COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Dr. Amitosh Kumar

 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
• A computer needs both hardware and software for its
proper functioning. Computer software consists of sets of
programmed instructions which enable the hardware to
perform functions. Computer software can be broadly
classified into two categories:
• application software and system software.
 Applications software is a set of programming instructions
for specific applications such as pay roll accounting.
 System software comprises of those programmes designed
to co-ordinate the operations of a computer system.. The
following figure gives an overview of the software
classification and different types:
 COMPUTER LANGUAGES
• Application software are written in programming
languages.
• A program is a set of instructions used to
communicate with a computer. Each language
has a unique set of keywords (words that it
understands) and a special syntax for organizing
program instructions.
• The programming language should be
understood, both by the programmer (who is
writing the program) and the computer.
Programming languages are classified as below:
 Machine language
Machine language is the machine understandable
language. Hence this is not user friendly, because
coding is done using binary system, instead of
commands.
 Assembly language
Abbreviations are used for programming in this
language instead of giving codes. A program written in
assembly language uses symbolic representation of
machine codes needed to program a particular
processor (CPU) or processor family.
 High-level language
• The four commonest high-level languages are
probably FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation),
ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language), BASIC
(Beginner's All purpose Symbolic Instruction
Codes) and Pascal (named after Blaise Pascal
who invented the first mechanical calculator).
• A language processor translates application
programmes written in a language such as
COBOL, FORTRAN or BASIC into a computer
understandable language. These processors are
called compilers and interpreters.
• A programme written using only binary digits is
called a machine language programme.
• Assembler also translates programmes into
machine language codes. Both machine and
assembly language programmes is machine
dependent.
• High-level languages, which are closer to English
language, overcame the drawback of machine
dependence. E.g. FORTRAN, COBOL (Common
Business Oriented Language), BASIC, PASCAL etc.
 Translator Software
• Translator software is used to convert a program
written in high-level language and assembly language
to a form that the computer can understand. Translator
software converts a program written in assembly
language, and high-level language to a machine-level
language program.
The translated program is called the object code. There
are three different kind of translator software:
• Assembler,
• Compiler, and
• Interpreter.
 Assembler
• Assembly language is also referred to as a
symbolic representation of the machine code.
Assembler is software that converts a program
written in assembly language into machine
code there is usually a one-to-one
correspondence between simple assembly
statements and machine language
instructions.
• Compiler
A program written in a high-level language has to be converted to a
language that the computer can understand, i.e. binary form.
Compiler is the software that translates the program written in a
high-level language to machine language.
The program written in high-level language is referred to as the source
code and compiled program is referred as the object code.
• Interpreter
The purpose of interpreter is similar to that of a compiler. The
interpreter is used to convert the high-level language program into
computer-understandable form.
However, the interpreter functions in a different way than a compiler.
Some languages that use an interpreter are BASIC and Python.
 COMPUTER NETWORK
• A computer network is an interconnection of two or
more computers that are able to exchange information.
The computers may be connected via any data
communication link, like copper wires, optical fibers,
communication satellites, or radio links.
• Network Types
• Computer network is broadly classified into three types
• Local Area Network (LAN),
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), and
• Wide Area Network (WAN).
• The different network types are distinguished from
each other based on the following characteristics:
 Size of the network
 Transmission Technology
 Networking Topology
The size of the network refers to the area over which
the network is spread.
Transmission Technology refers to the transmission media
used to connect computers on the network and the
transmission protocols used for connecting.
 Local Area Network
• LAN is a computer network widely used for local
communication. LAN connects computers in a small area
like a room, building, office or a campus spread up to a few
kilometers.
• The computers in a LAN are generally connected using
cables. LAN is different from other types of network since
they share the network. The different computers connected
to a LAN take turns to send data packets over the cables
connecting them.
• LAN runs at a speed of 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps and has low
delays. A LAN based on WiFi wireless network technology is
called Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).
 Metropolitan Area Network
• MAN is a computer network spread over a
city. Cable television network is an example of
MAN.
• The computers in a MAN are connected using
coaxial cables or fiber optic cables. MAN also
connects several LAN spread over a city.
 Wide Area Network

