ENGG.

MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

UNIT-I
NUMERICAL METHODS-I

1 a. Using the taylor’s method,find the third order approximate solution at x=0.4
dy 2
of the problem
dx x y 1, with y(0)=0 consider the terms upto fourth degree.

Soln: Taylors series expansion is given by

dy 2
By data
dx x y 1

Now

2
x y 1

dy
b. Using modified Euler’s method solve the IVP sin x cos y, y(2.5) 0 at
dx
steps, modifying x=3.5 in two the solution thrice at each stages. Here x is in radians.

Soln: Given x0 2.5, y 0 0, h 0.5 and f ( x, y ) sin x cos y

To Find: y1 y( x1 ) y(3.0) and y2 y ( x2 ) y(3.5)

Stage – I: Finding y1 = y(3.0)

From Euler’s formula (for n = 0),

y1E y (3.0) 0.0 0.5 sin( 2.5) cos(0) 0.7992

Now from Modified Euler’s formula (for n = 0), we have

y1(1) y (3.0) 0.0 0.25 sin( 2.5) cos(0) sin( 3.0) cos(0.7992) 0.6092

y1( 2) y (3.0) 0.0 0.25 sin( 2.5) cos(0) sin( 3.0) cos(0.6092) 0.6399

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y1(3) y (3.0) 0.0 0.25 sin( 2.5) cos(0) sin( 3.0) cos(0.6399) 0.6354

Hence y1 y(3.0) 0.6354

dy
c. Given x 2 y 2 ; y(0)=1 ,y(0.1)=1.1169, y(0.2)=1.2773, y(0.3)=1.5049, find
dx
y(0.4) correct to three decimal places, using the Milne’s predicator-corrector
method. Apply corrector formula twice.

Soln:

First, let us find the values of y at the points x = -0.1, x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 by using
Taylor’s series method for the given IVP.

Taylor’s expansion of y(x) about the point x = 0(= x0) is

x 2 // x 3 ///
y ( x) y (0) xy / (0) y (0) y (0) -------- (1)
2 6

Given y / ( x) x2 y2 y / (0) 0 1 1

y // ( x) 2 x 2 yy / y // (0) 2 1 1 2

y /// ( x) 2 2 yy // 2( y / ) 2 y /// (0) 2 4 2 8

Using the values of y(0), y/(0), y//(0) and y///(0) in (1), we get

4x 3
y ( x) 1 x x2
3

Putting x = -0.1, x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 in the above expression, we get

y(-0.1) = 0.9087, y(0.1) = 1.1113 and y(0.2) = 1.2507

Given:

x0 0.1, y 0 0.9087 and f 0 0.8357

x1 0, y1 1 and f1 1

x2 0.1, y2 1.1113 and f 2 1.2449

x3 0.2, y3 1.2507 and f 3 1.6043

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To Find: y4 y( x4 ) y(0.3)

I Stage: Predictor Method

4h
y 4( P ) y(0.3) y0 2 f1 f2 2 f3
3

4(0.1)
0.9087 (2 1) 1.2449 2 1.6043
3

= 1.4372

Now we compute f 4 f (0.3,1.4372) 2.1555

II Stage: Corrector Method

h
y 4(C ) y (0.3) y2 f2 4 f3 f4
3

0.1
y 4(C ) y (0.3) 1.1113 1.2449 (4 1.6043) 2.1555
3

= 1.4386

Now, we compute f 4 f (0.3,1.4386) 2.1596

0.1
y 4(C ,1) y(0.3) 1.1113 1.2449 (4 1.6043) 2.1596
3

y(0.3) = 1.43869

Hence, the approximate solution is y(0.3) = 1.43869

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

UNIT-II
NUMERICAL METHODS-II
1. a Use picard’s method to find y(0.1) and z(0.1) given that
dy dz
=x+z, =x-y2and y(0)=2, z(0)=1
dx dx
Soln: we have a system of two equation and we need to find two approximations for y
and z as functions of x.

dy
x z; y (0) 2
dx
dz
x y 2 ; z (0) 1
dx
y x
dy (x z )dx;
2 0
z x
dz (x y 2 )dx
1 0
x
y 2 (x z )dx (1)
0
x
z 1 (x y 2 )dx (2)
0

