Physics Workbook

Michael L. Rea

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Physics Workbook
Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Physics Workbook ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Metrics and Density .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Scientific Notation and Significant Figures ............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Graphs and Charts................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Vectors .................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Velocity ................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 Acceleration .......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Free Fall ................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.4 Composition of Velocities ..................................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Projectiles.............................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Newton’s 2nd Law and Force ................................................................................................................ 15
3.2 Composition of forces ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Determining Friction ....................................................................................................................... 17
3.5 Forces on a Ramp ............................................................................................................................ 18
3.6 Pressure .......................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Action-Reaction: Impulse ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 Elastic Collisions .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Inelastic Collision................................................................................................................................... 22
4.4 Work...................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.5 Potential and Kinetic Energy ................................................................................................................. 24
4.6 Conservation of Energy ......................................................................................................................... 25
4.7 Efficiency of Machines .......................................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Rotational Velocity and Acceleration.................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Centripetal Force................................................................................................................................... 28
5.3 Balance of Torques (Parallel Forces) ..................................................................................................... 29
5.4 Rotational Inertia and Torque ............................................................................................................... 30
5.5 Center of Mass ...................................................................................................................................... 31
6.1 Gravity and the Pendulum .................................................................................................................... 32
6.2 Gravity of Planets and Weight .............................................................................................................. 33
6.3 Orbital Period ........................................................................................................................................ 34

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7.1 Elements and Atoms ............................................................................................................................. 35
7.2 Elasticity and Hooke’s Law .................................................................................................................... 36
7.2 Boyles Law............................................................................................................................................. 37
7.3 Charle’s Law .......................................................................................................................................... 38
8.1 Calculating Heat Lost and Gained ................................................................................................... 39
8.2 Law of Heat Exchange ........................................................................................................................... 40
8.3 Specific Heat.......................................................................................................................................... 41
8.4 Thermal Expansion .......................................................................................................................... 42
8.5 Heat of Phase Change ........................................................................................................................... 43
8.6 Conservation of Energy and Thermodynamics ............................................................................... 44
9.1 Wavelength and Frequency .................................................................................................................. 45
9.2 Sound and Speed of Sound ................................................................................................................... 46
9.3 Law of Tubes and Strings ...................................................................................................................... 47
9.4 Intensity of Sound ................................................................................................................................. 48
9.5 Doppler Effect ....................................................................................................................................... 49
10.1 The Nature of Light ............................................................................................................................. 50
10.2 Color of Light ....................................................................................................................................... 51
10.3 Reflection of Light ............................................................................................................................... 52
10.4 Ray Diagrams- Reflection .................................................................................................................... 53
10.5 Index of Refraction- Snell’s Law .......................................................................................................... 54
10.6 Law of Lenses ...................................................................................................................................... 55
10.7 Ray Diagrams for Convex Lenses ........................................................................................................ 56
11.1 Electricity............................................................................................................................................. 57
11.2 Coulombs Law ..................................................................................................................................... 58
11.3 Electric Potential ................................................................................................................................. 59
11.4 Ohms Law............................................................................................................................................ 60
11.5 Electric Power ..................................................................................................................................... 61
11.6 Light Bulbs in Series and Parallel ........................................................................................................ 62
11.7 Simple Networks ................................................................................................................................. 64

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1.1 Metrics and Density

1. Fill in the metric prefixes for the following powers of ten.

a. 10-6 b. 101

c. 10-3 d. 103

e. 10-2 f. 106

g. 10-9 h. 10-12

2. Convert the following:

a. 25.0 cm = m b. 6.00 cm = pm

c. 300 nm = cm d. 6.00 L = ml

e. 320 ml = L f. 7.00 Kg = g

g. 300 g = Kg h. 25.0 ml = L

i. 6.00 ml = L j. 200 mg = g

k. .0032 L= ml l. .020 cm = m

3. What is the density of the following:

a) A 25.0 g piece of wood with a volume of 30.0 cm3?

b) A 80.55 gram cube of metal with each side measuring 3.00 cm in length?

c) A 54.0 gram piece of aluminum whose volume measures 20.0 ml?

d) A piece of rubber weighing 32.0 grams and having a volume of 40.0 ml?

e) A piece of glass whose volume is 100.0 cm3 and whose mass is 125.0 grams?

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1.2 Scientific Notation and Significant Figures
1. Convert the following in to scientific notation.
Example: 0.00342 is 3.42 x 10-3

a) 0.003 b) 0.000207

c) 4,270 d) 0.0000053

e) 6,322,0000 f) 426.7

2. Write in standard notation the following numbers?

a) 4.32 x 107 b) 6.045 x 10-5

3. Determine how many significant numbers are in the following numbers?

Remember, zeros are only significant when:
They are between two other digits.
They follow numerals which are to the right of the decimal.
They are followed by a decimal point.

a) 5,260 b) .004056
c) 1.2060 d) .0000067
e) 2,030,000 f) 320.7
g) 5000.0 h) .00600010

4. Compute the following using proper significant digits in your answer.

a) 322.0 + 36.72 b) .034 x .625

c) 456.5 + 23.5 d) 7.00 x .0043

e) 123.45 x 3.6 f) .256/124.5

5. Look at the data gathered by students for the density of aluminum.

Trial Density (Accepted
value is 2.70 g/cm3)
1 2.79
2 2.64
3 2.59
a) What is the mean of all trials?
b) What is relative error of the mean?
c) What is the absolute error of trial 1?
d) What is the relative error of just trial 3?
e) What is the relative deviation of trial 3?

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1.3 Graphs and Charts
1. Graph the following data on the graph below. Graph the mass on the vertical axis and the
volume on the horizontal access.

Mass (A) Volume (A) Mass (B) Volume (B)

15.0 g 2.0 cc 4.5 g 1.5 cc
45.0 g 6.0 cc 16.5 g 5.5 cc
56.3 g 7.5 cc 34.2 g 11.4 cc
67.5 g 9.0 cc 66.4 g 22.1.cc
78.8 g 10.5 cc 76.5 g 25.5 cc

What type of graph is this?

What would be the mass of 5.0 cc of substance A?
What would be the mass of 25.0 cc of substance B?
What would be the volume of 40 grams of substance B?

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2. Graph the following data, distance on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis:

Time Distance
2.0 sec 20 m
3.2 sec 51.2 m
4.5 sec 101.3 m
5.6 sec 156.8 m
6.3 sec 198.5 m
7.0 sec 245 m

What type of graph is this?

b) What distance will the object have traveled in 5.0 sec?

