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Chapter 5

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26 views7 pages

Chapter 5

Uploaded by

xzhkpsh2yd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCMA101 Mathematics I Chapter 5

Integration
01/2021 EGCG, EGII, ENNM

Outlines
1. Antiderivatives
2. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
3. Indefinite Integrals

5.1 Antiderivatives
Definition 5.1 Antiderivative
A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F ′ (x) = f (x) for all x in I .

Example 5.2 Find an antiderivative for f (x) = 2x, g(x) = cos x and h(x) = x1 + 2e2x

1
2

Theorem 5.3 Antiderivative


If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I , then the most general antiderivative of f
on I is
F (x) + C,

where C is an arbitrary constant.

Example 5.4 Find an antiderivative for f (x) = 3x2 that satisfies F (1) = −1.

Example 5.5 Find an antiderivative for each of the following functions:


Function Antiderivative
xn , (x ̸= −1)
1
x
ex

sin x
1
√
1 − x2
1
1 + x2

5.2 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


Theorem 5.6 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1 (FTC1)
∫
If f is continuous on [a, b], then F (x) = ax f (t) dt is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
on (a, b) and its derivative is f (x):
∫ x
d
F ′ (x) = f (t) dt = f (x).
dx a
3
dy
Example 5.7 Use FTC1 to find dx if
∫ x √
1. y= 1 + t4 dt .
0

∫ 4 √
2. y= 1 + t5 dt .
x

∫ x2
3. y= sin t dt .
0
4

Theorem 5.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2 (FTC2)


If f is continuous over [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f on [a, b], then
∫ b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a).
a

∫ 2
Example 5.9 Use FTC2 to find ex dx .
0

∫ 1
1
Example 5.10 Use FTC2 to find x+1
dx .
0
5

5.3 Indefinite Integral


∫
Because of the relation given by FTC between antiderivatives and integrals, the notation f (x)dx

is traditionally used for an antiderivative of f and is called an indefinite integral.


∫
f (x) dx = F (x) + C means F ′ (x) = f (x) .

Integration Rules
∫
1. f (x) dx = F (x) + C , where F ′ (x) = f (x) .
∫ ∫
2. af (x) dx = a f (x) dx , a is any constant.
∫ ∫ ∫
3. [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx .
6

Indefinite Integrals
∫
1. 1 du = u + C
∫
un+1
2. un du =
n+1
,
+ C n ̸= −1
∫
3. eu du = eu + C
∫
au
4. au du =
ln a
+ C, a > 0, a ̸= 1
∫
1
5. u
du = ln |u| + C
∫
6. sin u du = − cos u + C
∫
7. cos u du = sin u + C
∫
8. tan u du = ln | sec u| + C
∫
9. cot u du = ln | sin u| + C
∫
10. csc u du = ln | csc u − cot u| + C
∫
11. sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
∫
12. sec2 u du = tan u + C
∫
13. sec u tan u du = sec u + C
∫
14. csc u cot u du = − csc u + C
∫
15. csc2 u du = − cot u + C
∫ (u)
1
16. √ du = sin−1 +C
a2 − u2 a
∫ ( )
1 1 −1 u
17. a2 + u2
du =
a
tan
a
+C
∫ (u)
1 1
18. √ du = sec−1 +C
|u| u2 − a2 a a
7
∫
Example 5.11 Find 10x4 − 2 sec2 x dx .

∫
cos x
Example 5.12 Evaluate sin2 x
dx .

∫ √
2x2 + x x − x
Example 5.13 Evaluate x2
dx .

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