APPLY WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY PRACTICES

1.PERFORM MASONRY TASKS

(i) Masonry workshop safety requirements
Safety in a masonry workshop is critical to prevent accidents and injuries. Below are the
essential safety requirements for a masonry workshop:
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
• Hard Hats: Protects against falling objects and head injuries.
• Safety Glasses or Goggles: Shields the eyes from dust, flying debris, or chemical
splashes.
• Hearing Protection: Use earplugs or earmuffs to reduce noise from power tools.
• Work Gloves: Protect hands from cuts, abrasions, and exposure to cement or
chemicals.
• Steel-Toe Boots: Prevent foot injuries from falling objects and heavy materials.
• Dust Masks or Respirators: Protect the respiratory system from inhaling harmful
dust particles, particularly silica dust.
2. Proper Ventilation:
• Ensure that the workshop is well-ventilated to reduce exposure to harmful dust,
fumes, and chemicals. If the workshop is enclosed, consider installing fans or exhaust
systems.
3. Safe Handling of Tools and Equipment:
• Power Tools: Inspect tools regularly for damage and ensure they are grounded
properly. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for safe operation.
• Hand Tools: Ensure hand tools are well-maintained and free from defects.
• Lifting Equipment: Use cranes, hoists, or other mechanical lifting aids for heavy
masonry units. Always follow proper lifting techniques.
4. Work Area Organization:
• Keep the work area clean and free from clutter to reduce the risk of trips and falls.
Make sure materials and tools are stored properly.
• Use signage to mark hazardous areas and safe zones.
• First Aid Kit: Ensure that a well-stocked first aid kit is readily available.
5. Scaffold and Ladder Safety:
• Follow OSHA guidelines for scaffold construction and use. Ensure that scaffolds are
properly erected, stable, and inspected regularly.
• Use ladders that are in good condition, positioned securely, and at the proper angle.
6. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS):
• Have accessible MSDS for all chemicals and materials used in the workshop,
including cement, lime, and solvents. Workers should be trained on how to handle and
store these materials safely.
7. Fire Safety:
• Keep fire extinguishers in easily accessible locations.
• Ensure proper storage of flammable materials away from heat sources.
• Train workers on fire response procedures and conduct regular drills.
8. Safe Material Handling:
• Use proper lifting techniques when handling bricks, blocks, or stones to avoid strain
injuries.
• Store heavy materials at waist height to minimize bending and lifting.
9. Electrical Safety:
• Ensure electrical systems and tools are properly grounded and regularly inspected.
• Use Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) when working with power tools,
especially in wet environments.
10. Ergonomics and Body Mechanics:
• Train workers on proper posture and body mechanics to reduce the risk of
musculoskeletal injuries.
• Rotate tasks to prevent repetitive strain injuries.
 (ii) Masonry hand tools
Below are the common masonry hand tools, their uses, and best practices for handling:
1. Trowel
• Types:
o Brick Trowel: Used for applying and spreading mortar between bricks.
Comes in various sizes and shapes.
o Pointing Trowel: Smaller and used for fine detail work, especially in tight
spaces or when filling small gaps.
• Use: Trowels are essential for spreading, shaping, and smoothing mortar. They allow
precise application to ensure strong joints between bricks or stones.
• Handling Tips: Keep trowel edges clean and smooth for precise application. Choose
a trowel size that feels comfortable in your hand for better control.
2. Hammer and Mason's Hammer
• Types:
o Brick Hammer: Has a square flat head on one side for striking and a chisel
on the other for splitting or trimming bricks.
o Club Hammer: Heavier hammer used to strike chisels or to break larger
stones.
• Use: Used to cut or break bricks, stones, and other masonry materials. The chisel end
of the hammer can create clean edges on bricks or blocks.
• Handling Tips: Wear safety glasses when using the hammer to protect against flying
debris. Use proper striking technique to avoid hand fatigue or injury.
3. Chisel
• Types:
o Brick Set Chisel: For cutting bricks cleanly.
o Masonry Chisel: For fine shaping of bricks, stones, or mortar joints.
• Use: Used in combination with a hammer to cut, shape, or smooth bricks and stones.
• Handling Tips: Ensure that the chisel is sharp and in good condition. Always strike
the chisel head with the hammer at the proper angle for accurate cuts.
4. Spirit Level
• Use: Ensures that masonry work is level and plumb (vertically straight). Essential for
laying bricks evenly and ensuring walls are straight.
• Handling Tips: Always check that the bubble in the level is accurate. Regularly clean
the spirit level to prevent debris from affecting accuracy.
5. Square and Measuring Tape
• Square: Helps measure and mark right angles (90-degree angles) for corners or edges
of masonry work.
• Measuring Tape: Used to measure distances and ensure precision in brick or block
placement.
• Handling Tips: Keep the measuring tape and square clean and in good working
condition to avoid inaccurate measurements.
6. Jointer (Brick Jointer)
• Use: Used to smooth and shape the mortar joints between bricks or stones, enhancing
the appearance of the finished wall. It comes in different shapes to create concave, V-
shaped, or other joint profiles.
• Handling Tips: Match the jointer profile to the type of joint you want. Clean the
jointer regularly to prevent mortar buildup.
7. Line and Pins
• Use: The mason's line is stretched between two points (pins) to keep the course of
bricks level. It's essential for maintaining alignment in both straight and curved brick
walls.
• Handling Tips: Ensure the line is taut for accurate leveling. Regularly check the line
to ensure it hasn’t sagged or moved during the work.
8. Plumb Bob
• Use: A plumb bob is a pointed weight suspended from a string, used to ensure vertical
accuracy (plumb) in masonry structures.
• Handling Tips: Keep the string taut and ensure the plumb bob hangs freely to get an
accurate vertical reading.
9. Bucket and Mixing Tools
• Bucket: Used to carry mortar, water, or tools.
• Mixing Hoe/Shovel: A hoe or shovel is used to mix mortar manually.
• Handling Tips: Keep the bucket and mixing tools clean after each use to prevent
dried mortar buildup, which can interfere with future mixes.
10. Brush
• Types:
o Wire Brush: Used to clean the surface of bricks and stones or to remove
excess mortar.
• Handling Tips: Use gently to avoid damaging the brick face but firm enough to
remove mortar or debris.
11. Cold Chisel
• Use: Used for cutting or shaping stone, concrete, and brick, particularly for hard or
tough materials.
• Handling Tips: Keep the chisel sharp, and always use it with the appropriate hammer
(such as a club hammer).
12. Mason’s Line Blocks
• Use: These small devices attach the mason’s line to bricks or blocks to help maintain
straight lines during masonry work.
• Handling Tips: Adjust the blocks frequently to ensure accuracy as the wall rises.

