL of water course
=205.00-204.00= 1 m.
This available head of 1 m is sufficient enough to make the pipe outlet discharge
freely into the water course, as the dis end of the pipe can- be fixed below the water level
of the water course, thus making ita semi-moduJe. --~ -.----=--~

The discharge through such an outlet is given as :

Q =Cd . A ..J2g Ho
where Cd =_0.62 for free pipe outlet.
Ho = Head on upstream side above the centre
line of pipe.
Q = 9.0 lit/see = 0.09 cumec.
Assuming the dia of the pipe as 25 cm, we have
~
0.09= 0.62[ x (0.25)2] ..J2 x 9.81 Ho

= 0.62 x 0.049 x 4.43 -{jf

-'-'1'ii;; -(j-.657'm.'-
~ cc _cc . .- -_-ccoc_-"-'---'-'-:.::.c. - ~.--~-----~.~---.. --~

Ho=0.44m
:. R.L. of the centre of outlet pipe
= 205.00 - 0.44 = 204.56 m.
R.L. of invert of outlet pipe (i.e.· sill level)
= 204.56 _ 0;5

= 204.43 m > FSL of water course i.e. 204.00 m.

 1'.ill

I
REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 709
Hence, a pipe of 25 cm dia can be laid horizontally with its bottom or sill level at
RL 204.43 m, and it will be discharging freely as a semi-module. Ans.
13.13.2. Venturi Flume Outlet or Kennedy's Gauge Outlet. Kennedy's Gauge
Outlet is of a Venturi flume type and is shown in Fig. 13.15. It is made of cast iron and
consists of three main parts:
(a) an orifice with a bell mouth entry;
(b) a long expanding delivery pipe;
(c) an air-vent connecting the throat of the delivery pipe to the atmosphere.
Water from the distributary enters this module through the bell-mouthed entry. The
diameter is narrowest at the throat and the water jet shoots across the air in the base of
the vertical air bent pipe. The base of the vent pipe is kept conical and air holes are
provided at the top, so as to allow free circulation of air around the jet. In other words,
the jet is equivalent to be discharging freely into the atmosphere, thereby making the
discharge independent of the water level in the water-course. The jet, then passes
through the cast iron expanding pipe (about 3 metres long) and then through its concrete
extension and finally discharges into the watercourse, as shown in Fig. 13.15.
BANI(

WATER LEVEL IN
WATER COUFa~

----------~

CONCRETE PIPE --= -=-:--:--eEtrOF'::

:.:::. WA'I'ER :
EXTENSION ::: .: _- ~ COURSE :

BELL • c.al. BEll MOUTH G.I. EXPANDING PIPE

MOUTH I ENTRY
ENTRY crt. Of' DISTR8JTARY

Fig. 13.15. Venturi flume outlet or Kennedy's Gauge outlet (Semi~module).

The discharge through this type of outlet is given as :
q= Cd ·A ..J2g Ho ... (13.24)
where q = Discharge through the outlet
A = Area of cross-section of the pipe at the
throat.
Ho = Head measured from FSL of distributary
to the centre of the pipe at throat.
Cd = Coefficient of discharge which may be as
high as 0.97.
Kennedy's gauge outlet-is ancold onecand was designed in 1906, by R.G. Kennedy,
Chief Engineer, Punjab Irrigation Department. This type of a module, though having the
properties of semi-modularity, was very easy to tamper with. The farmers used to block
the air holes so as to increase the outlet discharge. When the air bent is closed, the jet
sucks the surrounding air, and pressure falls below the atmosphere, which increases the
discharge. Hence, due to its tampering defect and due to its high ceist of construction, i
this type of module has almost become obsolete these days. .
13.13.3. Open Flume Outlet. It is a weir type outlet with a constricted throat and
an expanding flume on the downstream, as shown in Fig. 13.16. Due to the constriction,
 710 IRRIGATiON ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

a super-critical velocity is ensured in the throat and thereby allowing the formation of
a jump in the expanding flume. The formation of hydraulic jump makes the _outlet
discharge independent of the water level in the water-course; thus making it a semi-
module. There are many types of such an outlet.
-- -- The most-commonly-used typeorsllch-an-outlet is called the Punjab Open Flume
Outlet, as the same was first used in Punjab. A typical plan and section of such a module
are shown in Fig. 13.16. A photographic view of a distributary installing such modules
is also shown in Fig. 13.17.