The first approximation for y and z are obtained by replacing the initial values of y and z in
the RHS of (1) and (2).
x x
y1 2 ( x 1)dx z1 1 ( x z 2 )dx
0 0

x2 x2
y1 2 x z1 1 4 x
2 2
x x
y2 2 ( x z1 )dx z2 1 ( x y12 )dx
0 0

x x
x2 x2
2 ( x (1 4 x ))dx 1 ( x (2 x ))dx
0
2 0
2

3x 2 x3 3x 2 x4 x5
2 x 1 4x x3
2 6 2 4 20

3(0.1)2 0.13
y(0.1) 2 (0.1) 2.0852 z (0.1) 0.584
2 6

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b. Using the Runge-kutta method,solve the following differential equation at

d2y dy
x=0.1 under the given condition x3 y , y(0)=1, y ' (0) 0.5 .
dx 2 dx
take step length h=0.1

dy
Soln: Given: x 0 0, y 0 1, h 0.1 and f ( x, y ) x3 y
dx

Stage – I: Finding y1 y(0.1)

1
R – K method (for n = 0) is: y1 y(0.1) y0 k1 2k 2 2k 3 k4 -------- (4)
6

k1 hf ( x0 , y 0 ) 0.1 f (0,1) = 0.05

h k1
k2 hf x0 , y0 0.1 f 0.05, 1.025 = 0.06625
2 2

h k1
k3 hf x0 , y0 0.1 f 0.05, 1.033125 = 0.0666563
2 2

h k1
k4 hf x0 , y0 0.1 f 0.1, 1.0666563 = 0.0833328
2 2

Using the values of k1 , k 2 , k 3 and k 4 , we get

1
y1 y(0.1) 1.0 0.05 2(0.06625) 2(0.0666563) 0.0833328
6

= 1.0 + 0.0665242

= 1.0665242

Hence the required approximate value of y is 1.0665242.

Stage – II: Finding y 2 y(0.2)

We have x1 0.1, y1 1.0665242 and h 0.1

1
R – K method (for n = 1) is: y 2 y(0.2) y1 k1 2k 2 2k 3 k4 -------- (5)
6

k1 hf ( x1 , y1 ) 0.1 f (0.1, 1.0665242) = 0.0833262

h k1
k2 hf x1 , y1 0.1 f 0.15, 1.04 = 0.1004094
2 2

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

h k2
k3 hf x1 , y1 0.1 f 0.15, 1.0485 = 0.1008364
2 2

k4 hf x1 h, y1 k3 0.1 f 0.2, 1.097425 = 0.1183680

Using the values of k1 , k 2 , k 3 and k 4 in (5), we get

1
y2 y(0.2) 1.0665242 0.0833262 2(0.1004094) 2(0.1008364) 0.1006976
6

= 1.0665242 + 0.1006976

= 1.1672218

Hence the required approximate value of y is 1.1672218.

dy
c Given x y 2 , y(0) 0 , y(0.2) = 0.02, y(0.4) = 0.0795 and y(0.6) = 0.1762.
dx
Compute y(1) using Milne’s Method.

Soln:

Stage - I: Finding y(0.8)

Given:

x0 0, y 0 0 and f 0 f ( x0 , y 0 ) 0

x1 0.2, y1 0.02 and f1 f ( x1 , y1 ) 0.1996

x2 0.4, y2 0.0795 and f 2 f ( x2 , y 2 ) 0.3937

x3 0.6, y3 0.1762 and f 3 f ( x3 , y 3 ) 0.56895

To Find: y4 y( x4 ) y(0.8)

I Stage: Predictor Method

4h
y 4( P ) y(0.8) y0 2 f1 f2 2 f3
3

4(0.2)
0 (2 0.1996) 0.3937 2 2 0.56895
3

= 0.30491

Now we compute f 4 f (0.8,0.30491) 0.7070

II Stage: Corrector Method

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

h
y 4(C ) y(0.8) y2 f2 4 f3 f4
3

0.2
y 4(C ) y(0.8) 0.0795 0.3937 4 0.56895 0.7070
3

= 0.3046

Now f 4 f (0.8,0.3046) 0.7072

Again applying corrector formula with new f4, we get

0.2
y 4(C ,1) y(0.8) 0.0795 0.3937 4 0.56895 0.7072
3

y(0.8) = 0.3046

Stage - II: Finding y(1.0)