(iii) Masonry machine tools

Here are detailed notes on common masonry machine tools, their uses, and best practices:
1. Masonry Saw
• Types:
o Table Saw: Stationary saw with a diamond blade used to cut bricks, blocks,
tiles, and stone.
o Handheld Saw (Cut-Off Saw): Portable saw used for cutting masonry
materials on-site.
o Wet Saw: Uses water to reduce dust and cool the blade during cutting,
extending the blade’s life.
• Use: Cuts masonry units like bricks, stone, and concrete blocks to desired shapes and
sizes.
• Handling Tips: Always wear protective gear (safety glasses, ear protection, gloves,
and a dust mask). Keep hands away from the blade, and ensure the blade is sharp and
in good condition for clean cuts.
2. Angle Grinder
• Use: A handheld tool with a rotating disc used to cut, grind, and polish masonry
surfaces. It is also used to remove old mortar from between bricks in repointing work.
• Handling Tips: Wear proper PPE, especially eye and face protection, to avoid injury
from flying debris. Use the correct disc type (cutting or grinding) for the specific
material. Always hold the grinder with both hands for stability.
3. Concrete Mixer
• Types:
o Portable Drum Mixer: Commonly used on construction sites to mix small
batches of concrete.
 o Stationary Mixer: For large-scale masonry work, mixing large volumes of
concrete or mortar.
• Use: Mixes cement, sand, aggregate, and water to create mortar or concrete.
• Handling Tips: Clean the mixer thoroughly after each use to prevent concrete from
hardening inside the drum. Follow the correct mixing ratios to ensure strong and
workable mortar or concrete.
4. Mortar Mixer
• Use: Specialized mixer designed to blend mortar for masonry work. Unlike concrete
mixers, these are optimized for creating smooth, workable mortar mixes.
• Handling Tips: Ensure all components are properly locked before operation. Add
water slowly to prevent the mix from becoming too runny, and clean the mixer after
use to prevent mortar buildup.
5. Jackhammer (Demolition Hammer)
• Types:
o Electric Jackhammer: Powered by electricity, more convenient for smaller
demolition jobs.
o Pneumatic Jackhammer: Powered by compressed air, typically used for
heavy-duty demolition.
• Use: Breaks up concrete, masonry, and other tough materials during demolition or
excavation work.
• Handling Tips: Wear ear protection, a dust mask, gloves, and safety goggles. Use
proper body posture to avoid fatigue or injury from vibrations.
6. Brick and Block Splitter
• Use: A manually operated machine for cutting bricks or blocks into smaller pieces. It
provides a clean and controlled break without dust or debris compared to saws.
• Handling Tips: Ensure the block is placed correctly and aligned with the blade before
applying pressure. Regularly check the blade for wear and replace if necessary for
clean cuts.
7. Core Drill
• Use: A powerful drill designed to bore large holes in masonry, brick, concrete, or
stone. It uses diamond-tipped drill bits to cut through tough materials.
• Handling Tips: Ensure the drill is securely anchored or held steady while drilling.
Use water cooling if necessary to prevent overheating of the drill bit. Always check
for hidden cables or pipes before drilling.
8. Power Trowel
 • Use: A machine used to smooth and finish concrete surfaces, providing a polished and
level finish.
• Handling Tips: Operate the trowel only after the concrete has partially set to avoid
overworking the surface. Move the machine in a circular motion to achieve a smooth
finish.
9. Plate Compactor
• Use: Used to compact soil, gravel, sand, or pavers in preparation for laying masonry
units. It ensures a firm, level foundation for masonry structures.
• Handling Tips: Ensure the surface is clear of large stones or debris before
compacting. Always keep a firm grip on the machine while operating it to maintain
control.
10. Masonry Drill (Rotary Hammer Drill)
• Use: A heavy-duty drill designed to bore holes into concrete, brick, stone, and other
hard masonry materials. It combines rotary motion with hammering action for
efficient drilling.
• Handling Tips: Use the appropriate masonry drill bit for the material. Maintain a
steady pressure when drilling, and avoid forcing the drill, as this can damage the bit or
the material.
11. Screed Machine
• Use: Levels and smooths wet concrete surfaces, often used in larger masonry projects
like flooring or slabs.
• Handling Tips: Operate the machine on freshly poured concrete while it is still
workable. Regularly clean the screed bars to prevent excess concrete buildup.
12. Dust Extraction System
• Use: Designed to reduce the amount of dust generated during cutting, grinding, or
drilling masonry materials. This is crucial for controlling silica dust, which is harmful
if inhaled.
• Handling Tips: Ensure that the dust extraction system is connected to the appropriate
tools (e.g., saws or grinders). Regularly empty and clean the dust container to
maintain effectiveness.
13. Hydraulic Splitter
• Use: Uses hydraulic force to break large stones or concrete blocks with minimal noise
and dust. It is especially useful in demolition or quarrying work.
• Handling Tips: Position the splitter precisely where the split is needed. Follow safety