, 7)1·1 f~.

w.e. BED
I
/-' ~ ,,~.

t--~/2--l
(aJ SECTION

r- - --.,
:r-'n-
, "
,
:J I~ J.. J.. l
J ,"2 m LEFT BANK OF W C

: j
\'i - , T .\ (w IO'3)m't
- -
:L 1· 1. 1 1
, "'2mRIGHT BANK OF we.
,, , I 1 'f I
I
,,
I
:l
-
(b)PLAN -- f;W»j-
'38
m
Q'6m

Fig. 13.16. Punjab Open Flume Outlet (Semi-module).

-In such a Punjab open flume outlet, the upstream applOach is made curved and the
downstream approach is made straight, as shown in Fig. 13.16 (b). The length of the throat
is kept 2H. The width of the flume at the downstream end is kept 0.3 m wider than the throat
width (W), as shown. The slope of the dIs glacis is kept to the water course.
The discharge through such an outlet is given as :
3/2
q = Cd' WH ..• (13.25)

where q = Discharge through the outlet

H = Head over the crest measured from FSL
- --------- -- ~---------- - ----- ------of-distributary--: ----: --------- ----:-------'---- --0-

W= Width of the throat == ~ A,where _

Q= discharge of distributary and
A = Area of waterway of distributary of bed
width B and depth y
Cd =Coefficient of discharge, having a
theoretical value equal to 1.71 in M.K.S.
or S.l. units.
 REGULATORS MODULES. AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 711

Due to the various losses, the actual value of Cd is less than 1.71, and depends upon
the width of the throat as shown in Tabie 13.l.
Table 13.1
----.----------r--------------
Throot width in m~t,.es (W) Vaiue of Cd
-----~--------------
0.0610 0.089 1.60
0.0\1 to 0.1!9 1.64
OverO.!2 1.66

Fig. 13.! 7. Photoview of the tail end o~ a minor distributary in W.J.c. System
in Haryana. Three water courses are taking off from this minor,
and the three outlets provided are of open flume type.
For such a module to be proportional, setting is given by

H =m = ~//: = 0.9 ... (13.26)

y n J. j

Its efficiency varies bii!tween 80 to 90%. The minimum modular loss involved in
such an outlet is about 0.2 H.
13.13.4. Adjustable Orifice Semi-Modules. Various types of orifice semi-
----=.@2~ules have been designed since olden days. The one which found a lot ofl::!QPulaIi1y~.
is called Crump's adjustable proportionate module (A PM) (see Figs. 13.18 and 13.19).
Further improvements in approaches etc. have since been carried out in crump's APM,
and the latest model, which is now used in Punjab and Haryana, is calied an Adjustable
orifice semi-module (A.O.S.M.). Typical dimensions of such an outlet are shown in the
attached chart Fig. 13.20.
This type of an adjustable module is considered to be the best of all the modules
and is mostly adopted. An adjustable orifice module consists of an orifice provided with
a gradually expanding flume on the downstream side of the orifice. The flow through
 712 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

r----'
I '
....-:- , - - - __ , I '

°t i II
I I I ~
'---~~----- ----
-_---' 1-i-rrTm'\"IT!:"""""""""

x , X f-: ~W'--j::jl;;:t~;----_
T'::?'J
10i f-----------
-~:rxM~~;L
0+0'15
-r-
Fig. 13.18. Crump's A.P.M. outlet (Orifice-Semi-module)

(a) (b)
Fig. 13.19. Photoview of two A.P.M. Outlets. The common type of outlet used in Northern
India. The distributary in Fig. 13.19 (b) is flowing full, and that in Fig. 13.19 (a) is dry. The
size of the outlet is fixed on the basis of CCA. There is no control over the discharge. The
water flows through the outlet so long as the canal water surface is above the bottom of the
outlet opening.

