Class 11 ᵗʰ

SCIENCE
MATHS
RELATION AND
FUNCTION
 Relation and Function

Aj Kya Padhenge?
Cartesian Product
Relations
Functions
Algebraic Functions And Graphs
Algebra Of Functions
 Relation and Function

Cartesian Product:
 Relation and Function

Cartesian Product:

For example, let's say we have set A = {1, 2} and set B = {3, 4}.
The Cartesian product

A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

 Relation and Function

Cardinality of Cartesian Product

The сardinality of a cartesian product of two sets A and B is

equal to the product of the cardinalities of these two sets.
If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.

Example: Consider two sets C and D,

where C = {2, 3} and n(C) = 2, D = {5, 4, 7} and
n(D) = 3. So, n(C × D) = n(C) × n(D) = 2 × 3 = 6
 Relation and Function

Find the cartesian product of sets A, B and C, where A = {2, 3} , B = {x, y}, and C = {5, 6}.
 Relation and Function

Find the cartesian product of sets A, B and C, where A = {2, 3} , B = {x, y}, and C = {5, 6}.

Solution

A × B × C = {(2, x, 5), (2, x, 6), (2, y, 5), (2, y, 6), (3, x, 5),
(3, x, 6), (3, y, 5), (3, y, 6)}
 Relation and Function

Find A x A x A If A={2, 3}
 Relation and Function

If (x - 3, -6) = (2, y -9), then find the values of x and y.

 Relation and Function

If (x - 3, -6) = (2, y -9), then find the values of x and y.

Solution
 Relation and Function

If set A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {8, 9} and C = {7, 8}, then find the relation A × (B ∩ C).
1. {(2,9), (4,9), (6,9)}
2. {(2,8), (4,8), (6,8)}
3. {(2,7), (4,7), (6,7)}
4. None of the above
 Relation and Function

If set A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {8, 9} and C = {7, 8}, then find the relation A × (B ∩ C).
1. {(2,9), (4,9), (6,9)}
2. {(2,8), (4,8), (6,8)}
3. {(2,7), (4,7), (6,7)}
4. None of the above

{(2,8), (4,8), (6,8)}

 Relation and Function

Let A and B be two sets such that A × B consists of 6 elements.

If three elements of A × B are (x, 6), (y, 7), (z, 7), then find B × A.
 Relation and Function

Let A and B be two sets such that A × B consists of 6 elements.

If three elements of A × B are (x, 6), (y, 7), (z, 7), then find B × A.

Solution

If three elements of A × B are (x, 6), (y, 7), (z, 7) then it follows that x, y, z are
elements of A and 6, 7 are elements of B.

Again it is given that A × B consists of 6 elements. So, A = {x, y, z} and B = {6, 7}

Hence B × A = {(6, x), (6, y), (6, z), (7, x), (7, y), (7, z)}
 Relation and Function

What is Relations?
 Relation and Function

Definition of Relation:

Relations is a subset of A × B by introducing a

relation R between the first element x and the
second element y of each ordered pair (x, y).
 Relation and Function

What is Relations?

Relation is a subset of Cartesian product.

Example : For two sets X = {a, b, c} and Y = {apple, ball,
cat}, the cartesian product have 9 ordered pairs such that:
X × Y = {(a, apple), (a, ball), (a, cat), (b, apple), (b, ball), (b,
cat), (c, apple), (c, ball), (c, cat)}

Let us obtain a subset of X x Y by introducing a relation R,

between the elements of X and Y as;
R = {(a,b) : a is the first letter of word b, a ∊ X, b ∊ Y}
Therefore, the relation between X and Y can be represented
as; R = {(a, apple),(b, ball),(c, cat)}
 Relation and Function

Definitions

Image: The second element is called the image

of the first element.

Domain: The set of all first elements of the

ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a
set B is called the domain of the relation R.

Codomain: The whole set B is called the codomain

of the relation R. Note : range ⊂ codomain.

Range: The set of all second elements in a

relation R from a set A to a set B is called the
range of the relation R.
 Relation and Function

Total Number of Relations :

If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and the total

number of possible relations from set A to set B = 2ᵐⁿ

Example: If n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2, then n(A × B) = 6

Therefore, total number of possible relations
from set A to set B = 2⁶ = 64
 Relation and Function

Cartesian Product
P, Q are non empty sets, then
P×Q= {(p,q); p = P and q = Q}

Domain Relation Range

Set of first elements
A subset of cartesian product It is a subset of codomain
in the ordered pairs

Codomain
Set of second elements
in the ordered pairs
 Relation and Function

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }

Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.
 Relation and Function

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }

Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.

Solution

We can see that the

Domain ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
 Relation and Function

Let X={a,b} and Y = {c,d}. Find the number of relations from X to Y.