protocols when operating the hydraulic system to avoid accidental discharge of
pressure.
14. Wall Chaser
• Use: A tool with two parallel diamond blades used to cut narrow channels in walls to
install electrical cables or pipes in masonry structures.
• Handling Tips: Always use dust extraction when operating a wall chaser, and ensure
both blades are in good condition. Work slowly to maintain precision and avoid
damaging surrounding materials.
15. Rebar Cutter and Bender
• Use: This tool cuts and bends reinforcing bars (rebar) used in masonry construction,
such as for concrete structures.
• Handling Tips: Keep the blades sharp and ensure the tool is well-maintained to avoid
rough cuts. Wear gloves to prevent hand injuries from sharp rebar edges.
General Safety Tips for Masonry Machine Tools:
• Wear PPE: Always wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves,
eye protection, dust masks, and earplugs.
• Inspect Equipment: Regularly check machines for defects, wear, or malfunction
before use.
• Proper Training: Ensure all operators are adequately trained to use the machinery
safely and understand its limitations.
• Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions: Read and follow the safety guidelines
provided by the machine’s manufacturer.
• Electrical Safety: Use Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) when operating
electrically powered tools, especially in wet conditions.
(iv) Maintenance of masonry tools
Proper maintenance of masonry tools ensures their longevity, efficiency, and safety. Below
are detailed notes on how to maintain various masonry hand and machine tools:
1. General Maintenance Tips for All Tools
• Clean Tools After Every Use: This prevents material buildup such as mortar, dust, or
concrete, which can reduce the tool’s effectiveness.
• Inspect Tools Regularly: Check for any damage, wear, or malfunction. Replace or
repair damaged tools promptly to avoid injury or poor performance.
• Store Tools Properly: Keep tools in a dry, secure place to prevent rust and
deterioration. Organize them to avoid damage.
• Lubricate Moving Parts: For tools with mechanical components, regular lubrication
helps ensure smooth operation and reduces wear and tear.
2. Hand Tools Maintenance
a. Trowels
• Cleaning: Wipe off excess mortar or cement after use, then clean with water and a
wire brush if necessary. Dry thoroughly to avoid rust.
• Sharpening: If the edge becomes dull or nicked, lightly sharpen with a file or stone to
maintain a clean, precise edge.
• Storage: Store in a dry location to prevent rust. If possible, hang on a tool rack to
avoid bending or damage.
b. Mason’s Hammer
• Cleaning: Remove any debris or dust after use. Avoid letting concrete or mortar
harden on the hammer head.
• Sharpening the Chisel End: Regularly sharpen the chisel end if it becomes dull from
striking brick or stone.
• Handle Care: Check wooden handles for cracks or splinters. Apply linseed oil to
wooden handles periodically to keep them in good condition. Replace damaged
handles if necessary.
c. Chisels
• Cleaning: After each use, clean chisels with water and remove mortar or stone
particles.
• Sharpening: Sharpen the cutting edge of chisels regularly using a grinder or
sharpening stone. Avoid over-sharpening, which can weaken the metal.
• Storage: Keep in a dry, organized space to prevent rust and avoid dropping or
bending.
d. Spirit Levels
• Cleaning: Wipe clean after use to remove dust or mortar. Avoid submerging in water,
which can damage the liquid inside the level.
• Check Accuracy: Periodically check the accuracy of the bubble to ensure it provides
correct readings. Replace if it’s no longer accurate.
• Storage: Store in a flat position to avoid distorting the frame and affecting accuracy.
e. Jointers
• Cleaning: Remove any excess mortar after each use. A wire brush can be used to
clean hardened material.
• Storage: Store in a dry area to prevent rust and distortion.
f. Mason's Line and Pins
 • Cleaning: Wipe down the line and pins to remove mortar or dust. Ensure the line
remains dry to avoid fraying or rotting.
• Storage: Wind the line properly around the pins to avoid tangling. Store in a dry
place.
3. Machine Tools Maintenance
a. Masonry Saw
• Cleaning: Clean the blade after each use, removing debris, dust, and slurry
(especially for wet saws). Ensure the water reservoir is clean if using a wet saw.
• Blade Maintenance: Regularly inspect the diamond blade for wear and replace it
when necessary. Do not use a dull or damaged blade, as it can lead to poor cuts and
potential safety hazards.
• Lubrication: Keep moving parts well-lubricated. Follow the manufacturer’s
recommendations for lubrication intervals.
• Storage: Store the saw in a dry, covered location. Ensure the blade guard is
functioning properly before each use.
b. Angle Grinder
• Cleaning: Blow out any dust from the vents and clean the disc after use. Dust buildup
can cause overheating.
• Disc Replacement: Replace worn or damaged cutting/grinding discs immediately.
Never use a cracked or chipped disc.
• Lubrication: Some grinders require internal lubrication. Check the manufacturer’s
guidelines for oiling internal components.
• Storage: Keep the angle grinder in a dry, clean location. Ensure the power cord is
coiled properly to avoid damage.

