MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICA EDUCATIO MUMBAI

A project report on

“WORKING OF ALL NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES”

DIPLOMA
IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Ms. SHEKH ALFIYA SAMEER

Ms. POWAR MANALI MAHADEV

Ms.THORAT SHREYA SUBHASH

Ms.KORE PALLAVI KASHINATH

Under the guidance of

Mr. R.B .MORE

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC, MAHAGAON

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024
 Maharashtra state board of
Technical education
SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTRE
MAHAGAON

“SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC”

A/P-MAHAGAON, CITY-CHINCHEWADI, TAL –GADHINGLAJ, DIST-
KOLHAPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of fourth semester of diploma programmed
in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of institute SANT GAJANAN RURAL
POLYTECHNIC, MAHAGAON -416503. (CODE-22414) has completed micro
project on “WORKING OF ALL NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES”
satisfactory subject DCC for academic year 2023-24 as prescribed in the curriculum.
ROLL NAME OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT NO.
NO

12 KORE PALLAVI KASHINATH 2209650014

48 SHEKH ALFIYA SAMEER 2209650053

49 POWAR MANALI MAHADEV 2209650054

52 THORAT SHREYA SUBHASH 2209650057

PLACE: MAHAGAON DATE:

Mr.R.B.MORE Mr.G.K.BIRANAGADDI PROF.R.S.PATIL

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)

 INDEX

Sr.no Title Pg.no

PART A-Micro project Proposal 1-3

1 Rational 1

2 Course Outcomes 1

3 Literature Review 1

4 Proposed Methodology 1

5 Resource Required 2

6 Action Plan 3

PART B-Micro project Proposal 4-12

1 Rational 4

2 Course Outcomes Addressed 4

3 Literature Review 4-11

4 Actual Procedure Followed 12

5 Actual Resources Used 12

6 Outputs Of Project 12

7 Skill Developed 12

8 Benefits of this Micro Project 12

9 Area of Future Improvement 12

 PART A-Micro project Proposal

Title of Micro–project: Working of all network connecting devices

1. Rationale
A network device is a piece of hardware or software integral to communication between a computer
and an internet network. Network devices play two roles. The first is establishing a network
connection, as a router or a modem does. The second one is maintaining, protecting and enhancing
that connection, as with a hub, repeater, switch or gateway.

2. Intended Course Outcomes

a. Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b. Configure various networking devices.

3. Literature Review
1. Repeater :
A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same
network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted to extend the length to which the
signal can be transmitted over the same network.

2. Hub :
A hub is a basically multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs
cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices.

3. Bridge :
A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of
filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of the source and destination. It is also used for
interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol.

4. Switch :
A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency(a large
number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is a data link layer device. The
switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it
does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to the correct
port only.

5. Router :
A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. The
router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs and have
a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data
packets.

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 6. Gateway:
A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks that may work upon
different networking models. They work as messenger agents that take data from one system,
interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters and can
operate at any network layer.

4.Proposed Methodology
In academic year 2023-24 under the guidance of our teacher we have completed this
project. We followed study method to compete our DCC project „WORKING OF ALL
NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES.‟ We distributed project work among members. We
used different books as well as websites to collect the information. We arranged information in
proper sequence. After proof reading we completed it successfully.

5.Required Resources

S. Name of Specifications Qauntity Remarks

No. Resource/material

1. Desktop PC i3, 4GB RAM, 500GB HDD, LCD

screen, KBD, Mouse 1

2. Internet Connection Browser Google chrome 1

3. Software MS-Office (MS-word) 1

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6. Action Plan

S. No. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of

Start date Finish date Responsible
Team Members

1
Discussion and finalization of topic All members

2
Preparation and submission of abstract Alfiya Shekh
Pallavi kore

Searched the information related to the

3
topic of project Shreya Thorat
Manali powar
4
Collection of data All members

5
Arranging project sequentially All members

6 Submission Micro-Project All members

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 PART B – Micro–Project Report