1. 2
2. 8
3. 4
4. 16
 Relation and Function

Let X={a,b} and Y = {c,d}. Find the number of relations from X to Y.

1. 2
2. 8
3. 4
4. 16

Solution

X × Y = {(a,c),(a,d),(b,c),(b,d)}

Number of subsets, n (X × Y) = 24 .
Therefore, the number of relations from X to Y is 2⁴ = 16.
 Relation and Function

Representation of Relations

Roster form Set Builder form Arrow Diagram

 Relation and Function

Representation of Relations :

Set Builder form

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by

R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
 Relation and Function

Representation of Relations :

Roster form
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6)}.
 Relation and Function

Representation of Relations :

Arrow Diagram
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6)}.
 Relation and Function

The below figure shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. Write this relation
(i) in set-builder form (ii) roster form.
What is its domain and range?
 Relation and Function

The below figure shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. Write this relation
(i) in set-builder form (ii) roster form.
What is its domain and range?

Solution
The relation mentioned in the figure shows,
P as domain and
Q as range.
Let the relation be R
In roster form R={(5,3),(6,4),(7,5)}
In set builder form R={(x,y):x∈P,y∈Q,y=x−2}
 Relation and Function

Functions :

A function f from a set A to a set B is a special relation in which,

every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.

Image/ Preimage: If, f(1) = a, then ‘a’ is

called the image of ‘1’ under f and ‘1’ is
called the preimage of ‘a’ under f.
 Relation and Function

Note:

The function f from A to B is denoted by f : A → B

 Relation and Function

In the following diagrams, which of the relations are functions?

 Relation and Function

In the following diagrams, which of the relations are functions?

Solution
 Relation and Function

In the following diagrams, which of the relations are functions?

 Relation and Function

In the following diagrams, which of the relations are functions?

Solution
 Relation and Function

Which of the following relations are functions?

Give reasons. If it is a function, determine its domain and range.
(i) {(2,1), (5,1), (8,1), (11,1), (14,1), (17,1)}
(ii) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3), (8,4), (10,5), (12,6), (14,7)}
(iii) {(1,3), (1,5), (2,5)}.
 Relation and Function

Which of the following relations are functions?

Give reasons. If it is a function, determine its domain and range.
(i) {(2,1), (5,1), (8,1), (11,1), (14,1), (17,1)}
(ii) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3), (8,4), (10,5), (12,6), (14,7)}
(iii) {(1,3), (1,5), (2,5)}.

Solution
(i) {(2,1),(5,1),(8,1),(11,1),(14,1),(17,1)} (iii) {(1,3),(1,5),(2,5)}
It is a function as every input has a single output. Since the element 1 corresponds to
So, 2,5,8,11,14 and 17 are the elements of the two different images i.e., 3 and 5 . So,
domain of the given relation. this relation is not a function.
Here domain ={2,5,8,11,14,17} and range ={1}
(ii) {(2,1),(4,2),(6,3),(8,4),(10,5)(12,6),(14,7)} It is a function as every input has a single output.
So, 2,4,6,8,10,12 and 14 are the elements of the domain of the given relation.
Here domain ={2,4,6,8,10,12,14} and range ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
 Relation and Function

A function f is defined by f(x) = 2x –5. Write down the values of

(i) f(0) (ii) f(7) (iii) f(–3).
 Relation and Function

Let A ={1,2,3,4,5,6}. Define a relation R on A by R = {(x , y) : y = x + 1 }

i) Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.
ii) Is the given relation a function? Give reason.
 Relation and Function

Let A ={1,2,3,4,5,6}. Define a relation R on A by R = {(x , y) : y = x + 1 }

i) Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.
ii) Is the given relation a function? Give reason.

Solution

i). Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

Co-domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
Range = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

ii) Since the element 6 does not have

an image, this relation is not a function.
 Relation and Function
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Polynomial Function
Irrational Function
Rational Function
Modulus Function
Signum Function
Greatest Integer Function
 Relation and Function
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
 Relation and Function
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
 Relation and Function
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
 Relation and Function
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
 Relation and Function
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
 Relation and Function

Algebra of Functions

Addition of function: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Subtraction of functions: (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Multiplication of functions: (f • g)(x) = f(x) •g(x)

Division of functions:
 Relation and Function

Let A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A → Z be given by f (x) = x²- 2x - 3.

Find: (i) the range of f (ii) pre-images of 6 and -3.
 Relation and Function

Let A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A → Z be given by f (x) = x²- 2x - 3.

Find: (i) the range of f (ii) pre-images of 6 and -3.

Solution
 Relation and Function

Let f : R 🠆 R be given by f(x) = x² + 3.

