School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Department of Electrical Power and Control Engineering

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering (EPCE2101 )

Prepared by: Urgo Homa

November 2024, Adama
1
 CHAPTER FIVE
PolyPhase Circuit
 Course Learning Outcome
3

 Introduction to Polyphase circuits.

 Star-Star connections.
 Star-delta connections.
 Delta-Delta connections.
 Delta-Star connections
 Voltage, current and power in balanced system.
 Power in unbalanced system.

ASTU, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 10 December 2024

 Poly Phase AC Circuit
4

 An AC generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal voltage for each

rotation of the shaft (rotor) is referred to as a single-phase AC generator.
 If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a specified manner, the
result is a polyphase AC generator, which develops more than one AC
phase voltage per rotation of the rotor.
 The number of phase voltages that can be produced by a polyphase
generator is not limited to three.
 Any number of phases can be obtained by spacing the windings for each
phase at the proper angular position around the stator.

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 Cont’d…
5

 Three-phase circuits are those in which the forcing function is a

three-phase system of voltages.

 In this chapter, the three-phase system will be discussed in detail

since it is the most frequently used for power generation,
transmission and distribution.

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 Cont’d…
6

Can we connect three sources with

three loads as shown here

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 Cont’d…
7

Instead of three return path, we can have only one return path for all three sources

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 Cont’d…
8

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 Cont’d…
9

ASTU, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 10 December 2024

 Cont’d…
10

ASTU, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 10 December 2024

 Cont’d…
11

 Three-phase circuits are those in which the forcing function is a three-phase

system of voltages.
 In this chapter, the three-phase system will be discussed in detail since it is
the most frequently used for power generation, transmission and
distribution.
 In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-phase systems
for the transmission of power for many reasons, displayed on the next
slide.

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 Advantages of three phase system
12

 Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same
voltage,

 Which reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25% less)
and in turn reduces construction and maintenance costs.

 The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be
less massive and farther apart.

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 Cont’d…
13

 Three-phase equipment and motors have preferred running an starting

characteristics compared to single-phase systems.

 Because of a more even flow of power to the transducer than can be

delivered with a single-phase supply.

 In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are
essentially self-starting and do not require a special design.

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 Types of three phase circuits
14

 Three phase circuits can be classified as balanced and unbalanced systems.

 If the three sinusoidal voltages have the same magnitude and frequency and
each voltage is 120° out of phase with the other two, voltages are said to be
balanced.
 If the loads are such that the currents produced by the voltages are also
balanced, the entire circuit is referred to as a balanced three-phase circuit.
 A balanced set of three-phase voltages can be represented in the
frequency/phasor domain.

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 Types of three phase circuits
15

 Three-phase voltages are often produced with a three-phase AC

generator (or alternator) whose cross-sectional view is shown in Fig. (a)
below.

 The generator basically consists of a rotating magnet (called the rotor)

surrounded by a stationary winding (called the stator). Three separate
windings or coils with terminals a-a’, b-b’, and c-c’ are physically placed
120◦ apart around the stator.

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 Types of three phase circuits
16

 Terminals a and a’ , for example, stand for one of the ends of coils going
into and the other end coming out of the page.
 As the rotor rotates, its magnetic field “cuts” the flux from the three coils
and induces voltages in the coils.
 Because the coils are placed 120◦ apart, the induced voltages in the coils
are equal in magnitude but out of phase by 120◦ (Fig. below b).
 Since each coil can be regarded as a single-phase generator by itself, the
three-phase generator can supply power to both single-phase and three-
phase loads.

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 Types of three phase circuits
17

Figure (b) The generated voltages are 120◦

Figure (a) A three-phase generator apart from each other.

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 Types of three phase circuits
18

 Typical three-phase system consists of three voltage sources connected to

loads by three or four wires (or transmission lines).

The voltage sources can be either

a. Wye-connected as shown in Fig. (a) or

b. delta-connected as in Fig.(b).

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 Types of three phase circuits
19

 Let us consider the wye-connected voltages in Fig. (a) for now.

 The voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcn are respectively between lines a, b, c, and
the neutral line n. These voltages are called phase voltages.