Title of Micro–project: Working of all network connecting Devices

a. Rationale
In the world of Information Technology (IT) information is building block for effective
communication. Communication is medium that helps us to drive our day to day professional and
personal operations. Where computer networking acts as base of everything as the best and most
important IT solutions. A network device is a piece of hardware or software integral to
communication between a computer and an internet network. Network devices play two roles. The
first is establishing a network connection, as a router or a modem does. The second one is
maintaining, protecting and enhancing that connection, as with a hub, repeater, switch or gateway.

b. Course Outcomes Addressed

i. Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
ii. Configure various networking devices.

c. Literature Review
1. Repeater
Repeater is a type of network node that amplifies incoming signals and rebroadcasts them over a
wider area or higher network layer than the original signal. In computer networks, a repeater is
used to increase the network‟s reach, restore a damaged or weak signal, or provide access to
inaccessible nodes. To make the received/input signal more usable, scalable, and accessible,
repeaters magnify it to a higher frequency domain.

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  Advantages of Repeater

a. Cost Compared to the other network, the cost of repeaters is significantly lower.

b. Network performance. Repeaters sometimes require less processing time.

c. Enhance signal. The distance between a PC and router weakens communications, but repeaters
boost signals and improve performance.

d. Physical barriers. Wireless repeaters prevent physical obstructions that can decrease wireless
signals.

e. Media support. Networks are often connected to repeaters for reception and transmission using
different physical media sources.

 Disadvantages of Repeater

a. Network traffic. Network traffic cannot be divided up by a repeater. As a result, they are unable to
lessen the impact of congestion and network traffic.

b. Number of repeaters. Network repeaters are limited and will cause wire noise and packet collisions
when deployed together.

c. Network architecture. Repeaters cannot join networks of various designs. This requires a gateway
or router.

d. Network segmentation. Repeaters cannot segment networks.

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1. Hub

Hub in networking plays a vital role in data transmission, and broadcasting. Hub is a hardware device
used at the physical layer to connect multiple devices in the network. Hubs are widely used to connect
LANs. A hub has multiple ports and it is a non-intelligent device.Unlike a switch, a hub cannot filter
the data, i.e. it cannot identify the destination of the packet, so it broadcasts or send the message to
each port. This is why it is known as a non-intelligent or dumb device. Hub does not have any routing
table to store the data of ports and map destination addresses., the routing table is used to
send/broadcast information across all the ports.

 Advantages of Hub

a. Less expensive.

b. Does not impact network performance.

c. Support different network media.

d. Easily connects with different media.

 Disadvantages of Hubs:

a. It cannot find the best/ shortest path of the network.

b. No mechanism for traffic detection.

c. No mechanism for data filtration.

d. Not capable of connecting to different network topologies like token, ring, ethernet.

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2. Bridge

The bridge is a networking device in a computer network that is used to connect multiple LANs to
a larger LAN. In computer networks, we have multiple networking devices such as bridges, hubs,
routers, switches, etc, each device has its own specification and is used for a particular purpose.
The bridge is a networking device that connects the larger LAN networks with the group of smaller
LAN networks.
In this article, we are going to discuss everything about the bridge including what exactly a bridge
is, and the type of bridges we have in computer networks including transparent bridges, source
routing bridges, and translational bridges, which will be followed by advantages and disadvantages
of the bridge in networking. then how the bridge is different from the gateway and last we will look
into the applications and functions of the bridge in the network.

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 Advantages of Bridge

a) It reduces network traffic with minor segmentation

b) It reduces collisions
b) Bridge connects similar network types with different cabling
c) Bridge increase the number of attached workstation and network segments
d) It extends the physical network
e) Bridges also can reduce network traffic on a segment by subdividing network communications
f) It connects different architecture
g) Bridges network can extend a network by acting as a repeater
h) It helps in an extension of physical network
i) It creates separate collision domains. Hence it can increases available bandwidth to individual
nodes as fewer nodes share a collision domain
j) Some bridges connect network having different architectures and media types

 Disadvantages of Bridge

a) It does not filter broadcasts

b) It is slower compare to repeaters due to the filtering process
c) It is more expensive compared to repeaters
d) Complex network topology, it can pose a problem for transparent bridge
e) A bridge is more expensive than repeaters or hubs'
f) Does not limit the scope of broadcast
g) Does not scale to extremely large network
h) Buffering and processing introduces delays

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3. Switch

A network switch connects devices in a network to each other, enabling them to talk by exchanging
data packets. Switches can be hardware devices that manage physical networks or software-based
virtual devices.
A network switch operates on the data-link layer, or Layer 2, of the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. In a local area network (LAN) using Ethernet, a network switch determines where to
send each incoming message frame by looking at the media access control (MAC) address. Switches
maintain tables that match each MAC address to the port receiving the MAC address.