c. Concrete and Mortar Mixers

• Cleaning: Clean the drum after each use to prevent concrete or mortar from
hardening inside. Use water and a stiff brush, and turn the drum while cleaning for
better results.
• Greasing: Regularly grease the moving parts, especially the bearings, to ensure
smooth operation.
• Check Belt and Gears: Inspect belts for wear and replace them if necessary. Check
that gears are well-lubricated and aligned.
• Storage: Store under a cover or in a shed to protect it from the elements. Ensure all
parts are dry before storage to avoid rust.
d. Jackhammer
 • Cleaning: Wipe down the tool after use, especially the bit. Remove any concrete,
dust, or dirt from the bit.
• Bit Sharpening: Keep the bits sharp for effective performance. Replace or resharpen
dull or damaged bits.
• Lubrication: Lubricate the air inlet (for pneumatic models) and check that all moving
parts are well-lubricated.
• Storage: Store in a dry area, away from dust and debris. Ensure the power cord (for
electric models) or air hose (for pneumatic models) is in good condition.
e. Brick and Block Splitter
• Cleaning: Clean off any debris after use.
• Blade Care: Check the cutting blade regularly and sharpen or replace it as needed.
• Lubrication: Lubricate any moving parts, particularly the lever mechanism.
• Storage: Store in a dry, safe place to prevent rust and damage to the blades.
f. Core Drill
• Cleaning: Wipe down the machine after use and remove any dust from the drill bit.
• Bit Maintenance: Inspect the diamond-tipped bits regularly for wear. Replace worn
bits to avoid inefficient drilling.
• Lubrication: Keep the machine lubricated as per the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Ensure the water feed (for wet drilling) is functioning properly to
cool the bit.
• Storage: Store in a dry, cool area to prevent damage to the drill and its components.
g. Plate Compactor
• Cleaning: Remove dirt and dust after use. Pay attention to the engine and plate,
cleaning off any compacted soil or material.
• Oil and Fuel Check: Regularly check and change the engine oil. Keep the fuel tank
clean and free from contaminants.
• Inspect Components: Check the belts, engine, and vibration mechanism for wear or
damage, and replace parts as necessary.
• Storage: Store in a dry, covered area. Drain fuel if storing for an extended period.
h. Rebar Cutter and Bender
• Cleaning: Wipe off any dust or metal shavings after use.
• Blade Sharpening: Keep the blades sharp for clean cuts. Replace the blade if it
becomes dull or chipped.
• Lubrication: Lubricate the moving parts, especially the cutting and bending
mechanisms.
 • Storage: Store in a dry place to avoid rust.
4. Power Tool Cords and Hoses
• Inspection: Regularly inspect electrical cords and air hoses for cuts, fraying, or other
damage. Replace any damaged cords or hoses immediately.
• Storage: Coil cords and hoses neatly after use to prevent kinks or tears. Avoid putting
heavy objects on them to prevent damage.
 2. PERFORM PLUMBING TASKS
(i) Plumbing Workshop Safety Requirements
Working in a plumbing workshop involves the use of various tools, materials, and equipment,
which can pose safety hazards if not handled properly. To ensure a safe working environment,
both general and specific safety precautions must be followed.

