Example:

1. A short-sighted person cannot see distinctly objects beyond 80 cm from his eye. What is the focal length
of the correcting lens needs to see distant objects clearly?
Solution
v=−80 cm u=∞
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= + , ∞=0
f ∞ −80
f =−80 cm
Therefore, a concave lens of focal length 80 cm is required.

2. A certain far-sighted person cannot see clearly objects closer to the eye than 75 cm. Determine the
power of the spectacle lenses which will enable her to read type at a distance of 25 cm.
Solution
v=−75 cm u=25 cm
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1 2
= + =
f 25 −75 75
f =37.5 cm=+ 0.375 m
1 1
power= = =+ 2.7 dioptre
f 0.375
The person needs convex lens of power + 2.7 dioptres.

PROJECTOR
Projector is an instrument used in projecting the image of a transparent slide or other object on to a screen.

The essential parts are:

(i) Power source

(ii) Condenser
(iii) Slide carrier
(iv) Focusing lens (converging lens)
(v) White screen
 MICROSCOPES AND TELESCOPES
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
Simple microscope is a single biconvex lens. It is referred to as magnifying glass.

Magnifying Glass

1
OB
Magnifying power ,(m)=
OB
But OB1 = Least distance of distinct vision from the lens or eye -v = D
OB = u = distance between the lens and the object
D
m=
U
The distance between the image and the lens is negative because the image is virtual.
D
m= +1
f
If distinct distance, D = 25 cm; therefore,
25
m= +1 …………………………………… (2)
f

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
A compound microscope is an optical instrument which is used to magnify very small objects like blood cells,
bacteria which otherwise cannot be seen with the naked eye.
The magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the size of the final image (I 2) as seen
through the microscope to the size of the object as seen with a naked eye.
II II
¿ the final image as seen through the microscope Q P
m= =
¿ the object as seen with a naked eye PQ
OR

m=M o × M e ¿
(
D0
f0
−1 ×
)( De
fe
+1
)
M o=Magnification produced by the objectivelens , M e =Magnification produced by the eye piece
f 0=focal length of objective lens , f e =focal length of eyepiece lens .
DO =image distance ¿ theeye piecelens , De =image distance ¿ the objective lens

TELESCOPES

Telescope is an optical instrument used for viewing heavenly bodies and distant objects like stars, planets and
satellites. There are two types of telescopes:
Astronomical Telescope
The objective lens is of large focal length whereas the eyepiece is of short focal length.

Magnifying Power of an Astronomical Telescope

angle substended by the final image at eye ens

m=
angle substended by the object at the objective lens
A B ×OB Focal length of objective lens f 0
II II I
m= II I I
¿ =
E B × A B focal length of eye piecelens f e
L=distance between lenses=f 0 +f e

Differences between a Compound Microscope and an Astronomical Telescope

Compound microscope Astronomical telescope

Objective lens has smaller focal length,
Objective lens has larger focal length than the eyepiece
than the eyepiece
Distance between the objective lens and Distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece is equal to
the eyepiece is greater than f0 + fe f0 + fe
It is used to view near objects It is used to view distant astronomical objects
It is used to view small objects It is used to view large objects
Magnification increases with decrease in Magnification increases with increase in focal lengths of the
focal lengths of the lenses. objective lens and decrease in focal length of the eye piece.
Galiliean Telescope

The distances between them equal to the difference between their focal lengths. ( L=f o −f e )
Magnifying power of a Galilean telescope is given by

f0
m=
fe

Terrestrial telescope
( L=f o +2 f + 2 f + f e ) =L=f o + 4 f + f e
f0
m=
fe
Where
fo = focal length of objective lens
fe = focal length of eye piece lens
fo = focal length of erecting lens

Example:

1. In the compound microscope, the objective lens and eyepiece lens have focal lengths of +0.80
cm and +2.5 cm, respectively. The real image A’B’ formed by the objective lens is 16 cm from the
objective lens. Determine the total magnification if the eye is held close to the eyepiece and
views the virtual image A”B” at a distance of 25 cm
Solution

m=
( )(
De
fe
+1 ×
D0
f0
−1 =m=
25
2.5 ) (
+1 ×
16
0.8 )( )
−1 =11× 19=209
2. The angular magnification of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment is 5. If the focal
length of the objective lens is 100 cm, calculate the:
(i) focal length of the eye piece.
(ii) length of the telescope.

Solution

Focal length of objective lens f 0

(i) m= =
focal length of eye piece lens f e
f o 100
f e= = =20 cm
m 5

(ii) L=distance between lenses=f 0 +f e =20+100=120 cm

3. Two positive lenses, having focal lengths of +2.0 cm and +5.0 cm, are 14 cm apart. An object AB
is placed 3 cm in front of the +2.0 lens.
(a) Name the kind of instrument describing above. State the reason(s).
(b) Determine the position and magnification of the final image A’’B’’ formed by this
combination of lenses.
(c) Will the final image of the object be visible to the eye when looking through the eye
piece lens.
Solution
(a) It is a compound microscope. Because: (i) it has two converging lenses (ii) the focal length of
the eye piece lens is greater than the focal length of the objective lens.
(b) To locate mage formed by the +2.0 lens alone: u = 3.0 cm
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
2 3 V
1 1 1 1
= − =
V 2 3 6
v=6.0 cm
The image A’B’ is real, inverted and 6.0 cm beyond the +2.0 lens.
To locate the final image A’’B’’. The image A’B’ is (14.0 – 6.0) cm = 8.0 cm in front of the + 5.0
lens and is taken as a real object for the +5.0 lens
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1 3
= − =
v 5 8 40
40
v= =13.3 cm
3
A’’B’’ is real, erect, and 13 cm from the +5 lens. Then,
Note that the magnification produced by a combination of lenses is the product of the individual
applications.

M =image distance ¿ objective lens ’ ¿ objective lens ¿ ×image distance ¿ eye piece lens
object distance ¿ o
 6.0 13.3
m= × =3.3
3.0 8.0

Alternatively,

( )(
40
m=
De
fe(−1 ×
D0
f0)(
−1 =
3
5 ) 6
−1 × −1 =
2
40
15 )(
−1 × ( 3−1 ) )
25 5 10
m= × 2= × 2= =3.3
15 3 3

(c) The final image cannot be seen through the eye piece but it can be seen/caught on a screen
placed in front of the eyepiece lens.