Given:

x1 0.2, y1 0.02 and f1 f ( x1 , y1 ) 0.1996

x2 0.4, y2 0.0795 and f 2 f ( x2 , y 2 ) 0.3937

x3 0.6, y3 0.1762 and f 3 f ( x3 , y 3 ) 0.56895

x4 0.8, y4 0.3046 and f 4 f ( x4 , y 4 ) 0.7072

To Find: y5 y ( x5 ) y (1.0)

I Stage: Predictor Method

4h
y5( P ) y(1.0) y1 2 f2 f3 2 f4
3

4(0.2)
0.02 (2 0.3937) 0.56895 2 0.7072
3

= 0.45544

Now we compute f 5 f (1.0,0.45544) 0.7926

II Stage: Corrector Method

h
y5(C ) y(1.0) y3 f3 4 f4 f5
3

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

0.2
y5(C ) y(1.0) 0.56895 0.56895 4 0.7072 0.7926
3

= 0.4556

Now f 5 f (1.0,0.4556) 0.7024

Again applying corrector formula with new f5, we get

0.2
y5(C ,1) y(1.0) 0.56895 0.56895 4 0.7072 0.7924
3

y(1.0) = 0.4556

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

UNIT-III
COMPLEX VARIABLES-I
3 a. Derive Cauchy-Riemann equation in polar form.

Statement: If w = f(z) = u+iv is analytic function at the point z re i , then there exists
u 1 v v 1 u
partial derivatives and satisfy the equations & called C-R
r r r r
equations

Proof: By data f(z) is analytic at a point z re i , there by definition of analytic function,

f (z z) f ( z)
f ( z) lim ……………(1)exists and unique.
z 0 z

We have f(z) = u(r,θ) +iv(r,θ)

f (z z) u (r r, ) iv(r r, )
z re i irei

Substituting the above in (1) we get

u (r r, ) iv(r r , ) u (r , ) iv(r , )
f ( z) lim …………(2)
z 0 re i irei

Since z 0 , we have 2 possibilities.

Case(i): If δz is only real, then δθ = 0

i.e., if z 0 then r 0

equn(2) becomes

i u (r r , ) u (r , ) i v( r r , ) v(r , )
f ( z) e lim ie lim
r 0 r r 0 r
i u v
f ( z) e i ................(3)
r r

Case(ii): If δz is only imaginary, then δr = 0

i.e., if z 0 then 0

equn(2) becomes

e i u (r , ) u (r , ) e i v(r , ) v(r , )
f ( z) lim i lim
ir 0 ir 0

e i u v
f ( z) i ................(4)
ir

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

Comparing real and imaginary parts of equations (3) and (4) we get

u 1 v v 1 u
& ………….proved
r r r r
2 2
2 2
b. If f(z) is a regular function of z, prove that ( 2 2
) f ( z) 4 f ' ( z)
x y

Solution:Let f(z) =u+iv is analytic: f 1 ( z ) exist

u v
f 1 ( z) i
x x
2 2
u v
f 1 ( z)
x x
2 2
1 2 u v
f ( z)
x x
2
Also f 1 ( z ) u 2 v2
Diff partially (2) w.r.t x
u v
f ( z ) 2u 2v
x x x
Differentialing again w.r.t x we get
2 2 2 2 2
2 u v v
f ( z) 2 u v
x2 x2 x x2 x
Similarly we can obtain
2 2 2 2 2
2 u u v v
f ( z) 2 u 2 v 2
y2 y y y y
(3) (4) )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 u u v v u v u v
f ( z) 2 u v
x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y2 x x y y
Since u & v are harmonic & using C-R equation
u v v u
& , we get
x y x y
2 2 2 2
2 u v
f ( z) 2 2 2
x2 y2 x x
2 2
u v
4
x x
2
4 f 1 ( z)

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 ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

c Find the analytic function f(z) where imaginary part is e x ( x sin y y cos y )

