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03 - Singal Encoding Techniques

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11 views52 pages

03 - Singal Encoding Techniques

Uploaded by

scientificmethode40
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Communications

Dr. Mohamed Youssef


[email protected]

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Signal Encoding Techniques

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Digital Data, Digital Signals

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Loss of Sync in NRZ-L
• This issue arises when the receiver can no longer accurately determine the
timing of the bits being sent, which results in errors in decoding the
transmitted data.

• Long Sequences of the Same Bit (Lack of Transitions):

• NRZ-L encoding uses constant signal levels to represent binary values:


• One level (e.g., high voltage) represents a '1'.
• Another level (e.g., low voltage) represents a '0’.

• If the data contains a long string of consecutive '1's or '0's, the signal stays constant
at one level for an extended period.

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Example
• Suppose you transmit the data "11110000" using NRZ-L. The signal
would remain at the high level for four bits (due to the four
consecutive '1's), then drop to the low level for the next four bits (for
the '0's).

• If the receiver's clock drifts slightly, it may lose track of how many bits
have been transmitted during each of these long, flat sections,
leading to synchronization errors.

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Digital Data, Analog Signals

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Analog Data, Digital Signals

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You have an audio file with a duration of 5 minutes. The audio is sampled using Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM) at a sampling rate of 44,100 samples per second and with a bit depth of 16 bits per sample.
Calculate the size of the audio file

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Analog Data, Analog Signals

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