• WAN is a network that connects computers

over long distances like cities, countries,
continents, or worldwide.
• WAN uses public, leased, or private
communication links to spread over long
distances.
• WAN network must be able to grow itself.
Internet is a common example of WAN.
 LAN Topologies
• There are different types of network topologies that are
used in a network. The network topologies in the structure
or the layout of the different devices and computers
connected to the network. The topologies commonly used
in LAN are—Bus topology, Star topology, and Ring
topology.
Bus Topology
• All devices on the network are connected through a central
cable called a Bus. The data signal is available to all
computers connected to the bus .
• The data signal carries the address of the destination
computer.
• It is good for connecting 15–20 computers.
• A single coaxial cable is generally used in bus topology, to which the
computers or devices are connected.
• Ethernet is a commonly used protocol in networks connected by
bus topology.
 Ring Topology
• All devices in the network are connected in the form of a ring.
• Each device has a receiver and transmitter to receive the data
signals and to send them to the next computer, respectively.
• Ring network does not have terminated ends, thus data signals
travel in a circle.
• Ring topology uses token passing method to provide access to the
devices in the network.
Star Topology
• All devices are connected through a central
link forming a star-like structure.
• The central link is a hub or switch. The
computers are connected to the hub or switch
using twisted pair cables, coaxial cables or
optic fibers.
• Star topology is the most popular topology to
connect computer and devices in network.
 DATA BASE
• Database is a repository or collection of logically related
and similar data.
• Database stores similar kind of data that is organized in a
manner that the information can be derived from it,
modified, data added, or deleted to it, and used when
needed.
File-Oriented Approach and Database Approach
Data redundancy means storing the same data at multiple
locations. In an application, a file may have fields that are
common to more than one file. The data for these common
fields is thus replicated in all the files having these fields.
• Data inconsistency means having different data values
for the common fields in different files. During the
updating process, the common fields may not get
updated in all the files. This may result in different data
values for the common fields in different files. For
example,
• Database approach provides solutions for handling the
problems of the file system approach. The emergence
of database approach has resulted in a paradigm shift,
from each application defining and maintaining its own
data (file-oriented approach) - to the data being
defined and administered centrally (database
approach).
 Relational Database Model
• The Relational Database Model was proposed in 1970 by E. F. Codd.
The first commercial system based on the relational model became
available in early eighties. Relational database model is the most
common type of database model.
• Table, record, field, key, and data values are the terms associated
with a relational model. The data elements are stored in different
tables made up of rows and columns.
• The data in different tables are related through the use of common
data elements. We briefly define the terms as follows
 Data Values
 Field or Column Data values
 Record or Row
• Table A collection of logically related records
form a table. A table for an object has rows and
columns. The table is organized as a set of
columns, and can have any number of rows
• Key A key is an identifier in a table that uniquely
identifies a row in a table. The key identifier can
be the value of a single column or of multiple
columns. A key is generally also referred to as the
primary key of the table. The primary key is a
unique identifier for the table.
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• The interrelated set of data that forms the database

needs to be stored and managed, so that the database
can be accessed for the retrieval of data, and for
insertion, deletion, or updating of data.
• DBMS is a software system for creating, organizing and
managing the database. DBMS handles all access to the
database and manages the database.
• The functionality of DBMS includes—
(1) the database that contains interrelated data, and
(2) a set of programs to access the data.
 DATABASE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
• The computers have evolved from big
mainframe computers to small desktop
personal computers. The advances in
computer and its architecture have also
resulted in the advances in databases and its
architecture.—
Centralized DBMS Architecture,
Client-Server Architecture, and
Distributed Databases
 DATABASE APPLICATIONS

