Chapter 1

Functions of Operating System

1.Describe hardware and software.
Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer that you can see and touch, such as monitor key board,
mouse printer etc
Software refers to the instructions or programs that tells a hardware what to do.
2.Explain the different types of software
There are two types of software. They are
system software: It is a collection of programs that helps to run a computer’s hardware and other programs. It
manages hardware resources and other application software. Ex: operating system (Linux, windows)
Application software: It performs a specific type of job like calculations, arranging data in an organised manner,
creating images etc. Ex: Word ,power point, Excel.
3.Describe the function of an operating system.
Process management: Operating system ensures that every process or application receives enough processor
time to function properly.
Memory management: An OS manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications. It keeps
track of memory used by each process.
Device management: An OS controls and coordinates the various Input/Output devices attached to the
computer system.
Security and protection: The built-in security modules of an OS protect the resources and the information
stored on a computer system from the unauthorised access.
4.Write a short note on multi user operating system.
A multi user OS allows multiple users to access resources that are running on a single network server
simultaneously.it is commonly used in large organisations such as government offices, universities etc.
Examples of multi-user OS are UNIX, Mainframe OS, Virtual Memory System.
5.How an Operating System help in File Management?
OS keeps track of the information regarding the creation, deletion, transfer, copying and storage of files in an
organised manner.
6. Write the details of CLI.
A command line interface (CLI) is a software mechanism you use to interact with your operating system using
your keyboard.
7. What do you understand by the term ‘User Interface’ ?
User interface refers to the hardware - software mechanism by which a user interacts with the computer to
provide instructions. An OS acts as an interface through which a user gives commands to the computer.
8.Describe the single user multi tasking operating system
An OS that allows only one user to run several programs at a time is called the single user multi tasking
operating system.
9. Write some example of single User multi tasking OS.
 Windows
 Linux
 macOS
10. Distinguish between the real time and distributed OS.
A real time OS is designed to handle real life scenarios and problems. It have the capability to prioritise the
processes. Air traffic control ,robots are examples of real time OS.
Distributed Operating System runs on a set of computers that is located in different geographical
areas ,interconnected by a network. It controls these inter connected systems and makes them appear as a
single unit.
11. Write any four difference between CUI and GUI
Character User Interface Graphical User Interface
In CUI user interacts with applications by In GUI user interacts with applications by making
making use of commands. use of graphics.
Only one task can be executed at a particular Multiple tasks can be performed simultaneously on
point of time on CUI the GUI
Supports use of keyboard only Supports use of both mouse and keyboard
CUI is relatively less attractive GUI is more attractive
CHAPTER -2
SPREADSHEET - FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS
1. What is a Formula? Explain with the help of an example.
Formulas are the user-defined instructions that are used for carrying out calculations.
Example:= A2 + B2 * 5
2. What is Cell Reference? Mention its types.
A cell address in a formula is known as the cell reference. With the help of the references, you can
find the values or data in a worksheet that you want to use in the formula. There are three types of
cell references: relative reference, absolute reference, and mixed reference.
3. What do you know about Absolute Reference? Explain with the help of an example.
An absolute reference is used when you do not want to change the address of the cell while copying
the formula to the other cell. To use absolute reference in a formula, you need to add dollar ($) sign
before the column and row numbers.
4. What is a cell range? How do you name it?
A range is a group of contiguous cells. To name a rage, select range, and click on the Formulas tab >
Define. Enter a suitable name in the dialog box. Click on OK. The defined name is now ready to be
used in the formulas.
5. What do you mean by a Function? Name some of the Functions.
Functions are the predefined formulas in Excel to perform both simple and complex calculations.
They begin with the equal to (=) sign. Two functions in Excel: Average ( ): It returns the average of the
range values. Max ( ): It is used to find the largest value in the given range.
6. What are the rules to enter a Function?
The following are the rules for writing a function in Excel:
• All Excel functions must begin with an equal to (=) symbol.
• Function name must be a valid Excel name. For example, SUM, AVERAGE.
• Function name must be followed by an opening and closing parenthesis.
• Arguments are enclosed in the parenthesis. For example, =SUM (A1:A5).

CHAPTER 3: CHARTS IN A SPREADSHEET

1.What is a Chart?
A chart is a useful tool in Excel that is used to display the numerical data in a pictorial form. Charts
make it easier to draw comparisons and analyse the growth, relationship, and trends among the
values in a range.
2. How is a Column chart different from a Bar chart?
A column chart shows different trends over a period of time. In this type of chart, categories are
organised horizontally, and values vertically to emphasise the magnitude of change over a period of
time. A bar chart illustrates the data comparison between individual items. It displays the data in the
form of long rectangular rods called bars, that are placed horizontally on the Chart Area.
