ICT Exam Style Chapter-Wise Practice Questions [Mark Scheme]

Chapter 1: Digital Devices

1. Define the term "embedded system." (1 mark)

o A system with dedicated functionality within a larger system/device.

2. State two advantages of using multifunctional devices. (2 marks)

o Saves space (1 mark)

o Cost-efficient (1 mark)

3. Explain what is meant by "convergence" in digital devices. (3 marks)

o Convergence refers to combining the functionalities of multiple devices into one device. (1 mark)

o Example: A smartphone being used as a camera, GPS, and media player (2 marks)

4. Describe two examples of embedded systems in household appliances. (2 marks)

o Washing machine: Controls cycles and temperature (1 mark)

o Microwave oven: Controls cooking time and power levels (1 mark)

5. Compare a desktop computer with a laptop in terms of portability and performance. (4 marks)

o Desktop: Higher performance but less portable (2 marks)

o Laptop: More portable but generally less powerful (2 marks)

6. What is a microprocessor, and why is it important in digital devices? (2 marks)

o Microprocessor: Central component controlling digital device operations (1 mark)

o Importance: Executes instructions and processes data (1 mark)

7. Explain the impact of faster processors on the performance of digital devices. (3 marks)

o Faster processors execute more instructions per second (1 mark)

o Reduces lag, improves responsiveness (1 mark)

o Beneficial for multitasking and complex applications (1 mark)

8. State two advantages of using smartphones over desktop computers. (2 marks)

o Portability (1 mark)

o Always connected via mobile data (1 mark)

9. Describe the role of a network interface card (NIC) in digital devices. (2 marks)

o Allows a device to connect to a network (1 mark)

o Facilitates communication between devices over a network (1 mark)

10. Explain how RAM and ROM are used in a smartphone. (4 marks)

o RAM: Temporary storage for active apps (2 marks)

o ROM: Stores the operating system and essential data (2 marks)

Chapter 2: Software

1. Define "operating system" and state its main function. (2 marks)

o Operating system: Software that manages hardware and software resources (1 mark)

o Main function: Provides a user interface and manages system processes (1 mark)

2. Explain the difference between system software and application software. (3 marks)

o System software: Controls hardware and provides a platform for applications (1 mark)

o Application software: Allows users to perform specific tasks (e.g., word processing) (1 mark)

o Example: Windows (system software) vs Microsoft Word (application software) (1 mark)

3. What is the purpose of utility software in a computer system? (2 marks)

o Utility software performs system maintenance tasks (1 mark)

o Example: Disk cleanup or antivirus software (1 mark)

4. State one example of system software and one example of application software. (2 marks)

o System software: Windows, Linux (1 mark)

o Application software: Microsoft Excel, Photoshop (1 mark)

5. Explain the purpose of antivirus software and how it works. (3 marks)

o Protects the computer from malware (1 mark)

o Scans files for known viruses and malware signatures (1 mark)

o Quarantines or deletes infected files (1 mark)

6. Describe the process of installing new software on a computer. (3 marks)

o Download or insert installation media (1 mark)

o Run the setup or installation program (1 mark)

o Follow prompts to install the software on the system (1 mark)

7. Explain the term "open-source software" and give one example. (2 marks)

o Software whose source code is freely available for modification (1 mark)

o Example: Linux, Firefox (1 mark)

8. What is the purpose of file compression software? (2 marks)

o Reduces file size for easier storage or transmission (1 mark)

o Example: ZIP files (1 mark)

9. Compare proprietary software with open-source software in terms of cost and support. (4 marks)

o Proprietary: Usually requires purchase; professional support provided (2 marks)

o Open-source: Free, but support is typically community-based (2 marks)

 10. Explain why regular software updates are important for security. (3 marks)

o Updates fix security vulnerabilities (1 mark)

o Prevents new malware from exploiting weaknesses (1 mark)

o Keeps software compatible with new systems (1 mark)

Chapter 3: Memory and Processors

1. Define RAM and explain its role in a computer system. (2 marks)

o RAM: Volatile memory for temporarily storing active data (1 mark)

o Role: Improves performance by holding data for quick access (1 mark)

2. State the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory. (2 marks)

o Volatile: Loses data when power is off (e.g., RAM) (1 mark)

o Non-volatile: Retains data even without power (e.g., ROM) (1 mark)

3. Explain why virtual memory is used in a computer system. (3 marks)

o Allows systems to run more applications than available RAM can hold (1 mark)

o Uses hard drive space as an extension of RAM (1 mark)

o Slower than physical RAM (1 mark)

