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CEPC - 203 - Surveying: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee

different ways of chaining

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32 views12 pages

CEPC - 203 - Surveying: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee

different ways of chaining

Uploaded by

Neeraj Mittal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CEPC -203 – Surveying

By:-
Dr. Arya Anuj Jee
(Ph.D.: IIT Guwahati)
Assistant Professor
CE-301, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jalandhar
Email: [email protected]
Mob: +91 9476589956

• DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Distance measurement
ERROR IN PULL CORRECTION DUE TO ERROR IN PULL
• If the nominal applied pull is in error the required correction for pull will be in error. Let the error in the nominal applied
pull P be ± δP then the

• Therefore error = actual pull correction – nominal pull correction

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar


Distance measurement
ERROR IN SAG CORRECTION DUE TO ERROR IN PULL
• If the applied pull is in error the computed sag correction will be in error. Let the error in pull be ± δP then

shows that an increase in


pull correction reduces the
sag correction

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar


Example
A tape of 30 m length suspended in catenary measured the length of a base
line. After applying all corrections the deduced length of the base line was
1462.36 m. Later on it was found that the actual pull applied was 155 N and
not the 165 N as recorded in the field book. Correct the deduced length for
the incorrect pull. The tape was standardized on the flat under a pull of 85
N having a mass of 0.024 kg/m and cross-sectional area of 4.12 mm2. The
Young’s modulus of the tape material is 152000 MN/ m2 and the
acceleration due to gravity is 9.806 m/s2.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar


By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar
TACHEOMETRIC OR
OPTICAL METHOD
• In stadia tacheometry the line of sight of the tacheometer may be
kept horizontal or inclined depending upon the field conditions.
In the case of horizontal line of sight (Fig. 2.6), the horizontal
distance between the instrument at A and the staff at B is
𝐷 = 𝑘𝑠 + 𝐶

Generally, the value of k and c are kept equal to 100 and 0 (zero),
respectively, for making the computations simpler. Thus
D = 100 s

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar


TACHEOMETRIC OR
OPTICAL METHOD
The elevations of the points, in this case, are obtained by determining the height
of instrument and taking the middle hair reading. Let
hi = the height of the instrument axis above the ground at A,
hA, hB = the elevations of A and B, and

In the case of inclined line of sight as shown in Fig. the vertical angle
α is measured, and the horizontal and vertical distances, D and V,
respectively, are determined from the following expressions.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar


Example
To determine the distance between
two points A and B, a tacheometer
was set up at P and the following
observations were recorded.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar


By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar
By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar
EELECTROMAGNETIC
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
(EDM)
The EDM equipments which are commonly used in land surveying are mainly electronic or microwave systems and electro-
optical instruments. These operate on the principle that a transmitter at the master station sends modulated continuous carrier
wave to a receiver at the remote station from which it is returned (Fig). The instruments measure slope distance D between
transmitter and receiver. It is done by modulating the continuous carrier wave at different frequencies and then measuring the
phase difference at the master between the outgoing and incoming signals. This introduces an element of double distance is
introduced. The expression for the distance D traversed by the wave is

where
∅= the measured phase difference,
𝜆 = the modulated wavelength,
n = the number of complete wavelength contained within the
double distance (an unknown), and
k = a constant.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar


EELECTROMAGNETIC
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
(EDM)
To evaluate n, different modulated frequencies are deployed and the phase difference of the various outgoing and measuring
signals are compared. If 𝑐0 is the velocity of light in vacuum and 𝑓 is the frequency, we have

where 𝑛 is the refractive index ratio of the medium through which the wave passes. Its value depends upon air
temperature, atmospheric pressure, vapour pressure and relative humidity.
The velocity of light 𝑐0 in vacuum is taken as 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠.
• The infrared based EDM equipments fall within the electro-optical group. Nowadays, most local survey and setting out for engineering
works are being carried out using these EDM’s. The infrared EDM has a passive reflector, using a retrodioptive prism to reflect the
transmitted infrared wave to the master. The distances of 1-3 km can be measured with an accuracy of ± 5 mm. Many of these instruments
have microprocessors to produce horizontal distance, difference in elevation, etc.
• Over long ranges (up to 100 km with an accuracy of ± 50 mm) electronic or microwave instruments are generally used. The remote
instrument needs an operator acting to the instructions from the master at the other end of the line. The signal is transmitted from the
master station, received by the remote station and retransmitted to the master station.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Jalandhar

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