So ln : v e x x sin y y cos y
v
e x x sin y y cos y e x sin y
x
v
e x x cos y cos y y sin y
y
u v
we have f 1 ( z ) i
x x
u v
By C-R equation
x y
v v
:f 1 ( z ) i
y x
f 1 ( z) ex x cos y cos y y sin y i x sin y y cos y sin y
Put x z, y 0
1 z
f ( z) e z 1 i 0
( z 1)e z
Integrating w.r.t z
f ( z) (z 1)e z (1)e z c
z
f ( z) ze c

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UNIT-IV
COMPLEX VARIABLES-II
a2
4 a. Discuss the transformation of w z
z
Soln:
k2
f ( z) z
z
k2
f ( z) 1 0
z2

Only if z k

k2
Therefore the transformation w z ,z 0 is not conformal at z k
z

k2
w z
z
k2
w re i
re i
\
k2
w r (cos i sin ) (cos i sin )
r
k2 k2
w r cos i r sin
r r

k2
u r cos ........(1)
r
k2
v r sin ........(2)
r

Eliminating from (1)and (2)

u v
2
cos , sin ,
k k2
r r
r r

Squaring and adding we get

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

u2 v2
2 2
1................(3)
k2 k2
r r
r r

Eliminating r from (1) and (2)

u k2
r v k2
cos . r , r
sin r

Squaring and subtracting we get

u2 v2
2 2
4k 2
cos . sin .
u2 v2
1..................(4)
(2k cos ) 2 . (2k sin ) 2 ..

Let z c1
case(i):
i.e., r c1

This represent a circle with centre origin and radius c1

Eqn(3) becomes

u2 v2
2 2
1
k2 k2
c1 c1
c1 c1
u2 v2
1
a2 b2

k2 k2
Where a= c1 and b = c1
c1 c1

This represent an ellipse in w- plane with foci ( a2 b 2 ,0) i.e., ( 2k ,0)

Case(ii): Let ampZ= = c 2 , constant

This represents a straight line passing thro’ origin in z-plane

Eqn(4 ) becomes

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

u2 v2
1
(2k cos c 2 ) 2 . (2k sin c 2 ) 2
u2 v2
i.e., 1
A2 B2

Where A= 2k cos c2 and B = 2k sin c2

This represents a hyperbola in w-plane with foci at ( A2 B 2 ,0) i.e., ( 2k ,0)

b. Find the BLT that maps the points (0,-i,-1) of z-plane onto the points (i,1,0) of w-
plane respectively.
Soln.

Given ( z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 )= (z , 0. –i, 0)

( w1 , w2 , w3 , w4 )= (w, i, 1, 0 )

Using cross ratio of 4 points

( w i )(1 0) ( z 0)( i 1)
(i 1)(0 w) (0 i )( 1 z )
w i (1 i ) 2 z
.
w i z 1
w i z
2.
w z 1
wz iz w i 2 zw
iz 1
w
z 1
This is the required BLT

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

c. Evaluate where c is the circle z 3, using Cauchy’s

sin z 2 cos z 2
dz
C ( z 1) 2 ( z 2)
integral formula.
Soln:
1
we shall first resolve 2
int o partial fraction
( z 1) ( z 2)
1 A B C
let 2 2
( z 1) ( z 2) z 1 ( z 1) z 2
therefore A 1B 1C 1
let f ( z ) sin z 2 cos z 2
multiplying 1by f ( z ) and int egrationg wrt z over C by u sin g value of the cons tan t obtained
f ( z) f ( z) f ( z) f ( z)
I 2
dz dz 2
dz dz
c
( z 1) ( z 2) c
( z 1) c
( z 1) c
( z 2)
ie I I1 I 2 I3
For z 3
the po int s z 1 and z 2 both lie with in C
Hence by Cauchy ' s int egral theorem
I1 (2 if (1)) 2 i
I2 (2 if ' (1)) 4 2i
I3 (2 if (2)) 2 i
Therefore I 4 i 4 2i

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

UNIT-V
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

5 a. Obtain the solution of in terms of

J n( x ) ( 1 ) n J n ( x ) , where n is a positive integer.

Soln: By definition of Bessel’s function, we have

n 2r
x 1
J n ( x) ( 1) r ……….(1)
r 0 2 (n r 1) r!

n 2r
x 1
Hence, J n ( x ) ( 1 )r ……….(2)
r 0 2 ( n r 1 ) r!

