To assemble a household cireut, comprising three bulbs, three (on off) switches, a fase and power source, Three bulbs 20.W, SOW & 100 W),three (On/ OM) switches, flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, a fuse wire, atwopin plug, main electric bosrd with twopin socket and main switeh. : RK J Js] Fig. 3.13 bulb circuit Household circuit functions on main suply 220 V, $0 Hz and current rattings of SA for domestic supply fornormaal appliances, bulbs fluorescent tubes, fans ete. ISA forheavy load appliances, refrigerator, air conditioner, geuser bot platesete. Total powerconsumption ‘Pt any time, P 7 PLT PLT PH ssccne, where P,.P,,P,..0.. are powers drawn by appliances ‘Atapotential ‘W",thecurrent drawn fromthe mainsis P VI ie.) Vv for Pin wattand V in volt, willbeinamperes. Normally, to protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn, faseofalit higher rating, 10 to 20% highcr than the current normally drawn are connected in series appliances. Remember that in household cireuits, all appliances are connected in PARALLEL with a switch connected in series with each appliance insupply LIVE line ‘Also for further safety. suitable value MAINS FUSE is connected in series with supply source, Note that fuscisa safety device, never usea fuse ofmuch higher rating thanthe one recommended. (Connect one end of the bulb holder to the red flexible wire through a switch $ in series. Connectthe other end ofthe bulb holder io the black flexible wire, (i) Connect the three bulb switch combination in parallel, red wire ends at one point and the black wire endatthe other point. (iii) Taketwolong flexible wires toserveas lead wire, one wireisred and the otherisblack, Poge 20 (PHYSICS)Object Apparatus Diggram Procedure Conelusion @Uiaiivtys) Object Apparatus Theory (iv) Connect the red wire end to the red wire L,, It will serve as alive lead. ty) ‘Connect the black wireends to the black wireL,. It (vi) Putthe fuse wire FinliveleadL,. (vii) Connects plug (two pin plug) Pattheendof the twoleads., (viii) Insertthe plug ina two pin socket provided in the main electric board (inserting the upper pin for L, inupper hole of the socket and the lower ping for L, in lower hole of the socket). Make the switches on one by one. Then put them affane by one, ‘The bulbs glow when the switch is madeon, I stops glowing when the switch is put off. serveas neutral lead, ‘Toassemble the components ofagiven electrical circuit (say Ohm's law ci A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a hattery, a rheastat, one way key, an unknown resistance coil, connecting wires, apiece of sand paper. Bay Fig. 4.1; it Diagram Fig. 42 : Arrangement Diagram ()——Connectthe itemsasshown inFig.4.2 (i) Formeasuringcurrent,ammeter should be connected in series with the components. (iii) For measuring potential drop, voltmeter should be connected in parallel with the resistance coil or wire, ‘Assembly of all the componentsin electric circuitis complate. she x, | ‘To study the variation in potential drop with length ota [—|--—— wi wire forasteady current. A potentiometer, a battery, a theostat, a voltmeter, a 9 Jockey, one way Xey, connecting wires. Fip. 5.1: Measurement of potential drop. Potentiometer: itis an instrument whichis used for the measurement of potential dropande.m.f.ofa ecll. Principle : If a steady current is maintaned by a hattery E, through a wire of homogeneous ‘composition and uniferm area of cross-section, then the potential drop V along the wire is directly proportional taits length, i, Vel ¥ or Tonk (constant) ‘Where kis thedrop of potential per unit length. Itis also called.as the potential gradient. Page 22 (PHYSICS)Procedure Observation Graph Conclusion: Activity 6: Object : Apparatus = Diagram = ® ‘asshown in Fig. 5.1 Gi) Positive terminal of voltmeter is connected to positive end of the metre bridge wire. The negative end is connected to the jockey J. (ii) Thejockey is kepton the wire at 10cm position. Note down the voltmeterreading. iv) The jockey is then kept at positions 20 em, 30 cm, 90 em, 100 cm and the ‘corresponding voltmeter reading is taken. () —_Recontthe observations. Range of voltmeter Least countofvoltmeter=. Gii)_—_Zerocorteetion of Voltmeter Giv)— Rangeofammetet einen () —_Leastcountofammeterscale...... (vi)_ Steady currentshown by theammeter: §.No,] Steady current | Wire length repeat TPereatal drop, 1A) T (cm) Verolt) parem — 1. 10 2. 20 3 30 | 4 40 5. 50. _ 6 60 7. 70 z 80 9. 90 10. 100 Agraph between V and lis plotted which isa straight line as shown in Fig. 5.2. aj () The potential difference is directly proportional to the wire length when = steady current passes through it. (i) The graph between Vand lisastraightline. — tiem) Fig. 5.2, To draw a diagram of a given open circuit comprising of least a battery, resistor, rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are nat connected in proper order and correct the cireuitand alsothe circuit diageam, A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a theostat, one way key, unknown resistance wire or resistance coil, connecting wires, piece of sand paper Anopencircuit not connected circuit) is given: Fig. 6.1 : Open Circuit Diagram (Components not connected in proper order). Page 23 (PHYSICS)‘Theory Procedure Result Precautions @) ) a @ fo) aw Functional eleetrical elrcult: A circuit is functional only when all the components of the circuit are connected in proper onécr, assuming thst all circuit components are in working, condition ard key iselosed. Open electrical eircult : An open circuit means that there is a break in some part of the circuit. The break may be deliberate suchas key isin open position or three is a fault such as broken wire or bumtor loose connection, Draw the eiteuit6.t incopy. Write various components & mark those which arenot connected in proper order. Draw the eorreet circuit diagram Now close thiekey and check up whether the corrected cireuit is now functional, Rigo Aimeter — Ylimcter Fig, 6.2 : Arrangement Diagram ‘The connected circuit assembled using components in proper orders found functional on checking. wo @) Range of Voltmeterand Ammetershould bechosen, Before making connections, the ends ofthe connecting wires should be cleaned by rubbing with (sand paper).