Scribd
Upload
24 views21 pages

Notes 03

Uploaded by

happinesslethabo0705
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views21 pages

Notes 03

Uploaded by

happinesslethabo0705
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Boxplot (or Box-and-Whisker Plot)

 Summarizes data into a “5-number” summary:


median, the first and the third quartiles (Q1 and
Q3), minimum, and maximum.

 Detects extreme observations (outliers).

 The centerline of the box marks the median.


Boxplot
 Step 1: Sort the data.
 Step 2: Compute median.
 Step 3: Compute quartiles Q1 and Q3.
 Step 4: Compute IQR and identify
whiskers.
 Step 5: Draw the boxplot.
Example
Data ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Data(X) 10 3 1 6 2 3 4 2 3 4
Sorted(X) 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 6 10

Step 1: Sort the data.


Step 2: Compute median: n=10 is even
Example
Data ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sorted(X) 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 6 10

Step 3: Compute quartiles Q1 and Q3.

Recall that the positions of the quartiles are determined by the


following formula (D’Agostino, p.37):

The quartiles are in the position = pos from the top (Q3) and
bottom (Q1) of the ordered data set, hence Q1=2 and Q2 = 4.
Example
Data ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sorted(X) 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 6 10

Step 4: Compute IQR and identify whiskers.

IQR = Q3- Q1 = 4-2 =2

Lower Bound = Q1 - 1.5*IQR = 2-1.5*2 = -1

Lower Whisker (LW) equals to minimum data observation value that


is greater than or equal to Lower Bound. LW = 1
Example
Data ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sorted(X) 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 6 10

Step 4: Compute IQR and identify whiskers.


IQR = Q3- Q1 = 4-2 =2

Upper Bound = Q3 + 1.5*IQR = 4+1.5*2 = 7


Upper Whisker (UW) equals to maximum data observation value
that is less than or equal to Upper Bound. UW = 6

Values greater than Upper Bound or less than Lower Bound are
considered to be outliers.
Example
Data ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sorted(X) 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 6 10

Step 5: Draw the boxplot.

Median = 3

Q1 = 2
Q3 = 4
Lower Whisker = 1
Upper Whisker = 6
Outlier = 10
Histogram
 Displays the distribution of a quantitative variable
by showing the frequencies (counts) the values
that fall in various classes.
 For continuous variables, the classes are typically
intervals of numbers that cover the full range of the
variable.
 Determines the shape of distribution and helps
to assess the symmetry, modality, center, and
spread.
Example
Data ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Data(X) 12 40 27 15 31 21 34 40 35 37 45
Sorted(X) 12 15 21 27 31 34 35 37 40 40 45

 Step 1: Sort the data.


Frequency
Class
Frequency  Step 2: Convert your data
into Frequency Table.
10 - 19 2
20 - 29 2  Step 3: Draw the histogram.
30 - 39 4
40 - 49 3
Example
Data ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Data(X) 12 40 27 15 31 21 34 40 35 37 45
Sorted(X) 12 15 21 27 31 34 35 37 40 40 45

Frequency
Frequency
Class
10 - 19 2
20 - 29 2
30 - 39 4
40 - 49 3
The Shapes of the Distribution
The Shapes of the Distribution
Unimodal vs. Bimodal
Symmetrical vs. Skewed
Symmetrical vs. Skewed
 The relationship between mean, median and
the shape of the distribution:
Symmetrical vs. Skewed
 In a symmetric distribution, the mean = the median.

 In a positively (right) skewed distributions (with longer


tails to the right), the mean ≥ the median.

 In a negatively (left) skewed distributions (with longer


tails to the left), the mean ≤ the median.
Empirical Rule for Normal Distribution
Empirical Rule states that for a normal (bell-shaped)
distribution, nearly all values lie within 3 standard
deviations of the mean.
Experiment: Random vs. Deterministic
 An experiment is defined as a process, by which
observations are made, or as a procedure that
generates specific type of outcome (data).

 In deterministic experiment, the same outcome is


observed each time the experiment is performed.

 In random experiment, one of several (random)


outcomes is observed each time the experiment is
observed.
Deterministic Experiment
 In deterministic experiment, the result is predictable
with certainty and is known prior to its conduct.
 Examples:
 An Experiment conducted to verify the Newton's Laws of
Motion.
 An Experiment conducted to verify the Economic Law of
Demand.
 (More Examples)________________________________
Random Experiment
 In random experiments, the result is unpredictable ,
unknown prior to its conduct, and can be one of
several choices.
 Examples:
 The Experiment of tossing a coin (head, tail)

 The Experiment of rolling a die (1,2,3,4,5,6)

 (More Examples) _______________________


Sample Space
 The enumeration of all possible outcomes of an
experiment is called the sample space, denoted S.
E.g.: S={head, tail}

 Collection of some outcomes is called an event and


usually denoted with capital letters (e.g., A, B, C).

 Individual events are called simple events.


E.g.:{head}, {tail}

You might also like