Data Communications

Dr. Mohamed Youssef

[email protected]

1
Class General Rules
• Food and Drink during lecture
• Attendance
• Mobile Phone
• Are you late?
• Means of Communications:
• Whatsapp (announcement group)
• Microsoft Teams
• Class Disturbance

2
Asking questions during class
• All questions are considered

3
Text Book
• Data and Computer Communications, 8th or 9th Edition by William
Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2011
• 800+ pages

4
Grade Percentage

• Final Exam: 50%

• Midterm Exam: 25%
• Quizzes: 10%
• Project: 10%
• HWs: 5%
• Subject to change

5
Topics (tentative)
• General Introduction
• Data Transmission
• Signal Encoding Techniques
• Digital Data Comm. Techniques
• Flow Control and ARQ
• Multiplexing and Multiple Access
• Networks and Protocol Architectures
• Circuit and Packet Switching
• Routing in Switched Networks
• Internet and its applications
• Advanced Topics

6
 Data Communications
• The term telecommunication means communication at a distance.

• The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is

agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.

• Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices

via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

7
Why you should study Data Communication
• Important concepts:
• The basics of data communication and networking

• The Internet, intranets, and extranets

• Wired and wireless networks

• Network security issues and measures

• Organizational and social effects of data communication

• Globalization issues

• Applications of data communication systems

8
Basic Concepts in a Data Comm. System
• Bandwidth
• Amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain
time period

• Attenuation
• Loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving
device

• Broadband data transmission

• Multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission
rate

9
Basic Concepts in a Data Comm. System
• Narrowband
• Voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of
56,000 bps, so only a limited amount of information can be transferred

• Protocols
• Rules that govern data communication, including error detection, message
length, and transmission speed

10
Basic Concepts in a Data Comm. System
• Modem (short for “modulator-demodulator”)
• Device that connects a user to the Internet
• Not required for all Internet connections
• Types
• Dial-up (analog)
• Digital subscriber line (DSL)
• Cable

11
Introduction

12
Components of Data Communication

Sender and Modems or

receiver devices routers

Communication
medium

13
Components of Data Communication

14
Data Communication Characteristics

15
Data Flow in Communication
• Simplex

• Half Duplex

• Full Duplex

16
Data Flow in Communication

17
Data Flow in Communication

18
Data Flow in Communication

19
Data Processing Configurations
• Data communication systems can be used in several different
configurations
• Over past 60 years, three types of processing configurations have
emerged:
• Centralized

• Decentralized

• Distributed

20
Data Processing Configurations
• Centralized processing system
• Processing is done at one central computer (imagine no computers except at
the university president office used for all processing across faculties)
• Advantage
• Being able to exercise tight control on system operations and applications
• Disadvantage
• Lack of responsiveness to users’ needs
• Single point of failure

• Not commonly used

21
Data Processing Configurations
• Decentralized processing
• Each user, department, or division has its own computer for performing
processing
• Advantage
• More responsive to users
• Disadvantages
• Lack of coordination
• High costs
• Duplication of efforts

22
Data Processing Configurations
• Distributed processing
• Centralized control and decentralized operations
• Advantages
• Accessing unused processing power is possible
• Computer power can be added or removed
• Distance and location aren’t limiting
• More compatible with organizational growth
• Fault tolerance
• Resources can be shared to reduce costs
• Reliability is improved
• More responsive to user needs
• Disadvantages
• Dependence on communication technology
• Incompatibility between equipment
• More challenging network management 23
Network

• A Network is a set of devices/nodes connected together by communication

links to share resources and transmit information

• Node: Server, Computer, Printer, Scanner, PDA, etc.

PDA: Personal Data Assistant

24
Network Services

25
Network components

26
Types of Communication Media

27
Network Classification
• Based on the Scale/Size
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Campus Area Network (CAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

28
Personal Area Network (PAN)

29
Personal Area Network (PAN)

30
Local Area Network (LAN)

31
Local Area Network (LAN)

32
Local Area Network (LAN)

33
Campus Area Network (CAN)

34
Campus Area Network (CAN)

B2

B1

35
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

36
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

37
Wide Area Network (WAN)

38
Wide Area Network (WAN)

39
Network Classification

40
Network Criteria

41
Network Criteria

42
Network Criteria

43
Network Criteria

44
Network Modes
• One-to-one
• One-to-many
• One-to-all

45
Network Modes

46
Network Modes

47
Network Modes

48
Broadcasting

49
Types of Connections

50
Categories of Topology

51
Categories of Topology
• A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

52
Categories of Topology
• A star topology connecting four stations
• Central computer and a series of nodes
• Advantages
• Cable layouts are easy to modify
• Centralized control makes detecting problems easier
• Nodes can be added to the network easily
• Better for handling heavy but short bursts of traffic
• Disadvantages
• Single point of potential failure
• Increased cost due to many cables