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1.4 Vectors
Add the following vectors graphically.

a. b. c.
35⁰ 6N

5m 5m
7N

e.
4m/s 7 m/s

f.

2. a) Add the vectors in 1b mathematically.

b) Add the vectors in 1c mathematically.

c) Add the vectors in 1d mathematically.

3. a) If a plane is flying due east with an air speed of 250 mi/hr and there is ahead wind of 20 mi/hr,
what is the resulting velocity of the plane relative to the ground?

b) What is the ground velocity of the plane if it is flying with a cross wind of 30 mi/hr?

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1.5 Inertia

Describe in the words the state of inertia of the following objects. (Assume no friction.)

1. A book sitting on a table.

2. A ball falling to earth?

3. A ball thrown upwards?

4. A baseball thrown horizontal to the ground?

5. A ball sitting on a hill?

6. A ball rolling down a hill?

7. A ball rolling on flat ground?

8. A ball rolling up a hill?

How does friction change the inertia of the falling?

1. A feather falling to earth.

2. A ball rolling on horizontal ground.

3. A ball sitting on a table.

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2.1 Velocity

1. Charlie walks 100.0 meters north, then 50.0 meters west and then 100.0 meters south.
a) What was Charlie’s total distance traveled?

b) What was Charlie’s total displacement?

2. A car travels 540 kilometers in 4.8 hours. What is the average velocity of the car in meter per second?

3. How far will a bicyclist travel in 2.0 hours if he is traveling at an average velocity 9.0 m/s?

4. The entire length of the orbit of the earth is approximately 2.7 x 1016 miles. If it takes 365 days for one
orbit, what is the average velocity of the earth in its orbit in miles per hour?

5. A ball starts from rest and roles down a hill that is 4.0 meters long. If it takes 1.8 seconds to reach the
bottom, what is the average velocity of the ball?

What is the final velocity of the ball at the bottom of the ramp?

6. Pete is driving down 7th street. He drives 150 meters in 18 seconds. Assuming he does not speed up
or slow down, what is his speed in meters per second?

7. A person jogs 4.0 km in 32 minutes, then 2.0 km in 22 minutes, and finally 1.0 km in 16 minutes. What
is the jogger’s average speed in km per minute?

8. A train travels 120 km in 2 hours and 30 minutes. What is its average speed?

9. A dog runs 50.0 meters in 4.2 seconds and then turns around and runs back in the same amount of
time.
What is the dog’s average speed?

What is the dog’s average velocity?

10. George walks to a friend’s house. He walks 750 meters North, then realizes he walked too far. He
turns around and walks 250 meters South. The entire walk takes him 13 seconds. What is his speed per
second?

11. In problem #10, what was George’s velocity in meters per second? (hint: draw a picture to find his
displacement)

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2.2 Acceleration

1. What is the acceleration of a car that increases its speed from 25 mph to 65 mph in 30 s? Express
you answer in mi/hr/s?

2. A cart rolls down a hill beginning at rest and reaching velocity at the bottom of the hill of 10.0
m/s? If it takes 4.0 s to reach the bottom of the hill, what is the acceleration of the cart?

3. A baseball is thrown in the air with an initial velocity 30.0 m/s. At the peak of its flight it will have
a velocity of 0.0 m/s. If it take 3.1 seconds to reach the peak of its flight, what is the deceleration of
the baseball?

4. A jet plane accelerates from rest at a rate of 22.0 m/s for 8.2 s? What is the final velocity of the jet
plane?

5. A boy on a sled is accelerating down a hill at an acceleration of 3.6 m/s/s. If the hill is 40.0 m
long, how long will it take for the boy to reach the bottom of the hill?

6. A ball rolls down a ramp from rest. The ramp is 3.0 meters long and it takes the ball 2.2 s? What is
the average velocity of the ball down the ramp?

What is the final velocity of the ball at the end of the ramp?

What is the acceleration of the ball?

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2.3 Free Fall
Acceleration of Gravity 9.80 m/s2

1. How long would it take for a ball to fall 2.0 meters?

2. If the empire state building is 443 m high, how long will it take for a coin to fall from the top to
the street below?

3. Angel Falls in Venezuela is the tallest waterfall in the world. If it takes 14.1 s for water to fall from
the top to the bottom, what is the height of Angel falls?

4. a) A parachutist in freefall, falls for 12.0 s. What is the final velocity of the parachutist?
(Acceleration of Gravity is 9.8 m/s/s)

b) What distance will the parachutist travel in problem 4a)?

c) What is the final velocity of the parachutist at the moment?

5. The gravitational pull of the moon is 1/6 that of the earth.

a) The platform of the lunar lander was 1.70 m from the surface. If an astronaut jumped from the
platform to the surface, how much time would it take?

b) What would be the final velocity of the astronaut when he landed on the surface?

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2.4 Composition of Velocities

1. A cannonball is launched at an angle of 30 degrees with an initial velocity of 23.5 m/s?

a) What is the horizontal velocity of the cannonball?

b) What is the vertical velocity of the cannonball?

2. An arrow is shot at an angle of 20 degrees. If it travels 67.0 meters in 2.23 seconds, what
was the original velocity of the arrow?

3. A baseball is hit by a batter at a 45 degree angle with a velocity of 29.0 m/s?

a) What is the vertical velocity of the ball?

b) What is the horizontal velocity of the ball?

c) How long is the ball in the air assuming it leaves the bat and is caught by an outfielder at
exactly the same height?

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2.5 Projectiles

1. A bullet is fired horizontally from a gun with an initial velocity of 36.0 m/s?

a) If the gun is held at a height of 1.6 meters and is parallel to the ground, how long will the bullet stay in
the air before hitting the ground, assuming nothing is in its path and there is no friction.

b) What distance will the bullet travel?

2. A bullet is shot from a gun straight in the air with an initial velocity of 32.0 m/s?

a) What is the velocity of the bullet at the peak of the flight?

b) What is the velocity of the bullet when it returns to earth (assuming no air resistance)?

c) How long is the bullet in the air?

d) What height does the bullet travel?

e) Which of the values a-d would change if the same gun were shot on the moon, where the gravity is
1/6 of the earth?

4. A WWI Bomber drops its payload from a height of 2,500 m. If the

horizontal velocity of the plane is 500 Km/hr, what horizontal distance
with the bomb travel before hitting the ground? (Remember to convert to
m/s)

5. A golf ball is hit at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal with an initial velocity of 42.0 m/s. How far
will the golf ball fly?