• Databases range from those designed for a single user with a

desktop computer to those on mainframe computers with
thousands of users. The database applications can be for different
purposes like—
 (1) personal databases that support one user with a stand-alone
personal computer,
 (2) workgroup databases for a small team of people (less than 25)
who work in collaboration on a project,
 (3) departmental databases designed to support the various
functions and activities of a department (a functional unit of an
organization), and
 (4) enterprise databases to support organization-wide operations
and decision making. Data warehouse is an enterprise database.
WORD PROCESSING USING MS-WORD
• A word processor is a program that enables us to
perform word processing functions.
• Word processing functions are creating, editing and
printing documents.
• The greatest advantage of word processing over using a
typewriter is that you can make changes without
retyping the entire document.
• These documents can be produced and printed out in
any style that is required. It is also possible to add
graphics, tables, and diagrams to the document. These
can either be generated by Word itself or else imported
from another Windows program such as Excel.
 STARTING WORD
• The first step is to start the Word program. To start
Word, locate the Word icon on the Desktop and double
click on the Word icon with the mouse.
FEATURES OF THE WORD SCREEN
• The picture below shows some of the main features of
the Word window. Notice that the Word window
consist of a program parent window enclosing a
maximized document or child window.
• It is therefore possible to see parent and child control
boxes. In the picture you can also see the parent
maximize and minimize buttons and the child close
button.
 CREATING A DOCUMENT

• Starting a new document is very simple. In the

text window you will initially see a simple
black flashing cursor bar at the insertion point
in the top left hand corner.
• Any text you type on the keyboard will appear
at this point
 SAVING YOUR DOCUMENT
• One great advantage of using a computer is
that it can store your documents – but you
have to instruct it to do so first.
• Everybody who has used a computer can tell
you stories of how they have lost valuable
documents – and it will happen to you too
unless you are very careful.
 PRINTING DOCUMENT
Printing a document is as simple as clicking on the print
button on the toolbar. Within a short space of time the
printer would start printing and your print out will appear.
Check it for any errors and if need be make necessary
corrections to your document and reprint. Occasionally
you may find that the printer fails to print your document.
If so, check the following:
 The printer is turned on and the green on line button is
illuminated.
 The printer has not run out of paper
 The print cable connecting your computer to the printer
has not become detached.
 EXITING WORD

• You have now successfully produced a

document, edited it, printed it and saved it. It
only remains to exit the Word program.
• There is more than one way of doing this.
One method is to open the file menu and
select the Exit option at the bottom of the
drop down list
• MOVING BETWEEN AND WITHIN DOCUMENTS
We will look at opening a number of different documents at the same
time and learn how to switch from one document to another. We will also
discover how to move around in the document quickly and precisely.
• OPENING A DOCUMENT
It is possible to retrieve a saved document by clicking on the File Open
button on the toolbar. This will display a dialog box. Then the directory
where the files are stored is selected and the file itself is selected.
• Opening more than one Document
It is possible to have a number of Word documents open at the same time,
which makes it convenient to refer to other documents at the same time.
You can switch from one document to another by opening the Window
menu to reveal a list of open documents. Then click on the document you
want to switch to.
• Opening a New Document
If you want to open a new document, you can do so by opening the File
menu and choosing the New… option. Here you can choose which type of
template you want to use. For most simple documents we choose the
Normal template. Clicking on OK confirms the choice. Other templates
are designed to create certain types of documents such as a Fax, a
Curriculum vitae or a Calendar. It is also possible to open a new document
by clicking the New File tool on the toolbar.
• MOVING THE CURSOR
The simplest way to scroll down or across the screen is to use the arrow
keys. These are useful when you want to move the cursor (and hence the
text) a little. However it is a rather slow and tedious technique if you have
to move through a lot of text. The mouse can also be used to relocate the
cursor anywhere in the document using the scroll bar.
 SHORTCUT KEYS
• There are a number of shortcut keys which
can help you to move quickly from one place
on the screen to another without having to
move in stages using the arrow keys or the
mouse.
• The following key combinations are worth
remembering because they will speed up your
work and prevent you getting wrist strain from
over use of the mouse or key board:
 Key Combination Effect