 If the voltage sources have the same amplitude and frequency ω and are
out of phase with each other by 120◦, the voltages are said to be
balanced.

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 Types of three phase circuits
20

 This implies that: (1)

(2_ (2)

Three-phase voltage sources: (a) Y-connected source, (b) -connected source.

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 Types of three phase circuits
21

 This implies that:

Phase sequences: (a) abc or positive sequence, (b) acb or negative sequence

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 Types of three phase circuits
22

 Since the three-phase voltages are 120◦ out of phase with each other,
There are two possible combinations.

 One possibility is shown in Fig. (a) and expressed mathematically as

Where Vp is the effective or rms value. (3)

This is known as the abc sequence or positive
sequence.
In this phase sequence, Van leads Vbn, which
in turn leads Vcn.
This sequence is produced when the rotor in
rotates Clockwise.
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 Types of three phase circuits
23

 The other possibility is shown in Fig. (b) and is given by

 (4)

This is called the acb sequence or negative

sequence.
 For this phase sequence, Van leads Vcn, which
in turn leads Vbn.
The acb sequence is produced when the rotor in
Fig. rotates in the clockwise direction.

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 Types of three phase circuits
24

It is easy to show that the voltages in Eqs. (3) or (4) satisfy Eqs. (1) and (2).
 For example, from Eq. (3)

The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through their
respective maximum values

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 BALANCED LOAD
25

Two possible three phase load configurations:

(a) a Y-connected load,
(b) a  -connected load
A balanced load: is one in which the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase.
For a balanced wye-connected load,

Where ZY is the load impedance per phase.

For a balanced delta-connected load

Where Z is the load impedance per phase

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 BALANCED LOAD
26

(5)

we know that a wye-connected load can be transformed into a delta

connected load, or vice versa, using Eq. (5).
Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either
wye- or delta-connected, Y-Y connection (i.e., Y-connected
We have four possible connections: source with a Y-connected Load).
 Y- connection.
 -  connection.
 -Y connection. Reading Assignment

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 Example
27

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 Example
28

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 BALANCED WYE-WYE CONNECTION
29
A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced Y-connected source
and a balanced Y-connected load.
 Consider the balanced four-wire Y-Y system of Fig. (A) , where a Y-connected load is
connected to a Y-connected source.
 We assume a balanced load so that load impedances are equal.
Although the impedance ZY is the total load impedance per phase, it may also be
regarded as the sum of:
Since these impedances are in series.
Where,
The source impedance Zs,
 Line impedance Zl : is the impedance of the line joining a
phase of the source with a phase of the load and
Load impedance ZL for each phase.
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 BALANCED WYE-WYE CONNECTION
30

(a) A balanced Y-Y system, showing the source, line, and load
impedances. (b) Balanced Y-Y connection
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 BALANCED WYE-WYE CONNECTION
31

(d)

(c)

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 BALANCED WYE-WYE CONNECTION
32

Assuming the positive sequence, the phase voltages (or line-to neutral voltages) are

The line-to-line voltages or simply line voltages Vab, Vbc, and Vca are related to the
phase voltages.
 For example

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 BALANCED WYE-WYE CONNECTION
33

 Thus, the magnitude of the line voltages VL is √3 times the magnitude of the phase
voltages Vp, or

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 BALANCED WYE-WYE CONNECTION
34

Applying KVL to each phase in Fig. (c & d), we obtain the line currents as

 We can readily infer that the line currents add up to zero,

that is, the voltage across the neutral wire is zero.

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 Example-1
35

 Calculate the line currents in the three wire Y-Y system of figure below.
Solution
 We obtain Ia from the single phase analysis as

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 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
36

A balanced Y-∆ system consists of a balanced Y-connected source feeding

a balanced -connected load.
 The balanced Y-delta system is shown in Fig. below, where the source is
wye-connected and the load is -connected.
There is, of course, no neutral connection from source to load for this case.
Assuming the positive sequence, the phase voltages are again
The Line Voltages are:

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 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
37

 Showingthat the line voltages are equal to the voltages across the load
impedances for this system configuration.
From these voltages, we can obtain the phase currents as

(1)

These currents have the same magnitude but are out of phase with each
other by 120◦.
.

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 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
38

Balanced Y- Connection.