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3.1 Newton’s 2nd Law and Force

1. What is the force applied to accelerate a 250 gram cart at a rate of 3.00 m/s2?

2. A 1.2 Kg ball rolls down a hill from rest, achieving a final velocity of 6.00 m/s in 2.4 s. What force was
acting on the ball?

3. A force of 6.25 N is applied to 5,000 gram wagon. What is the acceleration of the wagon?

4. How much force is applied by the brakes of a 1,000 Kg car if the car decelerates from 30.0 m/s to zero
in 12.0 seconds?

5. Two men push on a bobsled, one with the force of 200.0 N and the other a force 150.0 N. What is the
acceleration of the bobsled if it has a mass of 80.0 Kg?

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3.2 Composition of forces

1. In the illustration below, the angle that the handle makes with the ground is 40⁰, and the Force F is
200.0 N.

a) What is the horizontal force?

b) What is the vertical force?

2. In the drawing below, the Force F i

If the force F is 56.2 N and the cart and girl have a mass of 35 Kg …

a) What is the horizontal force?

b) What is the vertical component of the force?

c) What would be the acceleration of the cart if there is friction?

d) If the cart is being pulled at a constant rate, what would have to be the frictional force?

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 3.4 Determining Friction

1. A 500.0 gram block of wood is being pushed with a force of 1.00 Newtons. If the block
moves at a constant rate, what is the coefficient of sliding friction?

2. A 20.0 Kg wagon is being pulled with a horizontal force of 20.0 Newtons. If the wagon is
moving at a constant rate, what is the coefficient of rolling friction between the wagon
wheels and the ground?

3. A 600.0 gram block of wood is being pushed with a forces of 2.40 Newtons. If the block of
wood is accelerated at a rate of 2.00 m/s2, what is the coefficient of friction?

4. A 40.0 Kg wagon is being pulled with a horizontal force of 50.0 Newtons. If the wagon
accelerates at a rate of 1.0 m/s2, what is the coefficient of rolling friction?

5. A 1.00 Kg block of Aluminum requires a force of 6.0 N in order to start it moving. What is
the coefficient of starting friction?

6. a) A 40.0 Kg wagon requires a pulling force of 100.0 N in order for it to just begin to
move. What is the coefficient of starting friction?

b) If after it starts moving the wagon only requires 40.0 N in order to for it to continue
moving at a constant rate. What is the coefficient of rolling friction at this point?

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 3.5 Forces on a Ramp

In the above drawing the ramp makes and angle with the horizontal of 30 degrees. The
block has a mass of 400.0 g.

1. If there were no friction, what would be the acceleration of the block?

2. If the acceleration of the block is 3.0 m/sec2, what is the coefficient of sliding friction?

3. If the block is moving down the ramp at a constant rate, what is the coefficient of
friction?

In the above diagram, the angle of the ramp with the horizontal is 30 degrees, the mass of
the block is 600.0 grams and a force is pushing the block up the ramp.

4. If the block is being pushed with a force of 4.0 Newtons and it is moving at a constant
rate, what is the coefficient of sliding friction?

5. If it requires 4.8 N to just get the block to move up the ramp, what is the coefficient of
starting friction?

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 3.6 Pressure

1. A force 10.0 Newtons is applied on a surface area of 0.40 m2. What is this pressure
exerted on this surface?

A B C
In the drawing above. Object A has a diameter of 10.0 cm and a mass of 200 grams, Object B
has a diameter of 25 cm and a mass of 300 grams, and Object C has a diameter of 50 cm and
a mass of 600 grams.

Determine the pressure each object would apply to a surface, to determine which object
exerts the least amount of pressure.

The average elephant has a mass of about 1000 Kg. The size of elephant’s foot is about 40 cm in
diameter. Assuming the weight of the elephant is distributed evenly, what is the pressure exerted on
each foot.

If the elephant were to stand on one foot, what would be the pressure on
that foot?

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4.1 Action-Reaction: Impulse

1. If a pusher on a Bobsled team can a apply a force of 380.0 N for a period of 4.5 seconds,
how much impulse is applied to the Bobsled?

2. If a bow string applies a force of .0 N for a period of 0.12 seconds, what is the impulse
delivered to the arrow?

3. If a Saturn V rocket delivers a force of 35, 000 KiloNewtons of force for 263 seconds,
what is the impulse of the Saturn V rocket engines?

Because of the action-reaction principle, the amount of impulse applied to an object equals
the amount of momentum given to the object once the impulse is delivered.

4. What is the velocity of the Bobsled in 1 after the impulse is delivered if the Bobsled has a
mass of 400 Kg.

5. What is the velocity of the arrow in 2, if the mass of the arrow is 22.75 grams?

6. If the Gross mass of a Saturn V rocket is 2, 290, 000 Kg, what would be the velocity of the
Saturn V rocket after impulse is delivered, if it were launched in a zero-gravity
environment?

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4.2 Elastic Collisions
(Assume all collisions are perfectly elastic unless otherwise stated.)
1. A 3.0 Kg ball traveling at 4.2 m/s strikes a second 3.0 Kg ball at rest. If the first ball
remains at rest after the collision, then what is the velocity of the second ball after the
collision?

2. A 2.0 Kg ball traveling 5.0 m/s collides with a wall.

a) What is the velocity after collision if the collision is perfectly elastic?

b) What is the velocity after the collision if the collision is only 80% elastic?

3. A 3.0 Kg ball traveling at 3.0 m/s collides with a 2.0 Kg ball at rest and then continues
moving forward at a velocity of 0.60 m/s. What is the velocity of the 2.0 Kg ball?

4. A 10.0 Kg ball traveling 2.0 m/s collides with a 4.0 Kg ball and continues moving
forward at a velocity of 2.6 m/s, what is the velocity of the 4.0 Kg ball after collision?

5. A 2.0 Kg ball traveling at 4.0 m/s collides with a 5.0 Kg ball at rest and rebounds with a
velocity of -1.7 m/s, what is the velocity of the 5.0 Kg ball after collision?

6. A 3.0 Kg ball traveling at 3.0 m/s collides with a 4.0 Kg ball traveling with a velocity of -
2.0 m/s (in the opposite direction). After the collision the 3.0 Kg ball is -2.7 m/s. What is
the velocity of the 4.0 Kg ball after the collision?