53
Categories of Topology
• A bus topology connecting three stations

• Connects nodes along a network segment

• Ends of the cable aren’t connected
• Terminator absorbs signal at each end

• Most commonly used speeds:

• 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps

54
Categories of Topology
• Advantages
• Easy to extend
• Very reliable
• Wiring layout is simple and uses the least amount of cable of any topology

• Disadvantages
• Fault diagnosis is difficult
• Bus cable can be a bottleneck when network traffic is heavy

55
Categories of Topology
• A ring topology connecting six stations

• Each computer manages its own connectivity

• Each node is connected to two other nodes
• Transmission in one direction
• Implementations
• Token ring
• Needs less cable than star

56
Categories of Topology
• A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

57
Major Networking Concepts

Protocols TCP/IP Routing

Client/server
Routers
model

58
Network Software

• Design Issues for the Layers

• Protocol Hierarchies

• Reference Models for Networks

59
Network Software
• Design Issues for the Layers
• Addressing

• Error Control

• Flow Control

• Multiplexing

• Routing

60
Network Software
• Protocol Hierarchies

61
Protocol “layers” and reference models
Networks are complex, Question: is there any
with many “pieces”: hope of organizing
 hosts structure of network?
 routers
 links of various media
 applications
 protocols
 hardware, software

Introduction: 1-62
Example: organization of air travel
end-to-end transfer of person plus baggage
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing

How would you define/discuss the system of airline travel?

 a series of steps, involving many services
Introduction: 1-63
Example: organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway service runway landing
airplane routing routing service
airplane routing airplane routing

layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction: 1-64
Why layering?
Approach to designing complex systems:
 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance,
updating of system
• change in layer's service implementation:
transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t
affect rest of system

Introduction: 1-65
Network Software
• Reference Models:
• The OSI Reference Model
• The TCP/IP Reference Model

66
OSI Reference Model
• Stands for Open Systems Interconnection

• Created by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as a

framework for computer network standards

• Released in 1984, the model has 7 layers

67
 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. Used on the
Internet.

• TCP/IP’s 5 layer suite was developed to solve to the problem of

internetworking

• Network layers can also be placed in three groups:

• application layer (includes the application layer),
• internetwork layer (includes the transport and network layers)
• hardware layer (includes the data link and physical layers).

68
Layered Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network applications
• HTTP, IMAP, SMTP, DNS
application
application
 transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
transport
 network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
• IP, routing protocols
link
 link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
 physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction: 1-69
 ISO/OSI reference model
Two layers not found in Internet
application
protocol stack!
presentation
 presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, session
compression, machine-specific conventions transport
 session: synchronization, checkpointing, network
recovery of data exchange link
 Internet stack “missing” these layers! physical
• these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application The seven layer OSI/ISO
reference model
• needed?
Introduction: 1-70
 The OSI 7-layer Model
Application: provides a set of utilities used by application programs

Presentation: formats data for presentation to the user, provides data interfaces, data compression and
translation between different data formats

Session: responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating each logical session between sender and
receiver

Transport: deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for network transport, and
maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiver

Network: responsible for making routing decisions

Data Link: deals with message delineation, error control and network medium access control

Physical: defines how individual bits are formatted to be transmitted through the network
71
TCP/IP Reference Model vs OSI Reference Model

72
Message Transmission Using Layers

73
 Protocols
• Agreed-on methods and rules that electronic devices use to exchange
information

• Deal with hardware connections, control data transmission, and file

transfers

• Specify the format of message packets sent between computers

74
Why Standards/Protocols?
• Standards provide a fixed way for hardware and/or software systems to
communicate.

• For example, USB enables two pieces of equipment to interface even though they
are manufactured by different companies.

• By allowing hardware and software from different companies to interconnect,

standards help promote competition.

75
Some Major Standards Making Bodies
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization (www.iso.ch)

• ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union –Telecom Group (www.itu.int)

• ANSI: American National Standards Institute (www.ansi.org)

• IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (see standards.ieee.org)

• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force (www.ietf.org)

76