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Mendelian Inheritance (25.2.2021)

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16 views30 pages

Mendelian Inheritance (25.2.2021)

hb

Uploaded by

Mohan Choudhary
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mendelian Genetics

Dr amitosh Saxena
SPERMATOGENESIS
Oogenesis
Difference between spermatogenesis
& Oogenesis
Phenotype/ Genotype
Homozygous vs Heterozygous
Pure line
Dominance/ Recessive
Di-hybrid cross
Test cross
Back cross
TERMINOLOGY

• Mendel used letters of the alphabet as symbols for factors


(genes).
• The character that expresses itself in all the offspring of a
monohybrid cross is termed dominant and the trait that
fails to express is termed recessive.
• A capital letter signified a dominant and a lowercase letter
a recessive member of a pair of alleles.
• The female parent is written first in genetic crosses.
• A female and a male gamete combine in fertilization to
produce a zygote.
• Zygotes or individual organisms carrying two units of one
allele (Example DD or dd) are homozygous and those with
two alleles (Example: Dd) are heterozygous.
• A gene can have many different versions, called alleles.
• Phenotype : observable physical characteristics or visible
expression of a trait .
• Genotype: actual gene constitution .
• Hybrids: The F1 progeny produced by two pure line parental
generations are called hybrids.
• Monohybrid cross: A cross involving contrasting expression of
one trait is called Monohybrid cross.
• Dihybrid: have two pairs of different characters.
• Polyhybrid: have more than two pairs of different characters.
MENDEL'S EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISM
• Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), a monk and scientist
in the Augustian Abbey in Brno ( now in the Czech
Republic ).
• He developed the principles of heredity while studying
seven pairs of inherited characteristics in pea plants.
• Although the significance of his work went unrecognized
until 1900 , his laws of heredity are the basis for the
present-day field of genetics.
• Mendel’s selection of the experimental plant,
• Mendel picked common garden pea plants (Pisum sativum) as his
experimental organism for the following reasons
 It is annual plant and could be grown easily in large numbers
 Has well-defined characteristics
 Has perfect flowers that have both male and female reproductive
organs.
The male gamete, equivalent to the sperm, is the pollen grain.
The female gamete, equivalent to the egg, is the ovule.
 Controlled mating: Normally natural self-fertilization and cross-
pollination is rare without human intervention.
 Presence of variation: Peas were available
from seed merchants in a wide array of distinct
shapes and colours that could be easily
identified and analyzed.
Cheap and easy to obtain.
Take up little space.
Short life cycle.
Produce large number of fertile off-springs.
MENDEL'S PROCEDURE
• Mendel first developed pure parental (P) lines for each
contrasted seven pairs of characters of pea by self-
fertilizing.
• The two pure lines (e.g. TALL x DWARF) for a pair of
contrasted characters was crossed.
• The offspring were the F1 (first filial) generation.
• Mendel found that all the F1 hybrids always showed only
one of the parent trait and never the other.
• F1 plants were self-pollinated to get the F2 (second filial)
generation.
• Original contrasting characters of the parental generation
reappeared in the F2 generation.
MENDEL'S EXPLANATIONS AND
PREDICTIONS
• Mendel made some important conclusions based on his experimental
results.
– Mendel called the determining agent responsible for each character or
trait as "units" or "factors" that are passed on to offspring unchanged
(these units are now called genes ).
– An individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait.
Factors thus occur in pairs ( Diploid ) in an individual.
– Each parent passed only one factor of a pair to their offspring.
– A trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to
the next generation and reappear.
– Further, he predicted that each factor retained its individuality from
generation to generation and it was not modified in the hybrid.
• Mendel's conclusive theoretical and statistical explanations for his
hybridization experiments can be summarized in two principles,
– The Principle of Segregation
– The Principle of Independent Assortment
MODIFICATIONS OF MENDELIAN

 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
In all Mendel’s crosses, one allele was dominant over the other.
• The rule of dominance and recessive holds in many cases but not in
all.
• Alleles which modify the expression of the other alleles are called
incomplete or intermediate or semi-dominant alleles.
• Each allele is capable of expressing itself to some degree when it is
in heterozygous condition.
• The absence of complete dominance by one allele thus makes each
genotype individually distinguishable.
• So it is not necessary to do a test cross to identify the
heterozygotes.
CODOMINANCE

• If the heterozygote exhibits a mixture of the phenotypic characters of


both homozygotes, instead of a single intermediate expression, then
both alleles are called co-dominant alleles.
• The phenotypic ratio is 1: 2: 1, identical as that of incomplete or
intermediate dominance.
Example
• MN blood group antigens in human : Allele LM for M-type blood is
codominant with allele LN for N-type blood. The heterozygotes LMLN
will have both M and N antigens on the red blood cells.
• Hair colour in Short-horn cattle: If we cross a red bull with a white
cow, the offspring are reddish gray or roan (mixture of red hairs and
white hairs).
LETHALS
• Genes which affect the viability as well as the visible traits of an organism
are called lethal genes and the phenomenon is called lethality.
• Lethal genes can be recessive , dominant , conditional, semilethal /
sublethal, or synthetic, depending on the gene or genes involved.
• If the lethal effect is dominant and immediate in expression, all individuals
carrying the gene will die and the gene will be lost.
• Dominant lethal genes are expressed in both homozygotes and
heterozygotes. All individuals carrying the genes will die and the genes will
be lost in populations.
• Recessive lethal allele carried in the heterozygous condition has no effect
but they cause death when an organism carries two copies of the lethal
allele.
• Recessive lethal may come to expression when mating between carriers
occurs.

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