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4.3 Inelastic Collision

1. What is the difference between an elastic collision and an inelastic collision?

2. If a 2.0 Kg ball traveling 10.0 m/s collides with a wall and the collision is perfectly
inelastic, what is the velocity of the ball after collision?

3. If a 2.0 Kg cart traveling 10.0 m/s collides with a second cart with the same mass and at
rest, what is the velocity of the both carts after collision if the collision is perfectly inelastic?

4. If a 5.0 Kg cart traveling 4.0 m/s collides with a cart with a mass of 2.0 Kg and the
collision is perfectly inelastic, then what is the velocity of the two carts after collision?

5. A 3.0 Kg cart traveling 2.0 m/s collides with a 5.0 Kg cart traveling -2.0 m/s, what is the
velocity of both carts after an inelastic collision?

6. A 2.0 Kg cart traveling 5.0 m/s collides with a 5.0 Kg cart traveling -2.0 m/s. What is the
velocity of both carts after an inelastic collision?

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4.4 Work

1. A) A force of 30.0 N is applied to a box, moving horizontally for a

distance of 2.0 meters. How much work was input to the system?

B) How much work was actually accomplished, (how much energy

was given to the block)?

2. A man pushes on a wall with a force of 50.0 N for 2.0 minutes. How much
work is done?

3. A man pushes a crate up a ramp.

Assuming no friction, if the ramp is 4.0 meters
long and 2.0 meters high with an angle to the horizontal of 30
degrees, then how much work is done if the crate weighs 40.0 Kg?

4. A weightlifter lifts a weight with total mass of 100 Kg, 2 meters from the
ground. How much work is done?

5. A girl with a mass of 55.0 Kg climbs a set of stair that are 2.4 meters
high. How much work is done?

23
4.5 Potential and Kinetic Energy

1. A girl holds a 2.0 Kg ball at a height of 4.2 meters from the ground.
What is the potential energy of the ball?

2. If the girl has a mass of 50 Kg and her feet are 3 meters from the
ground. What is the potential energy of the girl?

3. A) A car with a mass of 1000 Kg is traveling with a

velocity of 20 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the
car?

B) If the car brakes and comes to a complete stop, how much work was done by the brakes?

4. A boy on a skateboard is traveling down a hill at a speed of 5.0 m/s. If

the boy and skateboard together have a mass of 80 Kg, how much
Kinetic Energy do they have?

5. A) A man release an arrow from a bow and the arrow

travels 60 m/s. If the mass of the arrow is 200 g, what is the
kinetic energy of the arrow after released.

B) How much potential energy was stored in the bow string before
release?

C) If the bow string is drawn back 45 cm, then what was the force applied to the arrow by the bow
string?

24
4.6 Conservation of Energy

1. A) A child with mass 35 Kg is on the top of a slide that is

2.0 meters high. What is the potential energy of the child?

B) Assuming the slide is perfectly frictionless surface, what is the

Kinetic energy when the child reaches the bottom of the slide?

C) What will be the velocity of the child at the bottom of the slide?

Use the following illustration of a roller coaster to answer the following questions.
The cart weighs 100 Kg in all problems.

2. What is the potential and kinetic energy of the cart at the

beginning positions A?

3. What is the kinetic energy at

position B?

4. What is the potential and kinetic energy of the cart at position C?

5. What is the velocity of the cart at C?

6. What is the maximum height the cart can reach at position D?

25
4.7 Efficiency of Machines
For each of the problems below first calculate the work input and then
the work output and then the efficiency.

1. A pulley lifts a 50 Kg block 2.0 meters. It requires

pulling force of 200 Newtons and 4.0 meters of rope.
What is the efficiency of the pulley system?
Wo

Wi

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2. A cart with a total mass of 400 Kg is pushed up a ramp that is 8.0 meter long and 1.0
meters high. If it requires a force of 600 N, what is the efficiency of the ramp?

Wo

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3. A man attempts to lift a 1500 Newton boulder with a lever. If the lever is 6.0 meters
long and the fulcrum is place 1.0 meters from the boulder, and the force applied
downward on the lever is 325 Newtons, what is the efficiency of the lever?

Wo

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26
5.1 Rotational Velocity and Acceleration
1. An old single song 45 record would spin at 45 revolutions in a minute. What is the
rotational velocity in rad/s?

2. a) The moon rotates one time every 28 days. What is it’s rotational velocity in rad/s?

b) If the diameter of the moon is about 3,150 Km, what is the tangential velocity of a point
on the equator of the moon in m/s?

3. a) A car accelerates from zero to 30.0 m/s in 6 sec? If at this speed the tires are rotating
at 22 rotations per second, what is the rotational velocity of the tires in rad/s?

b) What is the rotational acceleration of the tires of the car?

4. a) A boy pushes a playground merry-go-round for 20.0 seconds after which the merry-
go-round has rotational velocity of 1.25 m/s. What was the rotational acceleration of the
merry-go-round as the boy was pushing it?

b) The boy notices a dot of red paint on the edge of the merry-go-round each time it rotates.
What is the tangential velocity of this dot if the radius of the merry-go-round is 1.5 meters?

5. A traditional tricycle has a large wheel on the front and two smaller wheels on the back.
As the tricycle is moving is the rotational velocity of the front wheel equal to , greater than
or less than the back wheels, and is the tangential velocity of a dot on the edge of the front
wheel the equal to, greater than or less than the tangential velocity of dot on the edge of the
back wheels.?

27
5.2 Centripetal Force

1. What is the difference between centripetal force and centrifugal force?

2. a) If the earth has a tangential velocity of 30,000 m/s in its orbit, and the mass of the
earth is about 6 x 1024 Kg, the radius of the earth’s orbit is 1.5 x 108 m/s, what is the
centripetal force acting on the earth?

b) What is the cause of this centripetal force acting on the earth?

c) What would be the gravitational acceleration of the earth toward the sun?

3. If the centrifugal force acting on the earth were greater than the centripetal force, what
would happen to the movement of the earth?

4. A satellite in orbit at a distance of 6,000 Km has a centripetal force acting on it of 2400 N.

If the mass of the satellite is 300 Kg, what is the tangential velocity of the satellite in orbit?

28
5.3 Balance of Torques (Parallel Forces)
1. What is the torque applied to a nut by a wrench of the wrench is 20.0 cm long and the
force applied to the end of the wrench is 50.0 N?