PgUp Moves the cursor up one screen full of

text
PgDn Moves the cursor down one screen full

End Cursor jumps to end of current line

Home Cursor jumps to start of current line

Ctrl + Home Jump to beginning of document

Ctrl + End Jump to end of document

Ctrl + G Jumps to a specific page

Ctrl +  Jumps one word left

Ctrl +  Jumps one word right

• STATUS BAR
When moving through the document the values on the
status bar changes. These values provide a useful
indication of where you are in the document at any one
time. It is also possible to get an indication of where you
are in the document by looking at the position of the scroll
box on the scroll bar.
• FORMATTING YOUR DOCUMENT
With Word it is simple to format documents in an eye
catching way. We will discover how to reposition text,
make a word stand out from the text and how to adjust the
layout of the document.
•
 Selecting text to format
There are a few shortcuts that will be useful:
• To select a single word double click on it with the
mouse
• To select a whole sentence hold down the Ctrl
Key whilst clicking on a word in the sentence.
• A paragraph is selected by double clicking in the
left hand margin of the paragraph.
• The whole document is selected by holding down
the Ctrl button whilst double clicking in the
margin!
 SPREADSHEET OPERATIONS USING MS
EXCEL
• A spreadsheet is a table of values arranged in rows and
columns. The power of spreadsheets is quite amazing and
the variety of task that one can accomplish with it runs into
hundreds.
• An electronic spreadsheet is a table with rows and columns
into which data are entered. Although developed primarily
for book keeping, spreadsheets are also useful for scientific
calculations, data manipulation and for producing graphs.
• A spreadsheet program allows you to type in numbers and
formulae to represent any system which can be described
numerically. Spreadsheets are of use to perform the
following tasks:
 To make repeated calculations on numbers and
automatically recalculate when values change.
 To analyze a situation and discover any significant patterns
in the results.
 To make a projection into the future. To find out ‘’what
would happen if I give these animals a little more
concentrate feed each day” and see the effects.
• To present numerical results in a graphical form, to make
them easier to understand.
• Spreadsheets also include some statistical functions.
Spreadsheets can also sort data. There are several
spreadsheet packages available. The most popular one is
Microsoft Excel.
INTERNET AND E-MAIL APPLICATIONS

 Is the Worlds’ largest network

 Is a working prototype of the Information
Superhighway
 Is not controlled or run by any central authority
 Has no nationality though born and bred in the
United states of America
 Collects no fee or pay no charges
 Is the extreme form of democracy and
decentralization verging on delightful anarchy
 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

• Paul Baran of Rand Corporation – America’s well-

known Military Think Tank, hit upon the idea of a
network built rather like a ‘fish net’ than a ‘chain’.
• Baran’s idea led to the creation of the first net ‘
`ARPANET’
• The U.S. Dept. of Defense’s Advanced Research
project Agency (ARPA) funded the creation of
ARPAnet in 1969 as a wide area communication
network for military use to allow the scientists
and engineers across the US to share computers
and computer resources.
• A technique for exchanging messages via the network
was developed in 1972. This facility, now known as the
E-mail, transformed the ARPA net into anew
communication tool.
• Remote hosts were connected via satellite for the first
time using a primitive protocol NCP (Network Control
Protocol) in 1973.
• Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf (the fathers of Internet)
developed what eventually became the TCP/IP
(transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) in
1974.
• TCP/IP was declared as the preferred format in 1978.
• ARPANET switched to running only on TCP/IP and ARPAnet split into
ARPAnet and MILNET in 1983. ARPAnet merged with Usenet News
(an academic network) and later became known as the Internet.
Since then the Internet has been growing exponentially.
 1983 - 500 hosts
 1987 - 30000 host
 1995 - 5 million hosts
 2000 – 15 million hosts
• Scientists in CERN, the European High Energy Physics Laboratory,
Geneva developed software for publishing, searching and accessing
the information on Internet in 1990. This came to be known as the
World Wide Web (WWW). Web has become synonymous with the
Internet because of its wide popularity.
 INTERNET ARCHITECTURE

• Client (user of computer) at home or in a LAN network is at

the lowest level in hierarchy. Local Internet Service
Provider (ISP) is at the next higher level.
• An ISP is an organization that has its own computers
connected to the Internet and provides facility to individual
users to connect to Internet through their computers.
• Local ISP is the local telephone company located in the
telephone switching office, where the telephone of client
terminates.
• Examples of local ISP in India are Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
(BSNL), Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL), and
Airtel. The client calls local ISP using a modem or Network
Interface Card.
• Regional ISP is next in the hierarchy. The local ISP is
connected to regional ISP A router is a special hardware
system consisting of a processor, memory, and an I/O
interface, used for the purpose of interconnecting
networks.
• A router can interconnect networks having different
technologies, different media, and physical addressing
schemes or frame formats.
• The regional ISP connects the local ISP’s located in various
cities via routers.
• If the packet received by regional ISP is for a client
connected to this regional ISP, then the packet is delivered;
otherwise, packet is sent to the regional ISP’s backbone.
 INTERNET MANAGEMENT

• Internet Architecture Board – oversees the

production of standards through a number of
task forces such as Internet Engineering Task
Force, Internet Research Task Force, etc.
• INTERNIC –provides information about
Internet as a whole.
 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS (ISP)
IN INDIA
• The Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
• The ERNET
• National Informatics Centre
• Satyam Online
• Dishnet
• Mantra Online
• Net Connect
 HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORK?