the orifice is super-critical, resulting in the formation of a h;·" ;jraulic jump in the expand-
ing flume position. The formation of jump makes the discharge independent of the water
level in the water-course.
The principal features of an adjustable orifice module are similar to those of a
-fjiimed regiifator"wiihhorizontal crest and curve<fwater" approach on the upstream, ano---
downstream wings expanding to the width of the water course, h. But unlike gates, it is
provided with cast iron roof block, around which masonry is done. The opening height,
Yo, can be changed by suitably adjusting the roof block, which can be easily done after
dismantiing the masonry around it. Since the roof block cannot be readjusted without
breaking the masonry around it, the opening, Yo, and hence the outlet discharge, cannot
be easily tempered with by the cultivators. The module is thus perfectly rigid, and at
the same time adjustable in dimensions at a slight cost of re-doing the masonry.
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 713
The discharge through such an outlet is given by the formula;
, q = Cd . (W . Yo) . -Y2g Hs ... (13.27)
where q = Discharge through the outlet
W= Width of the throat
Yo = Height of the orifice opening (smallest)
= generally kept '1.5 to 2 times the width
(VV) of the opening.
Hs = Head measured from the upstream water
level in the distributary to the lowest
point of the roof block.
Cd = Coefficient of discharge, whose value
varies between 0.8 to 1.05 for throat
width (W) varying between 0.06 to 0.3 m.
It may be safely taken for normal throat .
width (of the order of 0.12 m or so) as
0.91, in which case the above formula
reduces to
q =4.04 . W· Yo fii; ... (13.28)
This type of adjustable modules are provided in eight different standard widths =
0.06,0.075,0.10,0.12,0.15,0.19,0.24 and 0.3 metres.
The minimum modular hedd loss involved in such a module is given by the formula
W
HL = 0. 82Hs -2 ... (13.29)
Originally, when this module had a setting (i.e. Hly) of 6/10, it aimed at exact
proportionality and, therefore, used to be called A.P.M. (Adjustable Proportional
-'-'-Module). But experience showed that the channels using such modules-silted very badly,
and hence proportionality was sacrifi.ced to enable the outlet to carry higher silt charge
by increasing the setting to 8/10. Since then, the outlet is known at A.O.S.M. (Adjus-
table Orifice Semi-module).
o o·

in
A few rules which are of use fixing the dimensions of the latest model of AOSM
have been indicated in the Fig. 13.20 itself.
Advantages of this type of outlet are: .
(i) The adjustment can be made by raising or lowering the roof blocks at low costs
: by dismantling the masonry in which the roof bolts are fixed.
(ii) Any undue tampering of roof blocks by the cultivators can be easily detected,
as it requires the breaking of the visible masonry key.
(iii) It is simple and cheaper. "
- - ''-"(iv),-SHrcon'du'ctfo'n-i-sCgoo'd-at 'variouneftihgs,stich -as--showribeJow ."
Silt Conduction

99.5%

8
10 th Setting 109.7%

10 .
10 th Settmg 121.9%
 714 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

13.14. Types of Rigid Mod~les

There are a few types of rigid modules which have no moving parts, such as :
(i) Gibb' s module ;
------------ -Eii} Khanna~s--r_igid-module--;-and--------_-_ c---~----­
(iii) Foote module.
Out of all these modules, Gibb's module is the most important and widely used. It
is described below:
13.14.1. Gibb's Rigid Module. The plan and section of Gibb's module are shown
in Fig. 13.21. Gibb's module was designed by AS. Gibb, formely Executive Engineer
in Punjab Irrigation Deptt. The discharge range of Gibb's module varies between 0.03
to 0.45 cumec (1 to 16 cusecs). For lower values of discharge, Le. between 1 to 3 cusecs,
it is often economical to construct it in R.C.C., but for higher discharges (greater than
3 cusecs) it niay be constructed in brick masonry.,

(Section A-B-C-D)
Fig. 13.21. Gibb's Module.

Gibb's -modllli-consrsis 6fan inlet pipe having"a-beli" rrlouih~- Water entering this
inlet pipe is directed to the eddy chamber through a 1800 rising spiral pipe in which free
vortex tlow is developed. The upstream end of the inlet pipe is controlled by a shutter.,
The rectangular eddy chamber having a horizontal tloor is generally semi-circular in
plan (although it may be a circle or 1--~ circle depending upon discharge and range of
working required for the module). The eddy chamber is fitted with a number of baftle
plates (minimum six numbers) placed equidistant along its circular path. The lower edge
of eachbaftle, slopes up from the inner wall to the outer wall of the eddy chamber.
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 715
The free vortex flow generated in the eddy chamber ensures, that, velocity
X radius = constant, for all filaments. Thus, the water at the outer wall of the chamber
having greater radius will have lesser velocity, resulting in a rise of water level there.
Hence, the water surface level in the eddy chamber wiil slope down from the outer wall
towards the inner wall. The baffle plates inserted in the eddy chamber, sloping up
towards the outer wall, at required heights above the sill of the module, will help in
preventing any excess amount of discharge likely to pass through the module. If the
head causing flow increases, water banks up at the outer wall and impinges against the
baffles, imparting an upward rotational flow to the water, whiCh spins round in the
compartment between two successive baffles, and finally drops on the oncoming stream
of water; thus dissipating excess energy; This helps in keeping the discharge constant
for a wide range of variations in the head. The number of baffles coming into the action
depends upon the variation in the head, as more and more baffles come into action with
more and more discharge. The device thus maintains a constant discharge.
The discharge through the Gibb's module is given by Gibb's formula as :
_r;:;-( [m2 2- IJ
- 1loge- m + m110-& m - m2~3
q = r2 . -v2g YI +-hz)1.5 _~ -- ... (13.30)
where rl = radius of inner semi-circle
r2 = radius of outer semi-circle