3. Name the different components of a chart.
Following are the various components of a chart:
• Chart Area: It includes all the objects and elements in a chart.
• Category Axis and Value Axis: Category axis or X-axis is the horizontal axis of a chart.
• Value Axis: Value axis or Y-axis is the vertical axis of a chart.
• Data Series: A data series is a related set of data values.
• Plot Area: It contains the actual chart and includes the plotted data, data series,
category, and value axis.
• Legend: It depicts the colours, patterns, and symbols assigned to a data series.
• Chart Title: It describes the purpose and contents of the chart.
• Gridlines: Gridlines make it easier to read and understand the values.
4. What is a Pie chart? Describe its features.
A Pie chart displays data in the form of a circle that is divided into a series of segments. It always
shows only one data series and is useful when you want to emphasise on a significant element. This
chart type works best with the smaller number of values.
5. Differentiate between Category Axis and Value Axis of a chart.
Category axis or X-axis is the horizontal axis of a chart whereas value axis or Y-axis is the vertical axis
of a chart.
6.Describe the bubble chart
A Bubble chart displays three dimensions of data in the form of a disk plotted on an XY graph. Two of
the values are represented by the XY location of the disk and the third value is depicted by its size.
7. Explain area chart
An area chart is a unique version of a line or column chart. This type of chart has a greater visual
impact than a Line chart. It emphasises on the magnitude, i.e., the volume of change over time.
CHAPTER 4: ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
1.What is an algorithm?
An algorithm is a set of sequential steps to solve any problem systematically.
2. Write any three characteristics of an algorithm?
The following are the characteristics of an algorithm:
• An algorithm should have step-by-step instructions, which should be free from any programming
code.
• An algorithm should have well-defined inputs.
• The desired result must be obtained after the algorithm has been terminated.
3. Describe the use of flowcharts.
A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of the steps of an algorithm, which are used for solving
a particular problem. It makes the programs easy to understand. It acts as guide or blueprint during
the program development phase.
4. Write any three characteristics of a flowchart.
The following are the characteristics of a flowchart:
• A flowchart must flow in a logical order.
• It should have short, clear, and readable statements written inside the symbols.
• It must have a clear start and end.
5. Name the various symbols in flowchart.
The various symbols used in flowcharts are: Start/Stop box, Input/Output box, Processing box,
Decision box, Flow lines, and Connectors.
6.Describe the use of flowlines in a flowchart.
Flow lines show the direction in which the program is moving. These arrows are used to connect the
various geometrical symbols in a flowchart.
7. Why do you use the decision box in a flowchart. Explain.
The Decision box is used for checking or applying any condition in the program. A decision box is
represented by a diamond shape. It has only one entry point but two exit points. One exit point
shows the true condition and the other the false condition.
Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Programming
1.Define objects. Give a real time example to explain objects along with their attributes and
behaviour.
Objects are real world entities or items. For example, a pen is an object. Its attributes are brand
name, model, colour, price, etc., and its behaviour (function) is writing.
2. What do you understand by the polymorphism?
The word Polymorphism means “many forms”. Polymorphism helps the programmer to use the same
function name for more than one purpose.
3. What are operators?
Operators are the special symbols that are used to perform calculations. They are applied to the
variables and constants to form an expression.
4. Distinguish between variables and keywords.
A variable is a named location in the memory, which stores data temporarily. A variable is assigned
with a unique name. The name is a sequence of letters and digits, but first character always starts
with a letter or underscore. Keywords are the reserved words of a Java program with some special
meaning, and can be used for that purpose only. The keywords cannot be used as variable names.
5.Describe the different data types available in Java.
To utilise the maximum amount of memory, Java provides different data types, such as int, float,
double, char and Boolean.
6. Distinguish between relational and logical operators.
Relational operators are used to compare two variables whereas logical operators are used to
compare the result of the relational expressions.
7.Describe the abstraction features of OOP with an example.
Abstraction is a very important feature of the Object-Oriented Programming. It is used to manage
the complexity of the system i.e., it provides only the essential features of the system to the user and
hides all the complex processes.
8. What is precedence of operators?
When an expression contains more than one operator, it evaluates according to the precedence of
operators. A precedence of an operator depicts the order in which the different operators in an
expression are evaluated.
Chapter 6: Control Structures
1.Describe the use of the control statements.
A control statement determines whether or not the other statements will be executed. In other
words, it makes it possible to make decisions, perform tasks repeatedly, or jump from one section of
the code to another.
2.What are the different type control statements?
The different types of control statement that are used to control the flow of execution of a program
are sequential statements, selection statements, and Iterative or looping statements.