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 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
39

Another way to get these phase currents is to apply KVL. For example,
applying KVL around loop aABbn a gives:

which is the same as Eq. (1). This is the more general way of finding
the phase currents.

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 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
40

The line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying
KCL at nodes A,B, and C. Thus

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 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
41

showing that the magnitude IL of the line current is √3 times the magnitude
Ip of the phase current, or

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 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
42

 An alternative way of analyzing the Y- circuit is to transform the -

connected load to an equivalent Y-connected load. Using the -Y
transformation formula in Eq. below,

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 Example-2
43

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 Cont’d…
44

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 Cont’d…
45

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 Power in balanced three phase system
46
 Whether the load is connected in a wye or a delta, the real and reactive power per
phase is
𝑃1𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝𝐼𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑄1𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝𝐼𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
where 𝜃 is the angle between the phase voltage and the phase current
𝑉𝐿
 For a Y-connected system, 𝐼𝑃 =𝐼𝐿 , 𝑉𝑃 = and for delta connected system
3

𝑉𝑃 =𝑉𝐿 ,𝐼𝑃 =𝐼𝐿 / 3, therefore,

𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
𝑃1𝑝 = cos 𝜃
3
𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
𝑄1𝑝 = 3 sin 𝜃

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 Cont’d…
47
 The total real and reactive power for all three phases is

𝑃3𝑝 = P1+P2+P3, but P1=P2=P3

3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
𝑃3𝑝=3𝑃1𝑃 = cos 𝜃 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, and similarly Q3𝑝= 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
3

 The magnitude of the three phase complex power (apparent power) is

𝑆𝑇 = 𝑃3𝑃 2 + 𝑄3𝑃 2 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

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 Power in unbalanced system
48
 In unbalanced system, the power in one of the phases is different from, the power
in the other phases.

That is: Pa ≠Pb≠Pc and Qa≠Qb≠Qc

 Therefore, the total power of the system is

𝑃3𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎+𝑃𝑏+𝑃𝑐

𝑄3𝑃 = 𝑄𝑎+𝑄𝑏+𝑄𝑐,

Where Pa, Pb, Pc, Qa, Qb and Qc are calculated from their own phase values of
voltage, current and phase shift angle.

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 CHAPTER SIX
Electromagnetism
 Course Learning Outcomes
50

 Electromagnetism.

 Magnetically Coupled Circuits.

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 Introduction
51

 Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which involves the study of the

electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs
between electrically charged particles.
 The electromagnetic force usually shows electromagnetic fields, such as
electric fields, magnetic fields, and light.
 Generators, motors, transformers, circuit breakers, televisions, computers,
tape recorders, and telephones all employ magnetic effects to perform
a variety of important tasks.
 Magnetism is the characteristic of a material to attract other materials.

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 Cont’d…
52

 The material which attracts other materials is called magnet.

 The material which is attracted by the magnet is magnetic material

 Magnet is classified into two: natural magnet(permanent magnet) and an

electromagnet.
 The permanent magnet is made of a material, such as steel or iron, that will remain
magnetized for long periods of time without the need for an external source of energy.
 An electromagnet is a piece of wire intended to generate a magnetic field with the
passage of electric current through it.

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 Cont’d…
53

 Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are
strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or
ferrimagnetic).

 These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and
some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone.

 They are naturally occurring magnets, which can attract iron.

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54

Magnetically coupled circuits

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 SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
55

 When two loops with or without contacts between them affect each other through the
magnetic field generated by one of them, it called magnetically coupled.
 Example: transformer
 An electrical device designed on the basis of the concept of magnetic coupling.
 Used magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

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 a) Self Inductance
56

 It called self inductance because it relates the voltage induced in a coil

by a time varying current in the same coil.
 Consider a single inductor with N number of turns when current, i flows
through the coil, a magnetic flux, Φ is produces around it.