m=!i
r2
YI = Depth of water at inner circumference
h2 = Head at outer cih:umference.
Gibb's formula given above, is based on free vortex flow and h01ds good only for
his standard design in which
h2 1
- m=2and-=-
D 7
where D is the difference of level measured from
-the minimum water levelin the parent channel to
the floor of eddy chamber.
MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES
13.15. Cattle Crossings
Whenever canals are to be crossed from one bank to another, certain arrangements
must be made for suitable crossings. Normally, bridges are provided across the canals
at suitable key points, so as to permit the movement of traffic, cattle, and human beings,
etc. across the canals. However, in remote village areas where no major movement is
---invelved,:-certain arrangements- are-made se-thaHhe-cattle, hallecK- carts-,etc~ can- swim -
across the canals. Such crossings are called cattle crossings~' or cart crossings.
For canals, carrying smaller water depths, of the order of 0.75 m or so, a ramp is
provided for the entry, and another ramp opposite to the entry ramp is provided for the
exit. The cattle or cart moves from one bank on the pitched ramp, comes on the bottom
of canal within the water, and goes across by walking over the exit ramp. _.
But for larger canals, having water depth greater than 1.2 m or so, the ~attle will
have to swim as they cannot straightaway walk down from one bank to another (via
 716 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

water of course). For such canals. therefore. the cattle will swim over the deeper portion
of the channel, and be carried downstream by some distance depending upon the width
of the channel. A crossing with two ramps on one side and one ramp on the other side
located exactly mid way. as shown in Fig. 13.22, will then be necessary. The cattle
ellter!!Ig the uppeU!lmp. Q...n the sid~ ha..,iIlKt\\-'O r~mps will get out at the ramp on the
other side: while that entering from there will find exit at the lower ramp on the opposite
side, as shown.

Fig. 13.22. Cattle crossing.

--'I'he:ce*aet-"'cl-istanee-:-t0'-'be-:-Kept--between theCtwo ramp'S-'on-CtheSame-'side---shotild
.=0;:

theoretically be
2BV
... (13.31)
U
where B = width of the channel
V= Av. flow velocity of water in the channel
U = the speed with which cattle swim.
 REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 717

It is better to keep the distance a little longer than shorter, as even if the cattle reach
the opposite side much too nearer, they will get at the ramp, but going upstream will be
rather difficult.
The cattle crossings though cheaper are generally not preferred, compared to bridges __ ..
due to the following reasons:
(i) they cannot be of much use on canals carrying considerable water depths.
(ii) they cannot be used by children or by those human beings who do not know
swimming and when channel depth is more than that permitting straight walk over.
(iii) the cattle, after crossing one bank and reaching the other, do take rest and
ramble about on the bank, causing a lot of damage to the bank.
Cattle crossings, therefore, require regular attention and repairs. They are, there-
fore, not preferred these days. They may however, be adopted in lone areas, where
the likely traffic is very little and the cost of the crossing does not exceed 66% of'
that of the bridge. .
13.16. Bed Bars
Bed bars are those masonry or concrete toe wall like structures which are con-
structed, at suitable intervals, along an unlined canal, so as to serve as permanent
reference marks, and thus to indicate the correct alignment and theoretical bed levels of
the canal, at these places.
For smaller canals,
the bed bar generally
consist of masonry wall
partly extending into the
bed and flush with it, and
partly flush'with the
bank, as· shown in Fig.
13.23. The foundations
should be deep and sub-
stantial, and should be Fig. 13.23. Bed bars for smaller canals.
safe against scouring.
The R.L. of the. horizontal portion of this wall (which indicates the theoretical bed level
of the canal at the point) should be taken by accurate double levelling and recorded on
this wall as well as on the L section of the canal for further reference. Such bed bars
are usually constructed along minor canals at intervals of 200 m or so.
For larger branch canals, the bed bars usually consist of a masonry or a concrete
--block provided· at suitable .
intervals along the canal,
with their centres at the
centre line of the canal, and
to flush with the theoretical MASONARY WALL
bed level of the canal at OR CONCRETE
that point, as shown in Fig. BLOCK f)·Ox 1.2xl.5m
DEEP
13.24. The depth of the
block and its cross-section Fig. 13.24. Bed bars for larger branch canals.
718 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