General Safety Precautions

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
o Wear appropriate PPE such as:
▪ Safety gloves (for handling pipes, sharp edges, and hot surfaces).
▪ Safety goggles (to protect eyes from flying debris or chemicals).
▪ Ear protection (for loud equipment).
▪ Steel-toed boots (to prevent foot injuries).
▪ Long-sleeved clothing or overalls (to prevent skin injuries).
o Use a mask or respirator when dealing with dust, fumes, or hazardous
chemicals like adhesives, sealants, or pipe-cleaning chemicals.
2. Proper Tool Handling
o Inspect tools before use for any damage (wrenches, pipe cutters, etc.).
o Use tools correctly for their intended purpose to avoid accidents or tool
damage.
o Keep tools sharp and well-maintained, especially cutting tools like pipe
cutters and saws.
o Store tools safely when not in use, ensuring they are organized to prevent
accidental injury.
3. Electrical Safety
o Ensure that all electrical equipment (such as power drills and pipe threaders)
are properly grounded and in good working condition.
o Never use damaged electrical cords or equipment.
o Avoid working with electrical equipment in wet conditions unless using
specifically insulated tools.
4. Proper Lifting Techniques
o Lift heavy pipes or materials correctly: bend your knees and keep your back
straight when lifting to avoid injury.
 o Use trolleys or mechanical lifting equipment when moving heavy items like
boilers, water heaters, or bundles of pipes.
5. Fire Safety
o Be aware of flammable materials such as solvents, adhesives, and gas
cylinders (propane, acetylene).
o Keep fire extinguishers nearby and ensure they are regularly checked.
o When using a torch for soldering or brazing, keep flammable materials away
and wear heat-resistant gloves.
o Follow proper procedures for storing and using gas cylinders safely.

(ii) Workshop-Specific Safety Precautions

1. Handling Pipes and Fittings
o Deburr pipes properly after cutting to avoid sharp edges that could cause
injury.
o Secure pipes during cutting to prevent them from moving unexpectedly.
o When working with PVC pipes and adhesives, ensure proper ventilation to
avoid inhaling toxic fumes.
2. Working with Hot Water Systems
o Ensure the water system is turned off and pressure is released before
starting work on any hot water pipes or heaters.
o Handle hot pipes and fittings with heat-resistant gloves.
o Check for hot surfaces when working around boilers or hot water tanks to
avoid burns.
3. Use of Chemicals
o Follow proper safety procedures when using pipe solvents, sealants, and
cleaning chemicals.
o Store chemicals properly in well-ventilated areas away from heat sources.
o Wear chemical-resistant gloves and masks when working with potentially
hazardous substances.
4. Confined Spaces
o If working in confined spaces (like trenches, basements, or small utility
areas), ensure proper ventilation.
o Use gas detectors when entering spaces where gas leaks are possible.
 o Follow confined space entry protocols, including having an observer and
using safety harnesses if necessary.
5. Water Supply and Drainage Safety
o Turn off water supplies before cutting or modifying pipes to avoid flooding
or water damage.
o Use proper drainage equipment to prevent contamination and spills during
repair or installation work.
o Watch for cross-connections that could cause backflow or contamination of
potable water.