But gamma function is defined only for a positive real number. Thus we write (2) in the
following from
n 2r
x 1
J n( x ) ( 1 )r ………..(3)
r n 2 ( n r 1 ) r!

Let r – n = s or r = s + n. Then (3) becomes

n 2s 2n
x 1
J n( x ) ( 1 )s n
s 0 2 ( s 1 ) ( s n )!

We know that (s+1) = s! and (s + n)! = (s+n+1)

n 2s
x 1
( 1 )s n
s 0 2 ( s n 1 ) s!

n 2s
x 1
( 1 )n ( 1 )s
s 0 2 ( s n 1 ) s!

Comparing the above summation with (1), we note that the RHS is Jn(x).

Thus, J n (x) ( 1) n J n (x)

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

b. Express x4 3x 3 x2 5 x 2 in terms of Legendre polynomials.

soln:
x
(t 1/ t ) 1
e 2 tnJn( x ) tnJn( x ) tnJn( x )
n n n 0

t n J n( x ) J0 ( x ) t n J n( x ) J0 ( x ) t n ( 1 )n J n ( x ) t n J n ( x ) { J n ( x ) ( 1 ) n J n ( x )}
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
x
(t 1/ t )
Thus, e2 J0( x ) tn ( 1 )n t n
Jn( x )
n 1

x
(t 1/ t )
We know that e 2 J0( x ) tn ( 1 )n t n
Jn( x )
n 1

J 0 ( x ) tJ 1 ( x ) t 2 J 2 ( x ) t 3 J 3 ( x )  t 1 J 1 ( x ) t 2
J 2( x ) t 3
J 3 ( x ) 

Since J n ( x ) ( 1 )n J n ( x ) , we have

x
(t 1/ t )
e2 J0 ( x ) J1( x ) t 1 / t J2( x ) t2 1/ t2 J3( x ) t 3 1/ t3  ----- (1)

Let t = cos + i sin so that tp = cosp + i sinp and 1/tp = cosp - i sinp .

From this we get, tp + 1/tp = 2cosp and tp – 1/tp = 2i sinp

Using these results in (1), we get

x
( 2i sin )
e2 e ix sin J 0 ( x ) 2 J 2 ( x ) cos 2 J 4 ( x ) cos 4  2i J 1 ( x ) sin J 3 ( x ) sin 3 
-----(2)

Since eixsin = cos(xsin ) + i sin(xsin ), equating real and imaginary parts in (2) we get,

cos( x sin ) J 0 ( x ) 2 J 2 ( x ) cos 2 J 4 ( x ) cos 4  ----- (3)

sin( x sin ) 2 J 1 ( x ) sin J 3 ( x ) sin 3  ----- (4)

2 2
c. Prove that (a) J 1 / 2 ( x) sin x (b) J 1/ 2 ( x) cos x
x x

soln: By definition,
n 2r
x 1
Jn( x ) ( 1 )r
r 0 2 ( n r 1 ) r!

Putting n = ½, we get

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

1 / 2 2r
x 1
J1/ 2( x ) ( 1 )r
r 0 2 ( r 3 / 2 ) r!

2 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
J1/ 2( x )  --------(1)
2 (3 / 2) 2 ( 5 / 2 )1! 2 ( 7 / 2 )2!

Using the results (1/2) = and (n) = (n – 1) (n–1), we get

3 15
(3 / 2) , (5 / 2) , (7 / 2 ) and so on.
2 4 8

Using these values in (1), we get

x 2 x2 4 x 4 8
J1/ 2( x ) 
2 4 3 16 15 .2

x 2 x3 x 5 2 x3 x5
x  x 
2 x 6 120 x 3! 5!

2
J1/ 2( x ) sin x
x

Putting n = - 1/2, we get

1 / 2 2r
r x 1
J 1/ 2( x ) ( 1)
r 0 2 ( r 1 / 2 ) r!

2 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
J 1/ 2( x )  --------(2)
2 (1 / 2 ) 2 ( 3 / 2 )1! 2 ( 5 / 2 )2!

Using the results (1/2) = and (n) = (n – 1) (n–1) in (2), we get

2 1 x2 2 x 4 4
J 1/ 2( x ) 
x 4 16 3 .2

2 x2 x4
1 
x 2! 4!

