F.Y.B.Sc, Sem-I, Calculus-I: Unit IV: Indeterminate Forms
Uploaded by
rohan gaikwadF.Y.B.Sc, Sem-I, Calculus-I: Unit IV: Indeterminate Forms
Uploaded by
rohan gaikwadF.Y.B.
Sc, Sem-I, Calculus-I
Unit IV: Indeterminate Forms
• Indeterminate Form:
Definition: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two real valued functions of 𝑥 such that 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = 0
𝑓(𝑥) 0
and 𝑔(𝑐 ) = 0 then the ration is said to assume the indeterminate form at
𝑔(𝑥) 0
𝑥=𝑐
0 ∞
Other Indeterminate forms: , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , ∞0 , 1∞
0 ∞
0 ∞
NOTE: The other indeterminate cases are usually reduced to the form or by
0 ∞
taking logarithms, exponentials or algebraic manipulations.
𝟎
The Indeterminate form
𝟎
L’Hospital Rule:
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two real valued functions of 𝑥 such that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and
𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 and 𝑓′(𝑐) and 𝑔′ (𝑐 ) exists where 𝑔′ (𝑐 ) ≠ 0 then
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 )
lim = lim ′ = ′
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑐 )
Generalised L’Hospital Rule:
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two real valued functions of 𝑥 such that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓′(𝑥) =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
(𝑛−1)
lim 𝑓′′(𝑥) = ⋯ = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔′(𝑥) = lim 𝑔′′(𝑥) = ⋯ =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
(𝑛−1) (𝑛) (𝑛) ( (𝑛) (
lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = 0 and 𝑓 (𝑐) and 𝑔 𝑐 ) exists where 𝑔 𝑐 ) ≠ 0 then
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑛−1) (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑐 )
lim = lim ′ = ⋯ = lim (𝑛−1) =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑛) (𝑐 )
∞
NOTE: The L’Hospital Rule is also applicable for forms i.e
∞
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two real valued functions of 𝑥 such that
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓′(𝑥) = lim 𝑓′′(𝑥) = ⋯ = lim 𝑓 (𝑛−1) (𝑥) = ∞ and lim 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
(𝑛−1) (𝑛) (𝑛) (
lim 𝑔′(𝑥) = lim 𝑔′′(𝑥) = ⋯ = lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = ∞ and 𝑓 (𝑐) and 𝑔 𝑐 ) exists
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
where 𝑔(𝑛) (𝑐 ) ≠ 0 then
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑛−1) (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑐 )
lim = lim ′ = ⋯ = lim (𝑛−1) =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑛) (𝑐 )
Warning: The hypothesis 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = 𝑔(𝑐 ) = 0(𝑜𝑟 = ∞) is essential here.
Some Limits:
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 0
i. lim = lim = cos 0 = 1 … form
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 0
1
sin−1 𝑥 √1−𝑥2 1 1 0
ii. lim = lim = lim √1−𝑥 2 = =1 … form
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 √1−0 0
1
tan 𝑥 2𝑥 1 1 1 0
iii. lim = lim cos = lim = = =1 … form
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 cos2 𝑥 cos2 0 1 0
𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −0 0
iv. lim = lim = 𝑒0 = 1 … form
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 0
𝑎𝑥 −1 𝑎𝑥 log 𝑎−0 0
v. lim = lim = 𝑎0 log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 … form
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 0
Continuous Function:
Definition: Let 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ, Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → ℝ, and let 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴, we say that 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑐
if, given 𝜖 > 0 there exists 𝛿 > 0 such that if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, |𝑥 − 𝑐 | < 𝛿, then
|𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑐 )| < 𝜖
OR
If, 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
NOTE: If 𝑐 is cluster point of 𝐴, then three condition must hold for 𝑓 to be
continuous at 𝑐
i. 𝑓 must be defined at 𝑐.
ii. The limit of 𝑓 at 𝑐 must exists in ℝ, and
iii. These two values must be equal.
• If 𝑓 fails to be continuous at 𝑐, then we say that 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑐.
Removable discontinuity: A function 𝑓 is said to have removable discontinuity at
𝑐 if lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑐) and the discontinuity can be removed by giving the value to
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑐) as lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐
Irremovable discontinuity: A function 𝑓 is said to have an irremovable
discontinuity at 𝑐 if lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists.
𝑥→𝑐