(iii) Emergency Procedures

1. First Aid
o Ensure that a first aid kit is readily available in the workshop.
o Know how to administer basic first aid, especially for cuts, burns, and
chemical exposure.
o Report all injuries immediately and seek medical attention when necessary.
2. Accident Reporting
o All accidents, near misses, or safety hazards should be reported to the
supervisor.
o Keep a log of incidents to prevent future occurrences.
3. Evacuation Plans
o Be familiar with the workshop's evacuation plan in case of fire or other
emergencies.
o Practice emergency drills regularly to ensure preparedness.

(iv) Housekeeping and Maintenance

1. Keep Work Area Clean
o Maintain a clutter-free workspace to prevent tripping hazards.
o Clean up spills immediately, especially water or chemicals, to avoid slips
and falls.
o Organize tools and materials after use, keeping walkways and workspaces
clear.
2. Regular Equipment Maintenance
 o Conduct regular maintenance of all plumbing equipment (pipe threaders,
cutters, etc.) to ensure they are functioning properly.
o Calibrate measuring tools (levels, tape measures) to ensure accuracy during
installations.
3. Storage of Materials
o Store pipes and materials properly: ensure that pipes are stacked safely and
fittings are organized in bins or shelves.
o Gas cylinders should be stored upright and in a well-ventilated area away
from heat sources.

PLUMBING MACHINE TOOLS

Plumbing involves the use of several machine tools that help in pipe cutting, threading,
bending, joining, and more. These tools allow plumbers to perform precise, efficient, and safe
installations and repairs.

1. Pipe Threading Machine

Appropriate Use:
• Create accurate, consistent threads on pipes for secure connections with fittings.
• Use the correct die size for the pipe being threaded.
Task: Threading metal pipes (steel, galvanized) for water, gas, or HVAC systems.
Important Tips:
• Ensure the pipe is clamped securely.
• Apply adequate lubrication during the threading process to prevent overheating or
damage to the dies.

Purpose: Used to create threads on the ends of pipes for joining them with fittings.
Components: Includes a chuck to hold the pipe, dies to cut the threads, and an oil reservoir
for lubrication.
Types: Manual, semi-automatic, and fully automatic.
Safety Tips:
o Always wear gloves and eye protection when operating.
o Ensure the pipe is securely clamped in the chuck before starting.
 o Use thread-cutting oil to prevent damage to the dies and improve the quality of
the threads.

2. Pipe Cutting Machine

Appropriate Use:
• Ensure clean, straight cuts on pipes for accurate installations and proper connections.
• Use for cutting steel, copper, PVC, or cast iron pipes.
Task: Cutting pipes to size for installation or repair.
Important Tips:
• Always measure and mark the pipe before cutting.
• Ensure the pipe is held securely in place to prevent movement and ensure a straight
cut.
• Use the appropriate blade or cutting tool for the pipe material.
Purpose: Used for cutting pipes to the required length. Provides a clean, square cut on pipes
made of different materials such as steel, copper, and plastic.
Types:
o Manual pipe cutters: For smaller pipes (operated by hand).
o Electric pipe cutting machines: For larger or more frequent cutting.
Safety Tips:
o Ensure the blade is sharp and in good condition.
o Wear safety goggles to protect eyes from metal or plastic shavings.
o Properly secure the pipe to prevent movement during cutting.

4. Pipe Bending Machine

Appropriate Use:
• Create smooth bends in pipes without kinking or compromising the internal flow area.
• Use when installing pipes that need to navigate around obstacles or fit into specific
layouts.
Task: Bending copper, PVC, or steel pipes to the required angle.
Important Tips:
• Select the correct size bending die for the pipe.
• Avoid over-bending, which can cause the pipe to kink or weaken.
• Bend slowly to ensure accuracy and prevent damaging the pipe.
Purpose: Used to bend pipes without kinking or flattening them, ensuring smooth flow in the
system.
Types:
o Hand-operated pipe benders for small pipes.
o Hydraulic pipe benders for larger or thicker pipes.
o Electric or pneumatic pipe benders for heavy-duty applications.
Safety Tips:
o Choose the correct size die for the pipe.
o Wear gloves to prevent burns or injuries.
o Secure the pipe properly to avoid uneven bends.

4. Power Drain Cleaners (Drain Augers)

• Purpose: Used to clear blockages in drains and pipes by rotating a flexible cable with
a cutting head attached.
• Types:
o Manual augers for smaller drains.
o Electric drain cleaners for larger blockages or pipes.
• Safety Tips:
o Keep hands away from the rotating cable to prevent injury.
o Wear gloves, as cables can be sharp or dirty.
o Ensure proper grounding when using electric drain cleaners to avoid electric
shocks.