2. a) A 30 Kg boy is on a teeter-totter with his older sister who has a mass of 40 Kg. If both
are located 1.5 meters from the fulcrum, calculate the torque of each.

b) Where would the older sister have to sit in order for the teeter-totter to balance?

c) If you could move the fulcrum and leave both children on either end of the teeter-totter,
where would the fulcrum have to be placed to balance the torques?

3. A man attempts to lift a large boulder with a mass of 500 Kg with a lever. If he places the
fulcrum 0.40 meters from the rock and the maximum force the man can exert is his total
mass of 90 Kg, how long will the lever have to be?

4. A 60 Kg boy is on a teeter-totter opposite his twin brothers. If he

and one of the twins is 2.0 meters from fulcrum and each twin has a
mass of 40 Kg, where must the second twin sit in order to balance the
torques?

29
5.4 Rotational Inertia and Torque

1. If a bicycle wheel is considered a ring, what is the rotational inertia of a 2.5 Kg bicycle
wheel if it has a radius of 0.70 meters?

2. A steel ball with a radius of 1.0 cm has a mass of 50.0 grams. What is the rotational
inertia of this steel ball?

3. If the steel ball in problem 2 is rolling down hill with a rotational acceleration of 2.6
rad/s2, what is the torque acting on the ball?

4. How much torque is required to accelerate the bicycle wheel in problem number 1 at a
rate of 6.0 rad/s2?

5. A vinyl record (a solid disk) has a mas of 60 grams and a radius of 15.0 cm, what is the
rotational inertia of the record?

6. If a Solid Disk and Ring, both having identical radii and masses, accelerate down a hill,
which one will have the greatest rotational acceleration?

30
5.5 Center of Mass

1. In in the image above, if m2 is 40 gram and m1 is 10 grams, and the distance X2 is 30.0
cm. What is the center of mass, Xcm?

2. What is the center of mass of the object below?

2.0Kg

5.0 Kg
.25 m
2.0 m

3. In the following pictures, put an x where you believe is the center of mass.

31
6.1 Gravity and the Pendulum

1. What is the period of a pendulum on earth if the bob has a mass of 50.0
gram and the length of the pendulum is 1.0 meters?

2. What is the period of a pendulum on earth if the length of the pendulum is 25 cm?

3. If the gravitational pull of the moon is only 1/6 of that of the earth, what would be the
period of a pendulum on the moon with a length of 1.0 meters?

4. The gravitational acceleration on mars is 3.7 m/s2, what would be the period of a
pendulum on mars with a length of 25 cm?

5. What would need to be the length of pendulum on mars for a pendulum to have a period
of exactly 1.0 seconds?

32
6.2 Gravity of Planets and Weight

1. What is the weight of a man on earth if his mass is 75.0 Kg?

2. What is the weight of a girl of mass 50.0 Kg on the planet Venus?

3. What is the mass of a man who has a weight of 820 Newtons on earth?

4. What is the weight of the man in problem 3 on the moon?

5. A foot ball has a weight of about 4.3 N. What would be the weight of the football on
Jupiter?

6. How many times heavier would you weigh if you could walk on the surface of the sun?

33
6.3 Orbital Period

1. If you had lived your whole life on Mercury, how old would you be in Mercury years?

2. If you had lived your whole life on Neptune, how old would you be in Neptune years?

3. If we treat AU as 1.5 x 108 Km and we assume each planetary orbit is a circle, (they are
elipses) calculate the tangential speed in their orbits of the following planets?

a) Mercury

b) Mars

c) Saturn

34
7.1 Elements and Atoms

1, Define the following terms:

Atomic Mass

Atomic Number

Atomic Weight

Isotope

Radioactive Isotope

2. Using the periodic table determine the number of protons, electrons, neutrons, atomic
number and atomic mass of the following elements. In each case use the mass number for
the most common isotope.

Element Atomic Number Atomic Mass Protons Neutrons Electrons

Na

Ca

Li

Sn

Ag

1. Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following isotopes.
a) 24494Pu

136
b) 56Ba

35
7.2 Elasticity and Hooke’s Law

1. a) A 50.0 gram mass stretches a spring a total of 5.0 cm

from the equilibrium point. What is the spring constant for
the spring?

b) For the same spring, what will be the total elongation

from the equilibrium point if a 100.0 gram mass is hung on
the spring?

c) For the same spring, what will be the total elongation if a mass of 250 grams is hung on
the spring?

2. a) A mass of 500 grams stretches a spring a total of 4.0 cm. What is the spring constant
for this spring?

b) For the same spring in 2a), what would be the elongation of the spring if a 2.0 Kg mass in
hung from the spring?

36
7.2 Boyles Law
Solve the following problems (Show all work)

1. If a gas has a pressure of 450.0 torr when enclosed in a 4.00 liter container, what
will be the new pressure if the volume of the container is decreased to 2.00 liters?

2. If a gas has a pressure of 75.0 torr in an enclosed expandable container of 3.10

liters, what will be the pressure if the container is enlarged to 4.40 liters?

3. If 1.0 mole of carbon dioxide has a volume of 22.40 liters at 0 C and a pressure of
760.0 torr, what would be the volume of 1.0 mole of oxygen at the same conditions?
What would be the volume of 2.0 moles of carbon dioxide at the same conditions?

4. What would be the new volume of a gas in a balloon of volume 3.20 liters at a
pressure of 500 torr, if the pressure is increased to 750 torr?

5. If a gas has pressure of 760 torr in a 2.0 liter vessel, what would be the pressure of
the same gas in a 1.0 liter vessel?

6. If the pressure in an automobile cylinder of volume 0.45 liters is 1.0 atm, what would be the
pressure after the piston compresses the gas inside the cylinder down to a volume of 0.15 liters?

37
7.3 Charle’s Law

1. Convert the following to Kelvin temperature scale.

a. 0.0 C c. 30.0 C

b. -120 C d. 125.0 C

2. If a sample of oxygen has a volume of 50.0 ml at 273 K, what volume will it occupy
at 546 K if the pressure is kept constant?

3. If a sample of nitrogen has a volume of 3.0 liters at 25.0 C, what volume will it
occupy at 75.0 C if the pressure is kept constant?

4. If a sample of carbon monoxide has a volume of 2.0 liters at 200 K what

temperature must be obtained to double its volume if pressure is kept constant?

5. If a sample of Hydrogen has a volume of 250.0 ml at 100 C, what volume will it

occupy at 0.0 C?

6. What should be the volume of any gas at 0.0 K?

38
 8.1 Calculating Heat Lost and Gained

1. How much heat is released from 250.0 grams of water

when it cools from 100.0 C to 25.0 C?