4. Describe the function of cache memory in improving processor performance. (3 marks)

o Cache stores frequently accessed data for quick retrieval (1 mark)

o Reduces time spent accessing data from RAM (1 mark)

o Speeds up overall processing (1 mark)

5. What is the purpose of secondary storage in a computer system? (2 marks)

o Permanent storage for files and applications (1 mark)

o Retains data when the system is powered off (1 mark)

6. Explain two advantages of using solid-state drives (SSD) over hard disk drives (HDD). (3 marks)

o Faster data access speeds (1 mark)

o More durable with no moving parts (1 mark)

o Lower power consumption (1 mark)

7. State one disadvantage of using flash memory compared to other storage types. (1 mark)

o Limited write cycles (1 mark)

8. Compare primary and secondary storage in terms of speed and capacity. (4 marks)

o Primary (RAM): Faster but lower capacity (2 marks)

o Secondary (HDD/SSD): Slower but higher capacity (2 marks)

 9. What is the function of a processor’s clock speed? (2 marks)

o Determines how many instructions the processor can execute per second (1 mark)

o Higher clock speed means faster performance (1 mark)

10. Describe how increasing the number of processor cores improves performance. (3 marks)

o Allows more instructions to be processed simultaneously (1 mark)

o Improves multitasking performance (1 mark)

o Reduces the time for complex tasks (1 mark)

Chapter 4: Digital Communication

1. Define the term "network" and give two examples. (2 marks)

o A system of connected devices sharing resources and data (1 mark)

o Examples: Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) (1 mark)

2. What is the difference between a Local Area Network (LAN) and a Wide Area Network (WAN)? (3
marks)

o LAN: Covers a small geographical area (e.g., office) (1 mark)

o WAN: Covers a large geographical area (e.g., the internet) (1 mark)

o WAN typically uses external infrastructure like satellites (1 mark)

3. Explain how a modem works in digital communication. (2 marks)

o Converts digital signals into analog for transmission and vice versa (1 mark)

o Allows devices to connect to the internet via a phone line or cable (1 mark)

4. State two benefits of using fiber-optic cables in digital communication. (2 marks)

o Faster data transfer speeds (1 mark)

o Less signal degradation over long distances (1 mark)

5. Describe the role of a router in a home network. (3 marks)

o Directs data between devices and the internet (1 mark)

o Assigns IP addresses to devices (1 mark)

o Ensures secure data transmission via firewall (1 mark)

6. Explain what is meant by bandwidth in the context of digital communication. (2 marks)

o The amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given time (1 mark)

o Higher bandwidth means faster data transfer (1 mark)

7. State one advantage and one disadvantage of wireless communication. (2 marks)

o Advantage: No physical cables required (1 mark)

 o Disadvantage: Can be less secure or subject to interference (1 mark)

8. Explain the role of encryption in securing data transmission over the internet. (3 marks)

o Converts data into a secure code to prevent unauthorized access (1 mark)

o Data can only be decoded with a specific decryption key (1 mark)

o Common encryption protocols: SSL, TLS (1 mark)

9. Describe how video conferencing can benefit businesses. (2 marks)

o Reduces travel costs for meetings (1 mark)

o Enables real-time communication across different locations (1 mark)

10. Explain the term "asynchronous communication" and give an example. (3 marks)

o Communication where participants do not interact in real time (1 mark)

o Example: Email, forums (1 mark)

o Allows users to respond at their convenience (1 mark)

Chapter 5: Networks

1. Define the term "IP address" and explain its role in networks. (2 marks)

o A unique numerical identifier assigned to a device on a network (1 mark)

o It allows devices to communicate with each other over the network (1 mark)

2. What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? (3 marks)

o IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, allowing approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses (1 mark)

o IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing a much larger address space (1 mark)

o IPv6 is designed to handle future expansion and address shortages in IPv4 (1 mark)

3. Explain how a firewall helps protect a network. (3 marks)

o Monitors incoming and outgoing traffic (1 mark)

o Blocks unauthorized access based on predefined security rules (1 mark)

o Prevents malicious data from entering the network (1 mark)

4. State two advantages of using cloud storage over local storage in a network. (2 marks)

o Accessible from any device with internet access (1 mark)

o Reduces the need for physical storage hardware (1 mark)

5. Describe the function of a switch in a network. (2 marks)

o Connects devices within a local area network (LAN) (1 mark)

o Directs data to the correct device based on MAC addresses (1 mark)

6. Explain the difference between client-server and peer-to-peer networks. (4 marks)

 o Client-server: Centralized control with dedicated servers providing resources (2 marks)

o Peer-to-peer: Devices share resources directly without a central server (2 marks)