• There are two aspects to the Internet – the hardware

and the applications.
• The hardware aspect of it is that it is a huge computer
network made up of thousands of
computers/computer networks worldwide. No one
knows exactly how many computers are connected to
the Internet.
• It is certain, however, that there are millions of them
and this number is increasing at a rapid rate. The other
aspect of Internet is its application – the different
services and facilities it offers.
 The Domain Name System (DNS)
• The use of TCP/IP for transfer of data from one computer to
another also requires an effective addressing mechanism
capable of unique and unambiguous identification of each
one of the millions of serves that are connected.
• comFor commercial organisations (i.e. businesses)
• edu For educational Institutions (Universities, Colleges,
R&D Institutions, etc.
• gov For governmental organisations
• mil Military
• net Network resources (e.g. Internet Service provider)
• org Other organisations (e.g. Professional bodies)
WHAT IS NEEDED TO GET CONNECTED

• Computer
• Appropriate application software
• Telecom connectivity
• Modem
• Account with an ISP
WHAT IS THE WORLD WIDE WEB AND
WHAT MAKES IT WORK?
• Often the Internet is considered synonymous
with the World Wide Web. Though they are
closely related they are not one and the same.
While the Internet is a decentralized global
network of computers and computer
networks, the Web is a huge collection of Web
documents that can be accessed via the
Internet.
 WHAT DOES THE INTERNET OFFER?
Seamless access to a variety of Information Sources
• Education and Research (electronic journals, e-prints,
reports, databases, digital libraries, dictionaries and
encyclopedias)
• Business and Commerce (company profiles, yellow
pages, Shopping, Stocks and shares)
• Entertainment (sports, magazines, music, films)
• Government Information (e.g. Budget)
• Facts and figures (e.g. Census Data)
• Software Libraries
• General Information (news, newspapers, weather)
• Powerful Communication Medium
 E-mail
 Chat
 Electronic Discussion Forums
• Electronic Publishing
 Newspapers/Journals/Magazines (information on
anything)
 Online Education (distance learning, e-
commerce)
• E-MAIL
 CHAT

• IRC is the Internet Relay Chat service (developed

in 1998) in which participants around the world
can “talk” to each other by typing in real time on
hundreds of channels. These channels are usually
based on a particular topic.
• While many topics are frivolous, substantive
conversations are also taking place. To have
access to IRC, you must use an IRC software
program.
 SEARCHING THE WEB

• Web is a huge reservoir of information on any conceivable topic.

The Web is a very vast collection of web documents, which are
interconnected through hyper links-also known as Hypertext
documents. The Web browsers make navigating through these links
easy.
Search Process
Basically there can be two types of searches:
• Known Web site search: The User is trying to locate a web page that
is known to him. All that one has to do is to instruct the browser to
got the web site by specifying its URL.
• Search for web sites on a topic: On the other hand if the purpose is
to identify sources of information on the Web on a topic, it will be
helpful to approach the problem in a logical and structured manner.
 Search engines

Some of the Search Engines are:

• AltaVista (http://www.altavista.com)
• Excite (http://www.excite.com)
• Alltheweb (http://www.alltheweb.com)
• Dogpile (http://www.dogpile.com)
• Britannica (http://www.britannica.com)
• Google (http://www.google.com
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ANIMAL
SCIENCES
• Computer-aided diagnosis is an important aspect
of veterinary decision support, because diagnosis
is usually the first and critical step in patient
management, but it is not an end in itself.
• Complete computer-based veterinary support
systems should aid the veterinarian in all areas of
medical decision-making, including test selection
and interpretation, treatment, management and
prevention.
 Specific areas of Application
• Data Base Management System (DBMS
• Registration of case
• Classification of case
• Case history
• Symptom
• Test result
• Diagnosis
• Treatment and Follow up
 Some Software for use In Veterinary
Field
• CARDIO
 CARDIO (Stevens, 1986) is a program designed to provide diagnostic
assistance in interpreting electrocardiographic (ECG) examination of
canine and feline patients.
 It analyses the ECG strip only, not the entire patient, so it does not
offer treatment suggestions or prognoses.
• COSREEL
 COSREEL (Computer System for Recording Events affecting
Economically important Livestock) is an animal health recording
system which has been designed for the management of cattle,
sheep and pigs (Russel and Rowlands, 1983).
 It can record diagnosis of disease, symptoms, treatment,
vaccination, tests and their results. It can also be used for recording
management data, veterinary data and production data.
• CRITTER
CRITTER is a computer database program for managing research
animals. It is designed especially for institutions that operate
health surveillance plants, such as specific pathogen free schemes
(SPF). Although CRITTER has been designed for individual research
establishments, it could be modified for use in area health
surveillance programs (i.e. epidemiology).
• EPISCOPE
EPISCOPE (Frankena et al., 1990) is the computer software used to
cover epidemiological principles and calculations. It can assist both
the teaching of epidemiology and the analysis of field data.
EPISCOPE is based on the spreadsheet program and consists of four
modules for evaluation of diagnostic tests, sample size calculations,
analysis of cohort and case-control studies and models.
HEMO
• HEMO (Stevens, 1986) is a program designed to
process a patient’s database of laboratory test
results and produce a report that provides a
diagnostic analysis of these tests for the
veterinarian’s review and the patient’s record.
• HEMO allows a computer to make calculations
and comparisons, report and characterize values
outside normal ranges, and match patterns of
test results.
 VIRUS
• VIRUS (Veterinary Investigation Recording User System) is capable
of storing, monitoring and analyzing previous and current records
(Martin et al., 1982). The results produced by the program are
 stock identification details such as herd book no., sire and dam
details, date of birth, breed etc.
 reproduction details such as calvings, abortions, lactation no., sire
and dam details, date of birth, breed etc.
 production data such as milk yield data
 disease events such as type of disease, organisms isolated, type of
lesions etc.
 fertility events such as non-service oestrous, service per
insemination, identity of bull, results of pregnancy diagnosis, dry off
dates etc.
 death and cull events with reasons.
 Diagnostic Search Programmes

• COWCAD
It contains a database of cattle diseases with all recorded
clinical features of each disease.
• Consultant
It is similar to COWCAD and in this clinical signs can be
entered and the program responds with a list of possible
diagnoses.
• Provides
It is the acronym for Problem Oriented Veterinary
Information and Decision Support. When clinical signs are
entered, the program generates a list of differential
diagnoses in order of probability, lists of relevant diagnostic
tests, treatment options and prognostic probabilities.
 Computers in Farm Management
• The first use of computer as a management tool in
dairy farming was in milk recording services started in
1950’s in the United States.
• The organizations using computers for herd
management came to be collectively known as the
Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA).
• Most DHI programs now offer, in addition to individual
cow production records, somatic cell count (SCC) data,
reproductive performance parameters, nutritional
information, and management work list, which all
could be summarized and reported at the herd level
with the use of computers.
• University of Melbourne, the MELBREAD herd health
and fertility reporting scheme was developed by the
Veterinary Epidemiology and Economic Research Unit
(VEERU), University of Reading in 1971.
• Over a several years, its use resulted in extensive
research and development into a more integrated
system known as DAISY (Dairy information System).
• The FAHRMX (Food Animal Health and Resource
Management System) computer system was created at
the University of Michigan.
 Present day programs

 A commercial software, Dairy Herd Management

program (DHMP) was found to be useful tool when
implemented as part of a dairy herd health program.
Later the program known as Dairy Comp. 305 was
developed.
 Nowadays, with the help of INTERNET, one can browse
and download a large number of herd management
programs and experience the demonstration of the
software.
 For eg. INTERHerd, the herd management program
developed by INTERAgri and VEERU, UK could be
downloaded from the INTEAgri website.