5. Pipe Welding Machine

• Purpose: Used to join metal pipes through fusion welding, commonly used in gas and
water supply systems.
• Types:
o Arc welders (for steel pipes).
o Fusion welders (for plastic pipes such as polyethylene).
• Safety Tips:
o Wear a welding helmet, gloves, and flame-resistant clothing.
 o Ensure proper ventilation to avoid inhaling fumes.
o Always check gas connections and fittings for leaks before use.

6. Pipe Grooving Machine

• Purpose: Creates grooves on the ends of pipes to join them using mechanical
couplings instead of threading or welding.
• Common Uses: Often used in HVAC, fire protection systems, and large-diameter
piping installations.
• Safety Tips:
o Ensure the pipe is properly secured.
o Wear gloves and safety glasses during operation.
o Regularly inspect the machine for wear and tear.
7. Hydrostatic Pressure Testing Machine
• Purpose: Used to test the pressure tolerance of pipes and joints in plumbing systems
by filling the system with water and pressurizing it.
• Types:
o Manual pressure pumps.
o Electric pressure testing machines for large systems.
• Safety Tips:
o Always ensure the system is completely filled with water to avoid air pockets.
o Monitor pressure gauges to avoid over-pressurizing and bursting pipes.
o Wear protective clothing and gloves to avoid injuries in case of leaks.
8. Crimping Machine
• Purpose: Used to crimp pipe fittings, such as those used in PEX or copper plumbing
systems.
• Types:
o Manual crimpers (hand-held).
o Hydraulic or electric crimping machines for larger-scale projects.
• Safety Tips:
o Ensure proper alignment of the pipe and fitting before crimping.
o Regularly check the crimping tool for wear and tear.
o Wear gloves and safety glasses.
9. Pipe Freezing Machine
• Purpose: Freezes a section of a pipe to create a solid ice plug, allowing repairs
without draining the entire system.
• Types:
o Electric or liquid nitrogen-based freezing units.
• Safety Tips:
o Wear insulated gloves to handle freezing equipment.
o Monitor the pipe to avoid over-freezing and damage to the pipe material.
o Ensure the work area is properly ventilated when using liquid nitrogen.

10. Pipe Cleaning Machine

• Purpose: Used to clean the interior of pipes by removing rust, debris, or scaling.
• Types:
o Rotary cleaning machines with brushes or scrapers.
o Jetting machines that use high-pressure water to clean pipes.
• Safety Tips:
o Wear goggles and protective clothing to avoid contact with debris.
o Follow manufacturer instructions on operating pressure settings.
o Keep hands clear of moving parts.

11. Plumbing Inspection Cameras (Borescope)

• Purpose: A tool for inspecting the inside of pipes to diagnose blockages, leaks, or
damage.
• Features: Includes a small camera attached to a flexible cable, providing a real-time
video feed.
• Safety Tips:
o Clean the camera lens regularly for clear images.
o Ensure the camera cable does not get stuck inside the pipe.
o Handle the equipment carefully to avoid damaging the camera.
12. Vacuum Excavators
• Purpose: Used to remove debris or excavate around buried pipes without damaging
them.
• Types:
o Hydro-vac systems use pressurized water to loosen soil, which is then
vacuumed up.
• Safety Tips:
o Wear ear and eye protection when operating high-pressure equipment.
o Follow safety procedures for handling debris and working around
underground utilities.

PLUMBING HAND TOOLS

Plumbing Hand Tools and Their Appropriate Use in a Plumbing Workshop
1. Pipe Wrenches:
o Use: Used for gripping, tightening, or loosening pipes and fittings.
o Application: Ideal for plumbing work involving metal pipes, such as
installing or removing galvanized pipes and fittings.
2. Pipe Cutters:
o Use: Used for cutting through pipes cleanly and accurately.
o Application: Suitable for cutting copper, plastic (PVC), or steel pipes to the
desired length.
3. Plumber’s Tape (Teflon Tape):
o Use: Provides a watertight seal when joining threaded pipes and fittings.
o Application: Wrapped around pipe threads before screwing them together to
prevent leaks.
4. Hacksaw:
o Use: Used for cutting pipes, screws, nuts, bolts, and other materials.
o Application: Ideal for cutting through metal or plastic pipes in tight spaces.
5. Pipe Bender:
o Use: Used to bend pipes without collapsing or deforming them.
o Application: Bends copper, steel, or plastic pipes to specific angles required
for installation.
6. Plumber’s Torch:
o Use: Used for soldering pipes and fittings together.
o Application: Essential for heating copper pipes during the soldering process
to ensure a strong, leak-proof joint.
7. Basin Wrench:
o Use: Used to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts in hard-to-reach areas, especially
under sinks.
o Application: Perfect for faucet installation and repairs where access is limited.
8. Adjustable Spanner:
o Use: Used to grip and turn various-sized nuts and bolts.
o Application: Versatile tool for working with different sizes of plumbing
fittings and fasteners.
9. Plunger:
o Use: Used to clear blockages in drains, sinks, and toilets.
o Application: Works by creating a vacuum and applying pressure to dislodge
clogs in plumbing systems.
10. Plumber’s Snake (Drain Auger):
o Use: Used to clear blockages in pipes and drains.
o Application: A flexible, long tool that reaches into pipes to manually break up
and remove clogs that plungers cannot clear.
11. Tape Measure:
o Use: Used to measure lengths of pipes and distances between fittings.
o Application: Essential for ensuring accurate cuts and fitting placements
during plumbing installations.
12. Pipe Deburrer:
o Use: Used to remove burrs or rough edges from cut pipes.
o Application: Ensures smooth, clean pipe ends before joining them to prevent
blockages or leaks.
13. Tubing Cutter:
o Use: A tool designed to cut through copper and plastic tubing.
o Application: Provides a clean cut for a proper fit when joining pipes.
14. Plumber’s Level:
o Use: Used to ensure pipes and fixtures are installed at the correct angle and
alignment.
 o Application: Helps maintain proper slope in drainage systems to prevent
blockages.