Find (i) {x : f(x) = 28} (ii) the pre-images of 39 and 2 under f.
 Relation and Function

Let f : R 🠆 R be given by f(x) = x² + 3.

Find (i) {x : f(x) = 28} (ii) the pre-images of 39 and 2 under f.

Solution
(i) We have, f(x) = x² + 3
∴ f(x) = 28 ⇒ x² = 25 ⇒ x = ±5
Hence, {x : f(x) = 28} = {– 5, 5}.

(ii) Let x be a pre-image of 39. Then,

f(x) = 39 ⇒ x² + 3 = 39 ⇒ x² = 36 ⇒ x = ± 6
So, pre-images of 39 are -6 and 6.
Let x be a pre-image of 2. Then, f(x) = 2 ⇒ x² + 3 = 2 ⇒ x² = – 1
We find that no real value of x satisfies the equation x² = – 1.
Therefore, 2 does not have any pre-image under f.
 Relation and Function

If f : R 🠆 R be defined as follows:
Find (i) f (1/2), f (𝜋), f (√2) (ii) Range of f
 Relation and Function

If f : R 🠆 R be defined as follows:
Find (i) f (1/2), f (𝜋), f (√2) (ii) Range of f

Solution

(i) it is evident from the definition of f that at every rational point the function
attains value 1 and at every irrational point attains value –1.

(ii) Range of f = {f (x) : x ∈ R}.

Also, by definition f(x) attains values 1 or -1 according as x is rational or irrational
and a real number is either rational or irrational. Thus, all rational numbers have
image 1 and all irrational numbers have image -1. Hence, Range of f = {1, -1}
 Relation and Function

Find the range of each of the following functions:

 Relation and Function

Find the range of each of the following functions:

Solution

We have,
Clearly, f(x) takes real values for all x satisfying x - 5 > 0 ⇒ x > 5 ⇒ x ∈ (5, ∞).
∴ Domain (f) = (5, ∞)
For any x > 5, we have

Thus, f(x) takes all real values greater than zero. Hence, Range (f) = (0, ∞).
 Relation and Function

Find the range of each of the following functions:

 Relation and Function

Find the range of each of the following functions:

Solution

We have, f(x) = √16 - x²)

We observe that f(x) is defined for all x satisfying
16 - x² ≥ 0 ⇒ x² - 16 ≤ 0 ⇒ (x - 5) (x + 4) ≤ 0 ⇒ -4 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇒ x ∈ [-4, 4]
∴ Domain (f) = [-4, 4]
Let y = f(x). Then,
y = √(16 - x²) ⇒ y² = 16 - x² ⇒ x² = 16 - y² ⇒ x = √(16 - y²)
Clearly, x will take real values, if
16 - y² ≥ 0 ⇒ y² – 16 ≤ 0 ⇒ (y – 4) (y + 4) ≤ 0 ⇒ – 4 ≤ y ≤ 4 ⇒ y ∈ [-4, 4]
Also, y = √(16 - x²) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [-4, 4]. Therefore y ∈ [0, 4] for all x ∈ [-4, 4].
Hence, Range (f) = [0, 4]
 Relation and Function

Find the domain and range of the function

 Relation and Function

Find the domain and range of the function

Solution

We have,
Domain of f: clearly, f(x) is not defined for x - 3 = 0 i.e. x = 3.
Therefore, domain (f) = R - {3}.
Range of f: Let f(x) = y. Then,
[∵ x ≠ 3]
It follows from the above relation that y takes all real values except 6 when x
takes values in the set R - {3}. Therefore, Range (f) = R - {6}.
 Relation and Function

Find the domain and range of the function

 Relation and Function

Find the domain and range of the function

Solution
 Relation and Function

Let be the subset of Z × Z defined by = {(ab, a + b) : a, b Z}. Is a function from

Z to Z? Justify your answer.

Solution
 Relation and Function

Let A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13} and let : A N be defined by (n) = the highest prime
faction of n. Find the range of .

Solution
 Relation and Function

The relation is defined by (x) =

{
The relation g is defined by g(x) =
{
Show that is a function and g is not a function.

Solution
 Relation and Function

Find the domain of the function (x) =

Solution
 Relation and Function

Find the domain and the range of the real function defined by (x) = |x - 1|.

Solution
 Relation and Function

Let = be a function from R into R. Determine the range of .

Solution
 Relation and Function

Assertion: If (x + 1, y - 2) = (3, 1) then x = 2 and y = 3

Reason: Two ordered pairs are equal, if their corresponding elements are equal.
Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for
assertion
Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

Solution
 Relation and Function

Assertion: Assertion: If A = {x, y, z} and B = {3, 4} , then number of relations from A to B

5
is 2 .
Reason: Number of relations from A to B is 2
Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for
assertion.
Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

Solution
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