2. How much heat would be required to warm 45.0 grams of

water for 0.0 C to 30.0 C?

3. How much heat would be lost by 200 g Iron if it cooled from

200 C to room temperature at 25 C?

4. How much heat is gained by 10 g of Air if it is warmed from O C to 25 C?

5. How much heat is gained by a 60 gram aluminum foil pan if it is heated from room temperature
to 170 C?

39
8.2 Law of Heat Exchange

1. If 50.0 grams of water at 25.0 C is mixed with 50.0 grams of water at 92.0 C, what will be
the final temperature after being mixed.?

2. If 50.0 grams of water at 20.0 C is mixed with 100.0 g of water at 78.0 C, what will be the
temperature of the final mixture?

3. If 20.0 grams of water at 40.0 C is mixed with 100.0 grams of water at 50.0 C, what will
be the temperature of the final mixture?

4. If 200 grams of water is at 80.0 C, how much water at temperature of 25.0 C will need
to be added in order to bring the final temperature of the mixture to 60.0 C?

5. If 100.0 gram of water is at 60.0 C, how much water at 20.0 C will need to be added to bring the final
mixture to 40.0 C?

40
8.3 Specific Heat

1. What is the specific heat of an unknown metal, if 50.0 grams at 95.0

C raises the temperature of 500.0 grams of water from 22.0 C to
23.5 C?

2. What is the specific heat of an unknown metal, if 40.0 grams at 80.0

C raises the temperature of 100.0 grams of water from 25.0 grams
to 27.3 C?

3. If Copper has a specific heat of 0.092 cal/g.C, what will be the final temperature of 150.0 grams
of water at 20.0 C, if 50.0 grams of Copper at 90.0 C is placed in the water?

4. Using the table of specific heats, determine the final temperature of 40.0 grams of silver at
300.0 C placed in 120.0 grams of water at 15.0 C?

41
 8.4 Thermal Expansion

1. A steel bridge is 100 meters long. If the temperatures ranges of the weather range
from -10 C to 35 C during the year, how much does the bridge expand in length from
winter to summer?

2. If the same bridge in problem 1 were made of aluminum instead, how much would
the bridge expand from winter to summer?

3. A copper rod is formed by melting the copper and pouring it into a mold. If the rod is
0.50 meters long, how much will it change in length as the copper cools from its
melting point of 1084 C to room temperature of 25 C?

4. According to the table, which metal would expand the most when heated and which
metal would expand the least?

42
 8.5 Heat of Phase Change

1. How much heat does it require to melt 200 grams of

Water?

2. How much heat does in require to melt 200 grams of Mercury?

3. How much heat does it require to vaporize 300 grams of Water?

4. How much heat does it take to evaporate 60 grams of Alcohol?

5. If 200 grams of Copper cools from 200 grams to room temperature, how many grams of
ice could be melted by the heat lost by the copper?

43
8.6 Conservation of Energy and Thermodynamics

1. What is the First law of Thermodynamics

2. What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics

3. For the following describe the direction in which heat is flowing:

a) Perspiration evaporates from your skin.

b) The sun shines down on a sandy beach.

c) The air above a sandy beach is warmed.

d) A pot of water on the stove is heater on a burner.

e) A hot pan is placed under tap water in order to cool.

f) An ice cube melting on your tongue.

g) A warm bowl of jello is placed in a refrigerator in order to solidify.

4. Describe each the following as a positive or negative change in entropy.

a) Water evaporating

b) Salt dissolving in water

c) Iron melting

d) Converting coal into diamonds

e) burning a match

f) A tree dieing

g) A baby growing

44
9.1 Wavelength and Frequency
Waves
1. Define the following terms:

a) Wavelength

b) Frequency

c) Period

d) Amplitude

e) Wave in Phase

2. What is the wave equation for determining the velocity of a wave?

For Questions 3-7 use waves A-E

3. Which wave at the right has the
shortest wavelength?

4. Which wave has the longest

wavelength?

5. Which wave as the largest

frequency?

6. Which wave has the largest amplitude?

7. Which wave has the highest energy?

For Questions 8-10 Use Waves 1-4

8. Which wave has the smallest amplitude?

9. Which wave has the highest frequency?

10. Which waves are in phase with each other?

45
9.2 Sound and Speed of Sound

1. What is the difference between transverse

waves and compressional waves? What type
of wave are sound waves?

2. What is the speed of sound in air at 0 C?

3. What is the speed of sound in air at 30 C?

4. If you see lightening and then hear the thunder 10 seconds later, how far away was the
lightening? (Assume room temperature.

5. If you are in a canyon and you yell and you hear an echo 1.2 seconds later. How far away
is the opposite wall of the canyon?

6. In the old west it was said that you could hear a train’s approach by putting your ears to
the railroad tracks. If railroad tracks are made of steel, how long would it take for sound
to reach someone who ear is on the track if the train is 10 Km away?

7. How long would it take whale songs to reach another whales who is 5,000 meters away?

46
9.3 Law of Tubes and Strings

1. If you move your fingers up the neck of a guitar depressing the strings against the
frets, what happens to the pitch of the string?

2. Suppose you are tuning a guitar and you notice the top string is vibrating with a
pitch that is too low. What will you have to do to the string to fix the problem?

3. A trombone has a slide that is moved in and out. As you move the slide out the
length of the tube of the horn is lengthened. What will happen to the pitch of the
sound from the horn?

4. A flute is a closed ended tube. If when all the holes are closed the length of the tube
is 34 cm. What will be the pitch of sound from the flute at this length at room
temperature?

5. A Clarinet is open tubed instrument. If the clarinet is 42 cm long with all holes
closed, what is the pitch of the sound from the clarinet?

6. A tenor saxophone is shorter than a regular saxophone. What does this tell you
about the range of notes of a tenor saxophone compared to a regular saxophone?

47
9.4 Intensity of Sound

1. What range of the audible spectrum for the

human ear?

2. What is the unit for measuring relative intensity

of sound?

a) What is the relative intensity of a rock

concert?

b) What is the relative intensity of the threshold of pain for the human ear?

c) How many more times louder is a power mower than normal conversation?

d) Estimate what you believe to be the relative intensity of the loudest volume on ear
buds?