+
Φ
i(t) V

Fig. 1
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 According to Faraday’s Law, the voltage, v induced in the coil is
proportional to N number of turns and rate of change of the magnetic
flux, Φ;
d
vN .......(1)
dt
 But a change in the flux Φ is caused by a change in current, i.
Hence;
d d di
 .......(2)
dt di dt
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Thus, (2) into (1) yields;

d di
v  N .......(3)
di dt
or
di
v  L .......(4)
dt

From equation (3) and (4) the self inductance L is define as;

d
L N H ........(5)
The unit is in Henrys (H)
di
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 b) Mutual Inductance
59

 When two inductors or coils are in close proximity to each other,

magnetic flux caused by current in one coil links with the other coil,
therefore producing the induced voltage.

 Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage

across a neighboring inductor.

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60
Consider the following two cases:
Case 1:
two coil with self – inductance L1 and L2 which are in close proximity which
each other (Fig. 2). Coil 1 has N1 turns, while coil 2 has N2 turns.

Φ12
+ L1 L2 +
i1(t) V1 V2
Φ11
_ _
N1 turns N2 turns

Fig. 2
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 Magnetic flux Φ1 from coil 1 has two components;
* Φ11 links only coil 1.
* Φ12 links both coils.

Hence; Φ1 = Φ11 + Φ12 ……. (6)

Thus;
Voltage induces in coil 1
d11 di1 di1
v1  N1  L1 .......(7)
di1 dt dt
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Voltage induces in coil 2
d12 di1 di1
v2  N 2  M 21 .......(8)
di1 dt dt

Subscript 21 in M21 means the

mutual inductance on coil 2 due to
coil 1

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63
Case 2:
Same circuit but let current i2 flow in coil 2.
Φ21
+ L1 L2 +

V1 V2 i2(t)
Fig. 3
_ Φ22 _
N1 turns N2 turns

 The magnetic flux Φ2 from coil 2 has two components:

* Φ22 links only coil 2.
* Φ21 links both coils.

Hence; Φ2 = Φ21 + Φ22 ……. (9)

ASTU, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 10 December 2024
Thus;
Voltage induced in coil 2
d22 di2 di2
v2  N 2  L2 .......(10)
di2 dt dt
Voltage induced in coil 1

d21 di2 di2

v1  N1  M 12 .......(11)
di2 dt dt

Subscript 12 in M12 means the

Mutual Inductance on coil 1 due
to coil 2
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 Since the two circuits and two current are the same:

M 21  M12  M
 Mutual inductance M is measured in Henrys (H)

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 COUPLING COEFFICIENT (k)
66

 It is measure of the magnetic coupling between two coils.

 Range of k : 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
• k = 0 means the two coils are NOT COUPLED.
• k = 1 means the two coils are PERFECTLY COUPLED.
• k < 0.5 means the two coils are LOOSELY COUPLED.
• k > 0.5 means the two coils are TIGHTLY COUPLED.

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 k depends on the closeness of two coils, their core, their orientation and their
winding.
 The coefficient of coupling, k is given by;

M or
k  M k L1 L2
L1 L2
Read about the Dot Convention

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10 December 2024 67
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 Example
Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit below.

-j4Ω j3Ω

120 V + I1 I2 12Ω
 j5Ω j6Ω

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10 December 2024 68
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 Solution
69

For coil 1, KVL gives

-12 + (-j4+j5)I1 – j3I2 = 0
Or
jI1 – j3I2 = 12 1

For coil 2, KVL gives

-j3I1 + (12 + j6)I2 = 0
Or
2
I1 = (12 + j6)I2 = (2 – j4)I2
j3

ASTU, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 10 December 2024

Substituting 2 into 1 :
(j2 + 4 – j3)I2 = (4 – j)I2 = 12
or
12
I2   2.91 14.04 A 3
4- j

3
From eqn. 2 and ,
I1  (2 - j4)I 2  (4.472  - 63.43 ) (2.9114.04 )
 13.01  - 49.39 A
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 Application of Electromagnetism
71

 Generators, motors, and transformers.

 Electric buzzers and bells.
 Headphones and loudspeakers.
 Relays and valves.
 Data storage devices like VCRs, tape recorders, hard discs, etc.
 Induction cooker.
 Magnetic locks.
 vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, washing machines, tumble driers, food blenders,
fan ovens, microwaves, dish-washers, hair driers.
 Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) machines in medicine.

ASTU, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 10 December 2024

 Read More
72

THANK YOU!!!

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 Read More
73

THANK YOU!!!

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