7. State one benefit of using a VPN (Virtual Private Network). (1 mark)

o Provides secure access to a private network over the internet (1 mark)

8. Describe the purpose of a network protocol. (2 marks)

o Defines rules for data transmission across a network (1 mark)

o Ensures proper communication between devices (1 mark)

9. Explain how data packets are transmitted in a network. (3 marks)

o Data is broken into smaller packets (1 mark)

o Each packet contains information about its destination (1 mark)

o Packets are reassembled at the destination (1 mark)

10. State two risks associated with using public Wi-Fi networks. (2 marks)

o Lack of encryption can lead to data interception (1 mark)

o Susceptibility to man-in-the-middle attacks (1 mark)

Chapter 6: Risks to Data and Personal Information

1. Define "phishing" and describe how it threatens personal data. (2 marks)

o Phishing is the attempt to obtain sensitive information by pretending to be a trustworthy entity (1

mark)

o Can lead to identity theft and unauthorized access to accounts (1 mark)

2. State two methods of securing personal information online. (2 marks)

o Use of strong passwords (1 mark)

o Enabling two-factor authentication (1 mark)

3. What is malware, and how does it affect computers? (3 marks)

o Malware is software designed to damage or disable computers (1 mark)

o Can result in data theft, corruption, or system crashes (1 mark)

o Types include viruses, worms, and ransomware (1 mark)

4. Explain the role of a password manager in improving security. (2 marks)

o Stores and manages multiple complex passwords securely (1 mark)

o Reduces the need to remember multiple passwords, encouraging stronger passwords (1 mark)

5. Describe two consequences of data breaches for organizations. (3 marks)

o Financial loss due to fines or compensation (1 mark)

 o Damage to reputation and loss of customer trust (1 mark)

o Legal action from affected parties (1 mark)

6. What is two-factor authentication, and why is it important? (2 marks)

o Requires two forms of authentication to access an account (1 mark)

o Provides an extra layer of security beyond just a password (1 mark)

7. Explain the importance of encryption in protecting personal data. (3 marks)

o Converts data into an unreadable format (1 mark)

o Only those with the decryption key can access the original data (1 mark)

o Protects sensitive data from unauthorized access, even if intercepted (1 mark)

8. State two examples of physical security measures for protecting data. (2 marks)

o Use of biometric locks (e.g., fingerprint scanners) (1 mark)

o Installing surveillance cameras (1 mark)

9. What is ransomware, and how does it affect users? (3 marks)

o Malware that encrypts a user’s files and demands payment for their release (1 mark)

o Users are often locked out of their systems until a ransom is paid (1 mark)

o Even after payment, there is no guarantee of file recovery (1 mark)

10. Explain how antivirus software detects and removes malware. (3 marks)

o Scans files and programs for known malware signatures (1 mark)

o Quarantines or deletes infected files (1 mark)

o Regular updates ensure the software can detect new threats (1 mark)

Chapter 7: Impact of the Internet

1. State two positive impacts of the internet on society. (2 marks)

o Facilitates global communication and information sharing (1 mark)

o Enables online education and e-learning opportunities (1 mark)

2. Explain the term "digital divide" and its effect on internet access. (3 marks)

o The gap between those who have access to the internet and those who do not (1 mark)

o Affects access to information, job opportunities, and education (1 mark)

o Widens socio-economic disparities (1 mark)

3. Describe how e-commerce has changed the way businesses operate. (3 marks)

o Enables businesses to reach global markets (1 mark)

o Reduces operational costs by eliminating physical stores (1 mark)

 o Allows for 24/7 availability of products and services (1 mark)

4. State one negative effect of the internet on social interaction. (1 mark)

o Reduces face-to-face communication, leading to social isolation (1 mark)

5. Explain how online learning platforms benefit students. (2 marks)

o Provides access to a wide range of educational resources (1 mark)

o Allows for flexible learning schedules (1 mark)

6. Describe how the internet has impacted communication in the workplace. (3 marks)

o Enables remote working and virtual meetings (1 mark)

o Improves collaboration through instant messaging and emails (1 mark)

o Reduces the need for travel and in-person meetings (1 mark)

7. Explain two ways that the internet has affected the entertainment industry. (4 marks)

o Streaming services have replaced physical media (2 marks)

o Online platforms allow independent creators to reach global audiences (2 marks)

8. State one advantage and one disadvantage of remote working enabled by the internet. (2 marks)

o Advantage: Flexible working hours (1 mark)

o Disadvantage: Potential for reduced work-life balance (1 mark)