3. What is the threshold of hearing for the human ear in Watts/m 2?

48
9.5 Doppler Effect

1. What happens to the pitch of sound as the source moves closed to you?

2. What happens to the pitch of a sound as the source moves away from you?

3. Suppose you are in a car and you are driving away from a building where and an
alarm is sounding. What do you think will happen to the pitch of the sound? (The
source is stationary, but the observer is moving away)

4. If a train is blaring a horn with a pitch (frequency) of 300 Hz, what will actually be
the frequency of the sound you hear if the train is traveling at 30 m/s at room
temeperature (25 C)?

5. In question three, is the pitch of the alarm is 560 Hz, what pitch will you hear if you
are moving away at 25 m/s?

49
10.1 The Nature of Light

1. What is the speed of light?

2. What are the colors of the visible spectrum?

3. What color has the highest energy?

4. What color has the lowest energy?

5. What is the relationship between frequency of light and energy?

6. Give Planck’s Equation.

7. What is the relationship between wavelength of light and energy?

8. Give DeBroglie’s Equation

9. Give some examples of non-visible light with long wavelengths.

10. Give some examples of non-visible light with short wavelengths.

11. Discuss and explain why objects appear the color that they are.

Problems:
12. What is the frequency of light if the wavelength is 6.54 x 10-7sec-1?

13. What is the wavelength of light if the frequency is 2.65 x 1014m?

14. What is the energy of light that has a frequency of 3.2 x 10-6 sec-1 if Planck constant is
6.68 x 1034 Js?

50
10.2 Color of Light

1. What are the colors of the visible spectrum?

a) What are some non-visible forms of light higher in energy than visible light?

b) What some non-visible forms of light lower in energy than visible light?)

c) What color in the visible spectrum has the highest energy?

d) What color in the visible spectrum has the lowest energy?

e) Which color has longer wavelength orange or yellow?

2. What are the primary colors of light?

a) What color of light do you get when you combine Red and Green?

b) What color of light do you get when you combine the three primary colors?

3. What are primary colors of pigment (ink or paint)?

a) What are the secondary colors of pigment?

b) What color is the compliment of Red?

c) What is the cause of the color we see?

51
10.3 Reflection of Light

1. What is the law of reflection?

2. What kind of image is created by a planar (flat) mirror?

3.

45⁰

What is the angle of reflection in the image above?

4. What is the measurement of the angle Ɵ?
100⁰
Ɵ

30⁰

5. What type of image is formed by a convex mirror? (Three answers)

52
10.4 Ray Diagrams- Reflection

1. If the focal length of a concave

mirror is 10 cm what is the radius
of curvature of the mirror?

2. If the focal length of a concave

mirror is 6.0 cm and an object is
placed 12.0 cm from the mirror,
at what distance from the mirror
will the image be focused?

3. If question 2, what is the type

of image formed?

4. If for the mirror in question 2, the object is placed at 8.0 cm instead, what type of image
will be formed?

5. In question 4, will the image be focused at a distance equal to 8 cm, less than or
greater than 8 cm?

53
10.5 Index of Refraction- Snell’s Law

1. In which medium does light travel faster, air or water?

2. When passing from air to water will light bend toward

the normal or away from the normal?

3. Why is there no distortion of image with looking

through a window pain?

4. Using the index of refraction chart at the right,

what would be the speed of light in diamond?

5. If light approaches a piece of glass at an angle of 30 degrees from the normal, what will
be the angle of refraction?

6. Generally plastic has a lower index of refraction than glass. Does light travel at a slower
speed or faster speed in plastic than in glass?

54
10.6 Law of Lenses

1. If the focal length of a double convex lens is

10.0 cm, what is the magnification of this lens?

2. If two lenses with focal length of 5.0 cm are

used together, what is the total magnification of
the two lenses?

3. If an object is placed 12 cm from a double convex lens and the focused image is also 12
cm from the lens, what is the focal length of the lens?

4. If an object is placed 6 cm from a lens and the focused image is formed at 12 cm form the
lens, what is the focal length of the lens?

5. If the focal length of a double convex lens is 10 cm and an object is placed at 20 cm from
the lens, at what distance will the focused image be from the lens?

55
10.7 Ray Diagrams for Convex Lenses

1. If a lens a focal length of 5 cm and an object

is placed 5 cm from the lens, where will the
focused image be?

2. If a has a focal length of 8 cm and an object

is placed 16 cm from the lens, what distance
will the focused image be from the lens?

3. What type of image is formed in question 2

4. If a lens has a focal length of 6 cm and an object is placed at 8 cm from the lens, what kind
of image will be formed?

5. If a lens has a focal length of 6 cm and object is placed at 14 cm, what type of image will
be formed?

6. What circumstance will result in the formation of a virtual image when using a double
convex lens?

56
11.1 Electricity

1. What are the two forms of electricity?

2. What is the law of electrostatics?

3. What are three examples of electrical conductors?

4. What are three examples of electrical insulators?

5. What subatomic particle is primarily responsible for electrical charge?

6. If the following is a object made from a metal conductor and it becomes charged with
static electricity, place an x where the greatest concentration of charge will be and o where
the least concentration will be?

7. A rubber rod is rubbed against a wool cloth and it becomes charged. The rod is then held near
aluminized pith ball hanging on a string and the pith ball is attracted toward the rod. The rod is then
held near a rubber balloon hanging on a string and the balloon moves away from the rod. What can you
say about the relative charge of the balloon and the pith ball?

57
11.2 Coulombs Law

Charge of electron 1.6 x 10-19 Coulombs

1. How many electrons would it take to make up 1 C of charge?

2. Give the equation for Coulombs Law.

a. How would the electrostatic force change between to charges if the charge of
one is doubled?
b. How would the electrostatic force change between to charges the charge of one
is doubled and the other is tripled?
c. How would the electrostatic force change between two charges if the distance
between the charges is doubled?
d. How would the electrostatic force change between two charges of the distance
between them is cut by ¼?
3. Look the following illustration.
+1C - 2C +2C

What is the direction of the net electrical force in the drawing above?

4. Look at the following:

+1 C -1C -1 C

What would be the direction of the net electrical force in the drawing above?

58
11.3 Electric Potential and Capacitance

V= E/Q C= Q/V

1. If it takes 20 joules of energy to move 2 Coulombs of charge, what is the electric

potential (voltage)?

2. If you do 12 J of work to move .001 Coulombs between two points, what is the
potential difference between the two points?

3. If it takes 24 J of energy to move a 200 micro coulombs of energy from point A to B,

what is the potential difference between point A and B?

4. If a plate in a capacitor is charged with 2 coulombs and the potential difference

across the plate is 12 volts, what is the capacitance?