MAINTENANCE OF PLUMBING TOOLS USED IN CONSTRUCTION WORKS

1. Pipe Wrenches:
o Maintenance: Regularly clean the teeth to ensure a good grip on pipes.
Lubricate the moving parts to prevent rust and ensure smooth operation.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Ensure that any worn or damaged teeth are
replaced promptly to avoid slippage and damage to pipes.
2. Pipe Cutters:
o Maintenance: Clean the cutting wheel after each use and lubricate the wheel’s
axle. Replace the cutting blade or wheel as soon as it becomes dull or
damaged.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Follow guidelines for blade replacement and
avoid using excessive force during cutting to prolong tool life.
3. Hacksaw:
o Maintenance: Regularly clean the blade and frame after use. Replace the
blade when it becomes dull or damaged to maintain cutting efficiency.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Always use the correct blade type for the
material being cut and keep the blade tension adjusted as per
recommendations.
4. Plumber’s Torch:
o Maintenance: Clean the torch tip to prevent carbon buildup. Check hoses and
connections for leaks and replace them if damaged.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Store the torch safely when not in use and
follow safety guidelines for gas canister replacement.
5. Basin Wrench:
o Maintenance: Lubricate the pivoting head to ensure smooth movement. Clean
off dirt and debris after use to maintain grip and functionality.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Inspect the wrench regularly for wear and
tear, particularly the jaws, and replace any damaged parts.
6. Adjustable Spanner:
o Maintenance: Clean and oil the adjustable mechanism regularly to prevent
rust and maintain smooth adjustment.
 o Manufacturer’s Specification: Avoid over-torquing when using the spanner
to prevent damage to both the tool and the fasteners.
7. Plunger:
o Maintenance: Clean and disinfect after each use to avoid contamination.
Inspect the rubber cup for cracks or wear and replace if necessary.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Store in a dry, clean place to prolong the
rubber’s lifespan.
8. Plumber’s Snake (Drain Auger):
o Maintenance: Clean and dry after each use to prevent rusting. Lubricate the
cable to ensure smooth operation and prevent binding.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Follow recommendations for cable
replacement when it shows signs of wear or breakage.
9. Tape Measure:
o Maintenance: Keep the tape clean and free from kinks or bends. Ensure the
retractable mechanism works smoothly by lubricating if necessary.
o Manufacturer’s Specification: Store properly to avoid damaging the tape and
ensure accurate measurements.
10. Pipe Deburrer:
• Maintenance: Clean the deburring tool after each use to prevent buildup of material.
Sharpen or replace blades as needed.
• Manufacturer’s Specification: Ensure the blades are kept sharp and aligned as per
manufacturer’s instructions for clean, burr-free cuts.
11. Tubing Cutter:
• Maintenance: Clean the cutting wheel after use and lubricate the moving parts.
Replace the cutting wheel if it becomes dull.
• Manufacturer’s Specification: Adjust the cutter tension according to the pipe
material and thickness to ensure smooth, clean cuts.
12. Plumber’s Level:
• Maintenance: Clean and store the level properly after each use to prevent damage to
the bubble vials.
• Manufacturer’s Specification: Periodically check the level’s accuracy and
recalibrate if necessary as per the manufacturer’s guidelines.
13. Pipe Bender:
• Maintenance: Clean and lubricate the moving parts to ensure smooth bending action.
Inspect for wear or damage, especially at pivot points.
• Manufacturer’s Specification: Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for proper
storage and handling to avoid damage.