3. Why do you use the selection statements in programs?
Selection statements are used to transfer the flow control to a specific location, depending on the
result of the conditional expression.
4. What is the difference between if and if.. else statement?
The if statement executes a statement or a block of statements if the condition is true, otherwise it
skips the statements. The if...else control structure is used when either of the two different actions is
to be performed. If the conditional expression evaluates to true, the statements associated with the
if block get executed. Otherwise, the statements associated with the else block get executed.
5. Explain the use of if.. else.. if ladder.
The if...else...if ladder is an extension of the if...else statement. The if...else...if ladder provides a
compact way to check multiple conditions, where every condition has a block of statements.
Chapter 7: App Development
1. What are Apps? List the different types of Apps.
Apps enable you to do something specific, like paint, draw, read maps and barcodes, take
photographs, play games, watch and edit videos, and a host of other activities, but within the
technical limitations of your device. Apps are designed to work on different operating systems used
by the various devices. Desktop Apps, Native App, Web app, etc. are different types of apps.
2. State the use of webapp.
Web Apps require an internet connection. They are usually browser-based and stored on a remote
server. Users can access them like any other web page. A web application requires very less amount
of device memory as the application lies on the remote server. These applications can be utilised
from any device through the internet.
3. Describe the Hybrid App.
Hybrid Apps have the features of both Web Apps and Native Apps. These apps can be installed by
downloading them from the Play Store or App Store using the internet. Hybrid apps can be stored
partly on the local device and partly on the remote server.
4. Distinguish between desktop and mobile app.
Desktop Apps can be used on a desktop or laptop. Generally, they do not need web access and run
independently on a computer. Mobile apps are usually developed for a specific operating system and
device. This is because each device may have different specifications, like GPS, dual SIMs, cameras,
memory, Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), or Near-Field Communication (NFC).
5. What are native apps?
Native Apps come pre-installed on the new phone, and can also be downloaded from the Play Store
or App Store and further installed on the device. Some Native Apps can run on the device without
the use of the internet, but the others may need the internet facility for full functionality. These apps
have certain limitations. They are designed for a particular platform and expensive to develop and
maintain.
6. How can you download and install App from the google play store.
To download an app, tap on Play Store and type name of the app in the Search bar that you wish to
download. If it meets your requirements, tap the INSTALL button to install the app on your device.
The app will request you for permission to access specific information from your phone. Confirm
your consent, and the app will be downloaded and installed on your phone. The app is now ready to
use.
7. Explain the importance of the educational apps. Give an example to support your answer.
Educational apps are used for learning. These apps not only help the students to learn new concepts,
but also show you what is being taught in the classrooms. Students of all age groups can access a
treasure chest of information on any topic. Educational apps are equally useful for both students and
teachers. The teachers are able to distribute study material quickly, conduct tests, and grade the
students efficiently by using apps, like Google Classroom, Kahoot, etc.
Chapter 8: Introduction to Networking
1. What is a computer network?
A computer network is a group of computers and the other peripheral devices that are linked
together for the purpose of sharing data and resources.
2. Write any 2 advantages of networking.
Advantages of networking:
Resource Sharing: In a computer network, all the hardware and software resources are shared
among the users of the network. The additional peripheral devices, such as printer, scanner,
modems, fax machines, etc., can be connected to one central computer and shared among the
others. Increased Storage Capacity: As in a network, the users can store their files on remote
computers, so they get more space to store the data.
3. What is the utility of domain name? Explain with help of an example.
Domain name is a unique name given to each website or resource connected to the internet. No two
websites can have the same domain name. The domain name must be registered, then you can use
it. Domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses since the names have strong correlation
with the website. For example, to use the Google search engine, the domain name is google.co.in is
used.
4. What is the role of a gateway in computer network?
A gateway is a device that acts as an entrance to another network. It is different from a router or
switch as it communicates using more than one protocol to connect a bunch of networks. It is
basically a shared connection between a LAN and WAN.
5. What is cloud computing? List the advantages of it.
In cloud computing, a cloud is storage location that is present at a remote location.
Advantages of cloud computing are:
• Storage Capacity: Cloud provides a large and secure storage space to store massive volume of
information.
• Accessibility: Cloud allows easy access to cloud-based services and applications through the
internet-enabled devices, such as desktops, laptops, tablets, or mobile phones.
6. Write short note on each of the following.
Hub: A hub is a network device that is used to connect all the computers in a network with each
other. When a computer sends a request in a network, it is first sent to the hub by the cable. The hub
then transmits that request to all the other computers in the network, which check whether the
message belongs to them or not. If not, then the message is dropped.
Modem: A modem enables you to connect your computer with the available internet connection
over the existing telephone lines. It converts the digital signals of a computer into analog signals and
vice versa.