2
J 1/ 2( x ) cos x
x

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UNIT-VI
PROBABILITY THEORY-I

6. a) In a college boys & girls are equal in proportion. It was found that 10 out of 100
boys & 25 out of 100 girls were using same company of 2 wheeles If the student using
that was selected at random. What is the probability of being a boy.

Soln:
Let E be an event of choosing a student from same company of two wheelers
E E
P E P A .P P B .P
A B
= 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.25
P E =0.35
probability of choosing a student from boy
E
P A .P
A A
P
E P E
1 0.1
=
0.35
=0.2857
b. The trouble shooting of an I.C. is a R.V. X whose distribution function is given by
0, for x 3
F ( x) 9
1 , for x 3.
x2
If X denotes the number of years, find the probability that the I.C. will work properly

(a) less than 8 years

(b) beyond 8 years
(c) anywhere from 5 to 7 years
(d) Anywhere from 2 to 5 years.
x 0, for x 3
soln: We have F ( x ) f ( t )dt 9
0 1 , for x 3.
x2
8
9
For (a): P ( x 8) f ( t )dt 1 0.8594
0
82

For Case (b): P(x > 8) = 1 – P(x 8) = 0.1406

2 2
For Case (c): P (5 x 7) = F (7) – F (5) = (1-9/7 ) – (1-9/5 ) = 0.1763

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

2
For Case (d): P (2 x 5) = F (5) – F (2) = (1-9/5 ) – (0) = 0.64

c. . In a school 25% of the students failed in first language, 15% of the students
failed in second language and 10% of the students failed in both. If a student is
selected at random find the probability that
(i) He failed in first language if he had failed in the second language.
(ii) He failed in second language if he had failed in the first language.
(iii) He failed in either of the two languages.
Soln: Let A be set of students failing in the first language and B be the set of students
failing in the second language./ We have by data

P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A∩B) =

(i) P(A/B) = = =

(ii) P(B/A) = = =

(iii) P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) –P(A∩B) =

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

UNIT-VII
PROBABILITY THEORY-II
o
7 a. Suppose that the error in the reaction temperature, in C, for a controlled
laboratory experiment is a R.V. X having the p.d.f

x2
, 1 x 2
f ( x) 3
0 elsewhere.

Find (i) F(x) and (ii) use it to evaluate P (0<X 1).

x
Solution: Consider F ( x ) P( X x) f (t )dt

x x
Case (i) x -1 F ( x) f ( t )dt 0dt 0

Case (ii) -1< x < 2

x 1 x x x
t2 t3 x3 1
F ( x) f ( t )dt f ( t )dt f (t )dt 0 dt .
1 1
3 9 1
9

x 1 2 x
Case (iii) x = 2 F ( x ) f ( t )dt f ( t )dt f ( t )dt f (t )dt
1 2

2 2
t2 t3 8 1
0 dt 0 1 . Therefore,
1
3 9 1
9

0, x 1
3
x 1
F ( x) , 1 x 2.
9
1, x 2.

b. Obtain the mean and standard deviation of binomial distribution.

Consider mean ( ) x f ( x )dx x e x dx

Proof:
0

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

e x e x 1 1
x 1 - 0
2 2
0

Consider E X 2 x 2 f ( x )dx x2 e x dx
0

x x x
x2
e
2x
e
2
e 2
= 2 3 2
0

2 1
Var ( X ) E X2 - E( X ) .
2

1
The standard deviation is Var( X ) .

c. An analog signal received at a detector (measured in micro volts) may be modeled as

a Gaussian random variable N (200, 256) at a fixed point in time. What is the
probability that the signal will exceed 240 micro volts? What is the probability that the
signal is larger than 240 micro volts, given that it is larger than 210 micro volts?

Solution: Let X be a CRV denotes the signal as detected by a detector in terms of micro
volts. Given that X is normally distributed with mean 200 micro volts and variance 256
micro volts. To find the probability of the events, namely, (i) P (X > 240 micro volts] and (ii)
P[X > 240 micro volts | X > 210 micro volts].