9. What is meant by "cyberbullying," and how can it be prevented? (3 marks)

o Cyberbullying: Harassment or bullying that occurs online through messages or social media (1
mark)

o Prevention: Educating users about responsible online behavior and reporting mechanisms (1 mark)

o Platforms can implement strict moderation and block harmful users (1 mark)

10. Describe how governments can regulate internet use to prevent illegal activities. (2 marks)

o Enforcing laws against illegal content (e.g., child pornography, hate speech) (1 mark)

o Monitoring and restricting access to harmful websites (1 mark)

Chapter 8: Online Communities

1. Define "online community" and give one example. (2 marks)

o A group of individuals who interact via the internet around common interests (1 mark)

o Example: Reddit or a Facebook group (1 mark)

2. State two advantages of participating in online communities. (2 marks)

o Access to diverse perspectives and knowledge (1 mark)

o Ability to connect with like-minded people from around the world (1 mark)
 3. Describe how social media platforms can be used for marketing. (3 marks)

o Targeted ads based on user data (1 mark)

o Influencers promoting products to large audiences (1 mark)

o Engaging directly with customers through posts and comments (1 mark)

4. What is meant by the term "trolling," and how does it affect online communities? (2 marks)

o Trolling: Deliberately posting offensive or disruptive content to provoke reactions (1 mark)

o It harms community trust and discourages participation (1 mark)

5. Explain the importance of moderation in online communities. (3 marks)

o Ensures discussions remain respectful and on-topic (1 mark)

o Prevents harmful content from being shared (1 mark)

o Encourages a healthy and supportive community environment (1 mark)

6. State two risks associated with online communities. (2 marks)

o Exposure to cyberbullying (1 mark)

o Privacy concerns due to sharing personal information (1 mark)

7. Describe the role of an influencer in an online community. (3 marks)

o An individual with a large following who can shape opinions and trends (1 mark)

o Promotes products, services, or ideas to their audience (1 mark)

o Can significantly impact consumer behavior and brand perception (1 mark)

8. Explain how privacy settings can protect users in online communities. (2 marks)

o Allows users to control who can see their posts and personal information (1 mark)

o Reduces the risk of unwanted contact or data breaches (1 mark)

9. What is meant by "user-generated content," and how does it benefit online communities? (3 marks)

o Content created by users rather than the platform itself (1 mark)

o Encourages active participation and sharing of diverse ideas (1 mark)

o Can increase engagement and trust within the community (1 mark)

10. Explain how online communities can contribute to social movements. (3 marks)

o Allows individuals to organize and raise awareness for causes (1 mark)

o Facilitates the spread of information and mobilization of supporters (1 mark)

o Example: #MeToo movement (1 mark)

Chapter 9: The Implications of Digital Technologies

1. State two ethical issues related to the use of digital technologies. (2 marks)
 o Privacy concerns (1 mark)

o Data security (1 mark)

2. Describe the impact of artificial intelligence on employment. (3 marks)

o AI can replace jobs that involve repetitive tasks (1 mark)

o Can create new jobs in fields like AI development (1 mark)

o May lead to a need for retraining workers in different skills (1 mark)

3. What is meant by "digital footprint," and why is it important? (3 marks)

o The trail of data a user leaves behind when using the internet (1 mark)

o Important for managing personal reputation online (1 mark)

o Can impact future opportunities like jobs or education (1 mark)

4. Explain the role of data protection laws in safeguarding privacy. (3 marks)

o Ensures that personal data is collected and used responsibly (1 mark)

o Requires organizations to protect data from unauthorized access (1 mark)

o Grants individuals rights over how their data is used (1 mark)

5. State one positive and one negative effect of automation in the workplace. (2 marks)

o Positive: Increases efficiency and productivity (1 mark)

o Negative: Reduces the need for human labor, leading to job losses (1 mark)

6. Describe how digital technologies can contribute to environmental sustainability. (3 marks)

o Reduces paper usage through digital communication and documentation (1 mark)

o Smart technologies can optimize energy use (1 mark)

o Example: Smart grids, energy-efficient data centers (1 mark)

7. Explain two challenges faced by businesses when adopting new technologies. (4 marks)

o High initial investment in new equipment (2 marks)

o Staff may require training to use new systems effectively (2 marks)

8. What is the purpose of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)? (2 marks)

o Protects the privacy and personal data of individuals in the EU (1 mark)

o Imposes strict regulations on how companies collect and store personal data (1 mark)

9. State one benefit and one risk of using biometric data for security. (2 marks)

o Benefit: Difficult to replicate or steal, making it highly secure (1 mark)

o Risk: Biometric data is permanent; if compromised, it cannot be changed like a password (1 mark)

