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Ray Optics

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18 views10 pages

Ray Optics

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shabakdqrazy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ch - Ray Optics

XII
Image Formation:
Object at infinity: Object between infinity and Centre of Curvature:

Object at Centre of Curvature (C): Object between (C) and Principal Focus (F):

Focus (F): Object between Principal Focus (F) and Pole (P):
Image Formation by Convex Mirror

Object at infinity: Object between infinity and pole:

Mirror Formula:

Mirror formula shows the relation among distance of object, distance of image and focal
length in case of spherical mirror. All distances are measured from pole of the mirror.

The distance of object is denoted by ‘u’


The distance of image is denoted by ‘v’

Focal length is denoted by f

By knowing any two, the third can be

calculated using the mirror formula.

Assumptions for Derivation Of Mirror Formula:

The following assumptions are taken in order to derive the mirror formula.

● The distances are being measured from the pole of the mirror.
● According to the convention, the negative sign indicates the distance measured in the direction opposite to
the incident ray while the positive sign indicates the distance measured in the direction of the incident ray.
● The distance below the axis is negative whereas the distance above is positive.
Refraction of Light

The change of direction of light because of change of medium is known as Refraction or


Refraction of Light. The ray of light changes its direction or phenomenon of refraction
takes place because of difference in speed in different media.

The light travels at faster speed in rare medium and at slower speed in denser medium.
The nature of media is taken as relative. For example air is a rarer medium than water
or glass.

When ray of light enters from a rarer medium into a denser medium, it bends towards
normal at the point of incidence. On the contrary, when ray of light enters into a rarer
medium from a denser medium it bends away from the normal.
Laws of Refraction:

The incident ray, refracted ray and normal to the interface of given two transparent
media, all lie in same plane.

The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and sine of angle of refraction is always constant
for the light of given colour and for the pair of given media.

The Second Law of Refraction is also known as Snell’s Law of Refraction.

The constant is called the refractive index of the second medium in relation to the
first medium.

Refractive Index:

A ray of light changes its direction when it enters from one medium to another medium.
This happens because speed of light is different in different media. For example; the
speed of light is 3 x 108 m/s (2.99x108 m/s) in vacuum and it is 2.98 x 108 m/s in air.

Refractive Index is the extent of change of direction of light in a given pair of media. The
refractive index is a relative value of speed of light in the given pair of media. Thus, to
calculate the refractive Index the speed of light in two media is taken.

Let the speed of light in medium 1 is v1 and in medium 2 is v2

Therefore; refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 (n21)

Above expression gives the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1. This is
generally denoted by n21.

Similarly, the refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 is denoted by n12.

Absolute Refractive Index:When one medium is taken as vacuum and speed of light is taken in
it, then the refractive index of second medium with respect to vacuum is called Absolute
Refractive Index and it is generally denoted by n2.

The speed of light in vacuum is slightly faster than in air. Let speed of light in air is ‘c’
and the speed of light in given medium is ‘v’. Therefore, refractive index of the given

medium:

Since, Refractive Index is the relative value of the speed of light of a medium with
respect to the speed of light in vacuum, thus light will travel faster in the medium having
lower value of refractive index.
Refraction through a glass slab:

Apparent depth of a glass slab:

n=Real depth/Apparent depth


TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION ;

Total internal reflection is a phenomenon of reflection of ray back to the same medium

when passing from denser medium to rarer medium in a such away that angle of
incidence greater than its critical angle.
Conditions for TIR to occur:
1. Light should travel from denser to rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle for the pair of media.

Applications of TIR:
(i)Mirage:

(ii)Diamond
(iii))Prism:
(iv)Optical fibres:

NCERT Solved Example 9.1-9.5


Exercise Q 1-5,15,16

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