Consider P[ X 240] 1 P[ X 240]

1 F (240)

240 200
1 Fz
16

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

1 Fz 2.5

= 1 – 0.9938

= 0.00621

Next consider P[X > 240 | X > 210]

P[ X 240 and X > 210]

P[ X 210]

P[ X 240 ] 1 P[ X 240 ]
P[ X 210] 1 P[ X 210]

240 200
1 Fz
16 1 Fz (2.5)
210 200 1 Fz (0.625)
1 Fz
16

1 0.9939
0.2335
1 0.73401

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

UNIT-VIII
SAMPLING THEORY

8. a A sample of 100 tyres is taken from a lot. The mean life of tyres is found to be
39, 350 kilo meters with a standard deviation of 3, 260. Could the sample come from
a population with mean life of 40, 000 kilometers? Establish 99% confidence limits
within which the mean life of tyres is expected to lie.
Solution: First we shall set up null hypothesis, H0 : 40, 000 , alternate hypothesis as

H1 : 40, 000 . We consider that the problem follows a two tailed test and

chose 5% . Then corresponding to this, tabulated value is 1.96. Consider the expression

x-
for finding test criterion, zcal . Here, =40, 000, x 39, 350 and 3, 260 , n =
S.E.

3,260
100. S.E. = 326 . Thus, z cal 1.994. As this value is slightly greater than
n 100
1.96, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that sample has not come from a population
of 40, 000 kilometers. The 99% confidence limits within which population mean is expected
to lie is given as x 2.58×S.E. i.e. 39,350±2.58×326 = (38, 509, 40, 191) .

b The manufacturer of a certain make of electric bulbs claims that his bulbs have a
mean life of 25 months with a standard deviation of 5 months. Random samples of 6
such bulbs have the following values: Life of bulbs in months: 24, 20, 30, 20, 20, and 18.
Can you regard the producer’s claim to valid at 1% level of significance? (Given that
t tab 4.032 corresponding to 5 ).

Solution: To solve the problem, we first set up the null hypothesis H0 : 25 months ,
alternate hypothesis may be treated as H0 : 25 months . To set up 1% , then
tabulated value corresponding to this level of significance is t tab | 1% and =5 4.032
(4.032 value has been got by looking in the 5th row ) . The test criterion is given by
i n 2
x xi x
t cal n where S i 1
S n 1

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

Consider

2
xi x xi x xi x

24 1 1

26 3 9

30 7 49

20 -3 9

20 -3 9
23
18 -5 25

Total = 138 - Total = 102

102 23 25
Thus, S 20.4 4.517 and t cal 6 1.084 . Since the calculated value,
5 4.517
1.084 is lower than the tabulated value of 4.032; we accept the null hypothesis as mean life of
bulbs could be about 25 hours.

c. A set of five similar coins is tossed 320 times and the result is

No. of heads 0 1 2 3 4 5

Frequency 6 27 72 112 71 32

Test the hypothesis that the data follow a binomial distribution function.

Solution: We shall set up the null hypothesis that data actually follows a binomial
distribution. Then alternate hypothesis is, namely, data does not follow binomial distribution.
Next, to set up a suitable level of significance, 5% , with n = 6, degrees of freedom is
2
5. Therefore, the tabulated value is | 0.05, 5 11.07 . Before proceeding to finding
test criterion, first we compute the various expected frequencies. As the data is set to be
following binomial distribution, clearly probability density function is
n k nk
b n, p, k p q . Here, n 320, p 0.5, q 0.5 , and k takes the values
k
right from 0 up to 5. Hence, the expected frequencies of getting 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 heads are the

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ENGG. MATHEMATICS-IV 10MAT41

5
successive terms of the binomial expansion of 320 p q . Thus, expected frequencies
2
Oi Ei
2 i
E i are 10, 50, 100, 100, 50, 10. Consider the test criterion given by |cal
Ei
;

Here, observed values are: Oi : 6, 27, 72, 112, 71, 32

The expected values are: Ei : 10, 50, 100, 100, 50, 10 . Consider

2 2 2
2 6 10 27 50 72 100
|cal +
10 50 100

2 2 2
112 100 71 50 32 10
+ = 78.68. As the calculated
100 50 10

value is very much higher than the tabulated value of 3.841, we reject the null hypothesis and
accept the alternate hypothesis that data does not follow the binomial distribution.

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