5. A 10 Farad capacitor has a potential difference across the plates of 24 volts, what is
the amount of charge on the plates of the capacitor?

6. Thee capacitors have a capacitance of 0.1 farad, 0.2 farads and 0.2 farads
respectively. If these capacitors are hooked up in series, what is the total
capacitance?

59
11.4 Ohms Law

V= IR I = Q/t
1. What is the voltage of a closed circuit with a current of 2.0 amps and a total
resistance of 6 Ohms?

2. What is the current is a closed external circuit if the total potential difference is 24 v
and the total resistance is 8 ohms?

3. How much total resistance would be necessary in order to reduce the current in
problem 2 to just 1 amp?

4. What is the potential difference of circuit is the total resistance is 100 ohms and the
current 0.01 amps?

5. If the circuit in problem 4 were closed for about 50 seconds, how much charge
would flow in this time?

6. How much current in amperes is in a lightning strike that las .05 seconds and
transfers 100 coulombs of charge?

7. The resistance of a wire is 16 ohms, what would the resistance be if it were 3 times as long?

8. For the same wire in 7, what would be the resistance if the diameter were cut in half?

60
11.5 Electric Power
V=IR P=VI

1. Calculate the power dissipated in a toaster that has a resistance of 12 ohms and is
plugged into a 120 volt outlet?

2. A typical car headlight is 50 watts at 12 volts. What is the current drawn by the
headlight?

What is the resistance of the light bulb?

3. Calculate the current through a 60 watt bulb at 120 volts?

4. Calculate the current through a 40 watt bulb at 120 volts?

5. If a 40 watt light bulb is on for 8 hours, how much energy does it consume in Joules?

61
11.6 Light Bulbs in Series and Parallel

1. Draw a circuit with a switch, a DC source and three light bulbs in parallel.

2. Draw a circuit with a switch, a DC source and two light bulbs in parallel.

3. Look at the following circuit.

a) Which light bulbs will be lit with the switch open as shown?

b) Which light bulbs will be lit when the switch is closed?

62
How to Solve Simple DC Networks
Class Notes for Electrostatics and Electricity

I. Law of Electrostatics
a. Opposite Charges Attract
b. Like Charges Repel
c. Charge is measured in Coulombs
d. 1 electron has a charge of 1.6 x10-19 Coulombs
e. Electric Charge tends to build up on sharp points.
f. Rubber tends to collect negative charge
g. Electroscopes can be used to detect charge

II. Electricity
a. Two forms- Direct Current and Alternating Current DC or AC
b. Charge can build up on a device called a capacitor. Capacitance is measured in
Farads.
c. The amount of work required to move charge from one point to another is
voltage. V=work/charge
d. Current is the rate of flow of charge measured in amps (amperes)
e. Resistance is the resistance to flow of electricity measured in ohms.

III. DC- Five sources

a. Electromagnetic
b. Thermoelectric
c. Photoelectric
d. Electrochemical
e. Piezoelectric

How to solve simple networks.

Resistors can be in series (end to end) or in parallel paths. In the diagram below R2 and R3 are in
parallel paths to one another and together they are in series with R1. To solve a circuit you must
first find the total resistance. Resistance in parallel paths is an equivalent resistance and is
determined by 1/Req= 1/R2 + 1/R3 in the circuit shown or 1/R = ¼ +1/4 , or Re = 2 ohms. If R 1 is
4 ohms. Then the total resistance of the external circuit is 6 ohms, 4 +2. If the voltage is 3 volts
then the current is .5 amp V=IR or 3volts= I (6 ohms), I (current) = .5 amps. This means the
current across R1 is .5 amps, but the current across R2 and R3 is only .25 amps each because the
current is split across the two parallel paths.

63
Circuit Diagrams
11.7 Simple Networks

1. In the diagram on the left (above), VB= 6 volts, and R1= 4 ohms and R2= 4 ohms.
a. What is the current in the circuit?
b. What is the equivalent resistance across R1 and R2?
c. What is the current across R1?

2. In the diagram on the right, VB=12 volts, R1= 4 ohms, and R2= 2 ohoms.
a. What is the total resistance of the circuit?
b. What is the current of the circuit?
c. What is the potential drop across R1?

3. Draw the following simple network:

A 6.0 volt battery is in series with a 1 ohm resistor, and a 3 ohm resistor and two parallel
paths that each have two 4 ohm resistors. Once you have drawn the circuit, determine
the current in the external circuit.

64
 9.0 Ώ

9.0 Ώ

4. In the diagram above.

a. What is the equivalent resistance across the three parallel paths?
b. What is the total resistance of the circuit?
c. What is the current of the external circuit?
d. What is the current across each parallel path?
e. What is the potential drop across the 12 ohm resistor?

5. A) What is the equivalent resistance from c to e?

B) What is the total Resistance?
C) What is the current across the external circuit?

65
Introduction to Computers
1. How did computers change from early development of mainframe computers to
desktops? What technological breakthroughs aided this change?

2. Describe the history of the mass storage devices for computers from the beginning
to present day.

3. Define the following terms:

a. Bit
b. Byte
c. ROM
d. RAM

4. What are the binary representations of the following numbers?

a. 24 c. 100

b. 49 d. 212

5. What is the decimal notation of the following binary codes?

a. 10101010 c. 01000100

b. 11000011 d. 10011001

6. Add the following Binary Numbers

a. 10100001 + 01000011

b. 00111111 + 00000001

66
Video Prompts

Creation of the Universe

1. What are the four fundamental forces of nature?

2. What are the particles that carry each of the fundamental forces?

3. What is the Big Bang Theory and how was it arrived at? Who proposed it and how?

4. What are the particles that make up protons and neutrons, and in what combination?

5. Why is a telescope like a time machine?

6. What is the Grand Unified Field Theory? What is the goal?

7. How far back into the history of the universe have we explored?

8. What is a particle accelerator and what are they used for?

9. What is antimatter? What happens when it comes in contact with matter?

10. What happened just before the big bang? What got it started?

67
Video Prompts

Elegant Universe
1. What is the quantum mechanical view of the atom? What does it mean that
electrons are quantized? What is the implications derived from the Shrödinger
Equation?

2. What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and what are its implications in
relation to the nature of scientific truth? What are the implications for
understanding of reality or the nature of the universe?

3. What are the basic premises of Super String Theory? How is it attempting to unite
the laws of the large universe-general relativity- and the small universe-quantum
mechanics?

68