should be substantial enough as not to be disturbed by the action of the flowing water.
It should also be safe against scouring. A typical size is 1.0 m x 1.2 m x 1.5 m deep
block.
Thebed"bars helpjn}e_epingAcontinuous watc:h_oJ:! the Qehaviour <?fthe canal W.r.t.
its silting or scouring tendencies. They also help in regrading or desilting the canal
section during its maintenance. .

PROBLEMS
1. What is meant by canal regulation? Enumerate the different engineering structures which may
be required to· be constructed in a canal project in order to regulate effectively the functioning of the
different canals of a canal system ? Discuss briefly the necessity, design and other details of any two
such regulation works.
2. (a) What is meant by "canal regulation" and what are the different "canal regulation works" ?
(b) Describe the necessity and functioning ·of a "Distributary head regulator" and a "Cross-regulator"
in a canal project. Also discuss the procedure that you will adopt for designiITgLhese,egulation works.
3. DeSign a cross regulator and a head regulator for a distributary channel taking off from the parent
channel, for the following data:
Discharge of the parent channel =100 cumecs.
Discharge of the distributary = 15 cumecs.
uls 208.10
FSL of the parent channel
= dIs = 207.90

Bed width of parent channel = uls = 42m·

dIs 38 m
. . uls 2.5m
Full supply water depth In the parent channel = dIs = 2.5 m
FSL o~~istributary _ = 207.10 m .
Bed width of disti'ibutary = 15 m
. Full depth of water in the distributary = 1.5 m
Permissible Khosla's safe exit gradient = 116.
4. (a) What is meant by "Canal Escapes" ? How do they help in protecting the adjoining areas
against flooding due to some breach in the canal embankment?
(b) Describe with neat sketches the different types of canal escapes, that may be constructed on
modern canal projects.
5. (a) What is a "Metering flume" and how does it help in measuring the discharge of a canal?
Describe with neat sketches, the different types of such flumes and their functioning. .
(b) What are "modules" and what is their importance in an irrigation canal system?
6. What are "modules" ? What are the requirements of a good module? Describe briefly with neat
sketches the important types of mOdules and their suitabilities for a particular project. .
7. (a) What are 'outlets' ? Enumerate the different types of outlets which are in common use on
an -,
canal '-projects.'DescrioeBnefiy wltlf'i! -n~eat ·sKetcn-th-e -functioning;- use ·an-d -design-;of· Adjusiable-'
proportionate module' (APM).
(b) What is meant by the term 'Setting of the outlet' ? A semi-modular outlet has a 'Setting' such
that its 'flexibility' is equal to 1. Indicate the variations in the discharge of the outlet when the discharge
in the parent channel increases or decreases by a certain percentage. (Engg. Services, 1974)
[Ans. The discharge of the outlet will increase or decrease by the same percentage by which the
discharge in the parent channel increases or decreases.] -
8. (a) What is meant by the terms 'flexibility', 'proportionality', 'setting' and 'sensitivity' as applied
to moduies. Derive equations for them and discuss relation between these terms.
~..

REGULATORS MODULES, AND MISCELLANEOUS CANAL STRUCTURES 719

(b) Write· note on any two of the following:
(i) Flexible module or Semi-modular type canar outlet
(ii) Standing wave flume
(iii) Canal escapes
(iv) Gibb's rigid module
(v) Proportionai, sub-proportional, and hyper-proportional outlets
(vi) APM type outlet
(vii) Open flume outlet
(viii) Pipe outlets
. (ix). Kennedy's gauge outlet
(x) Cattle crossings
(xi) Bed bars .