 Advantages of Switch

a) Switch increases the bandwidth of the network.

b) It reduces the workload on individual PCs as it sends the information to only that device which
has been addressed.
c) It increases the overall performance of the network by reducing the traffic on the network.
d) There will be less frame collision as switch creates the collision domain for each connection.

 Disadvantages of Bridge

a) A Switch is more expensive than network bridges.

b) A Switch cannot determine the network connectivity issues easily.
c) Proper designing and configuration of the switch are required to handle multicast packets.
d) The switch‟s mechanical component can wear out with time.

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4. Router

Routers allow devices to connect and share data over the Internet or an intranet. A router is a gateway
that passes data between one or more local area networks (LANs). Routers use the Internet Protocol
(IP) to send IP packets containing data and IP addresses of sending and destination devices located on
separate local area networks. Routers reside between these LANs where the sending and receiving
devices are connected. Devices may be connected over multiple router “hops” or may reside on
separate LANs directly connected to the same router.
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It serves two
primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to their
intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.

 Advantages of Router

a) Determines the most efficient path between source and destination using dynamic routing
algorithms such as OSPF, BGP, RIP, etc.
b) Reduces network traffic by creating the collision domains and broadcast domains.

c) Provides connection among different network architecture.

d) Connects multiple users to a single network connection.

 Disadvantages of Bridge

a) Hardware-based routers are vulnerable to cyber attackers since they contain software called
firmware. Unpatched routers are quite vulnerable to cyber attacks.
b) Since routers analyze data transmission from physical to network layer, they are slower than
repeaters and bridges.
c) There is less bandwidth for user data since dynamic router communications cause additional
network overhead.
d) Routers also face compatibility issues with 5GHz frequency.

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5. Gateway
A gateway is a network node that forms a passage between two networks operating with different
transmission protocols. The most common type of gateways, the network gateway operates at layer 3,
i.e. network layer of the OSI (open systems interconnection) model. However, depending upon the
functionality, a gateway can operate at any of the seven layers of OSI model. It acts as the entry – exit
point for a network since all traffic that flows across the networks should pass through the gateway.
Only the internal traffic between the nodes of a LAN does not pass through the gateway.

 Advantages of Gateway
a) Used to expand the network.

b) Gateway is a server so it provides some security.

c) We can connect two different types of networks.

d) Protocol conversion is done.

e) Effectively handles the traffic problems.

f) And also establishes connections between internal network and external network.

 Disadvantages of Gateway

a) Not an intelligent device. So noise prevention is not done.

b) Never filter out the data

c) Some what costly

d) Protocol conversion is done so transmission rate is slower.

e) Some what hard to handle.

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4. Actual Procedure Followed

1. We have discussed about various topics

2. Then after discussion we have finalized the topic.
3. We have collected information from different resources related to our topic.
4. Then it is arranged in a proper way.
5. After making report we have submitted our final project.

5. Actual Resources Used

Sr.No. Name of Specifications Quantity

Resource/material
1. Desktop PC i3, 4GB RAM, 500GB HDD, LCD
screen, KBD, Mouse 1
2. Internet Connection Browser Google chrome 1

3. Software MS-Office (MS-word) 1

6. Outputs of the Micro–project

a) What is network connecting ?

b) What is network Connecting Devices?
c) Working network connecting devices
d) Advantages of network connecting Devices
e) Disadvantages of network connecting Devices

7. Skill Developed / Learning Outcomes from this Micro–project

We learnt the working of Network Connecting Devices, it‟s types and working devices of
network connecting and learnt how to use it in computer system.

8. Benefits of this Micro–project

Setting up a computer network is a fast and reliable way of sharing information and resources within a
business. It can help you make the most of your IT systems and equipment.

9. Area of Future Improvement

The future of networking is bright,with new technologies promising to bring about even more
transformative changes.
*******

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