Slides

Section : Diving deep into

constructors and
initialization
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Diving Deep into Constructors
and Initialization : Intro

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Constructors

A window to customize how our own class

objects are put together

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Default parameters for
constructors

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Default parameter

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 Use default arguments

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 Specify all default parameters

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 Confusion

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 Initializer lists for constructors

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 Member wise assignment initialization

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 Initializer list initialization

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 Initializer list benefits

• They avoid unnecessary copies. More on this in next lecture

• In some cases, they’re the only way to initialize an object

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Initializer lists VS Member wise
copy initialization

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Member wise assignment initialization

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Initializer list initialization

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Member wise copy Initializer lists

• Two steps :
• Initialization happens at real
• object creation
object creation
• member variable
• Unnecessary copies avoided
assignment
• Order of member variables
• Potential unnecessary copies of
matters
data
• Order of member variables
doesn’t matter

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Recommendation

Always prefer initializer lists over member wise copy initialization.

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Explicit Constructors

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 One parameter constructor

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 One parameter constructor

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 Sneaky Implicit conversions

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 Mark single parameter constructor as explicit

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 Beware of constructors with all but one default parameters

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 Constructor Delegation

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 Two separate constructors

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 Two separate constructors

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 Delegate object construction

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 Event sequence

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 What if you call the three param constructor yourself

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 No further initializations before/after delegation call

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 Can do anything we want in body though [after delegation call]

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 Copy Constructors

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 Person

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 Make a copy

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 P1

last_name

fist_name

age

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 P2 P1

last_name last_name

fist_name fist_name

age age

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 Pointer address copied

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 It is possible to set up your own copy constructor. This will disable the default
one provided by the compiler. Yours will be the active one.

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 Our own copy constructor : Attempt 1

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 Our own copy constructor : Attempt 1 BAD

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 Our own copy constructor : Attempt 2

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Our own copy constructor : Attempt 2 BAD

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 Our own copy constructor : Attempt 3

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 Our own copy constructor : Attempt 3 GOOD

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 Our own copy constructor : Delegating

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Objects stored in arrays create
copies

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 Array elements are copies

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 Copies in range based for loop

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 References avoid copies

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 Regular loops don’t make copies

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 Deep copy VS Shallow copy

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 Shallow copy Deep copy

When pointer member variables

Member wise copy of member are involved, allocating new
variables, even for pointers. memory and copying in data
from the source pointer

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 P1

string last_name John

string fist_name Snow

int * age 0x1afd3

content : 25

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Shallow copy

P2 P1

string last_name John string last_name John

string fist_name Snow string fist_name Snow

int * age 0x1afd3 int * age 0x1afd3

content : 25 content : 25

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Deep copy

P2 P1

string last_name John string last_name John

string fist_name Snow string fist_name Snow

int * age 0x1afe4 int * age 0x1afd3

content : 25 content : 25

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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 Move Constructors

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 Stealing data from temporary objects

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 Building from temporaries : Syntax

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 temporary

double * x 0x1afd3

content : 40.7

double * y 0x1afd4

content : 50.3

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 p3 temporary

double * x nullptr double * x 0x1afd3

content : none content : 40.7

double * y nullptr double * y 0x1afd4

content none content : 50.3

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 p3 temporary

double * x 0x1afd3 double * x 0x1afd3

content : 40.7 content : 40.7

double * y 0x1afd4 double * y 0x1afd4

content : 50.3 content : 50.3

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 p3 temporary

double * x 0x1afd3 double * x nullptr

content : 40.7 content : none

double * y 0x1afd4 double * y nullptr

content : 50.3 content : none

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 Your move constructor

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 Making sure you have a temporary

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 Deleted constructors

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 Disable a constructor from being used to create objects

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 Initializer list constructors

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 {1,2,3,4,…}

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 Initializer list constructor

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 std::initializer list 12.45 45.3

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 Traverse the std::initializer_list

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 Pointer arithmetic

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 Store data into member variables

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 Aggregate Initialization

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 {1,2,3,4,…}

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 All aggregates can be initialized with {}

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 Designated Initializers

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 Uniform Initialization for
Aggregates

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 Uniform Initialization

Initializing any object either through () or {}

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 Diving Deep into Constructors
and Initialization : Summary

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Default parameters

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Initializer list initialization

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Member wise copy Initializer lists

• Two steps :
• Initialization happens at real
• object creation
object creation
• member variable
• Unnecessary copies avoided
assignment
• Order of member variables
• Potential unnecessary copies of
matters
data
• Order of member variables
doesn’t matter

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Explicit Constructors

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Constructor Delegation

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 Copy constructors GOOD

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 Copy constructor delegation

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 Shallow copy

P2 P1

string last_name John string last_name John

string fist_name Snow string fist_name Snow

int * age 0x1afd3 int * age 0x1afd3

content : 25 content : 25

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 Deep copy

P2 P1

string last_name John string last_name John

string fist_name Snow string fist_name Snow

int * age 0x1afe4 int * age 0x1afd3

content : 25 content : 25

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 Move constructors

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 Deleted constructors

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 Initializer list constructors

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 • Aggregate Initialization
• Designated Initializers
• Uniform Initialization for aggregates

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