10. Describe how companies can reduce the environmental impact of digital waste. (3 marks)

o Implement recycling programs for electronic waste (1 mark)

 o Design products with longer lifespans (1 mark)

o Encourage the use of refurbished or upgraded equipment (1 mark)

Chapter 10: Online Information

1. Define "search engine" and explain its role in finding online information. (3 marks)

o A tool that allows users to search for information on the internet (1 mark)

o Uses algorithms to index and rank web pages based on relevance (1 mark)

o Example: Google, Bing (1 mark)

2. State two advantages of using online databases for research. (2 marks)

o Provides access to a large collection of data in one place (1 mark)

o Often allows advanced search and filtering options (1 mark)

3. Explain the difference between primary and secondary sources of information. (3 marks)

o Primary: Original data or firsthand accounts (e.g., surveys, interviews) (1 mark)

o Secondary: Analysis or interpretation of primary sources (e.g., articles, books) (1 mark)

o Example of each (1 mark)

4. Describe two risks of using unreliable online information. (3 marks)

o Misinformation can lead to poor decision-making (1 mark)

o Fake news can influence public opinion negatively (1 mark)

o Loss of credibility or trust if false information is shared (1 mark)

5. What is meant by "plagiarism," and how can it be avoided? (2 marks)

o Using someone else's work without proper attribution (1 mark)

o Avoid by citing sources and using plagiarism checkers (1 mark)

6. Explain the role of copyright laws in protecting online content. (3 marks)

o Protects creators' intellectual property (1 mark)

o Prevents unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material (1 mark)

o Encourages innovation and creation by protecting the rights of creators (1 mark)

7. State one advantage and one disadvantage of user-generated content. (2 marks)

o Advantage: Increases diversity of content (1 mark)

o Disadvantage: Quality control can be inconsistent (1 mark)

8. Describe how metadata is used to organize online information. (2 marks)

o Metadata provides information about other data (e.g., author, date, tags) (1 mark)

o Helps search engines and users find and organize content (1 mark)
 9. Explain two ways to evaluate the credibility of online information sources. (4 marks)

o Check the author's credentials and reputation (2 marks)

o Verify the information with multiple trusted sources (2 marks)

10. What is the role of algorithms in filtering search engine results? (3 marks)

o Algorithms determine the relevance of search results based on keywords (1 mark)

o They rank pages based on criteria like backlinks, content quality, and site popularity (1 mark)

o Personalized algorithms may also factor in the user's past search history (1 mark)

Chapter 11: Online Services

1. What is meant by "e-commerce," and how does it benefit businesses? (3 marks)

o Buying and selling of goods and services online (1 mark)

o Expands customer base globally (1 mark)

o Reduces operational costs (e.g., no need for physical stores) (1 mark)

2. State two advantages of using cloud-based services over traditional software. (2 marks)

o Accessible from anywhere with internet access (1 mark)

o No need for frequent manual updates as cloud services are updated automatically (1 mark)

3. Describe the role of online banking services in modern finance. (3 marks)

o Provides convenient, 24/7 access to banking services (1 mark)

o Enables quick transfers and bill payments (1 mark)

o Reduces the need for physical branch visits (1 mark)

4. Explain the difference between "B2B" and "B2C" in online services. (3 marks)

o B2B (Business-to-Business): Transactions between businesses (e.g., wholesale) (1 mark)

o B2C (Business-to-Consumer): Transactions between businesses and individual consumers (1

mark)

o Example of each (1 mark)

5. State one risk of using online services and how it can be mitigated. (2 marks)

o Risk: Data breaches leading to stolen personal or financial information (1 mark)

o Mitigation: Using strong encryption and secure payment gateways (1 mark)

6. Describe how online services have changed the way customers interact with businesses. (3 marks)

o Increased use of online customer service (e.g., chatbots, emails) (1 mark)

o Social media allows real-time engagement with customers (1 mark)

o Reviews and feedback can be shared instantly, influencing business reputation (1 mark)
 7. What is "cloud storage," and why is it important for businesses? (2 marks)

o Online storage service that allows users to store and access data remotely (1 mark)

o Important for scalability and data backup (1 mark)

8. Explain how digital payment systems have affected consumer behavior. (3 marks)

o More convenience with options like mobile payments and e-wallets (1 mark)

o Encourages more frequent and spontaneous purchases (1 mark)

o Reduces the need for carrying cash (1 mark)

9. State two benefits of using social media for customer service. (2 marks)

o Allows quick and direct interaction with customers (1 mark)

o Public responses can showcase transparency and build trust (1 mark)

10. Describe the role of online education platforms in modern learning. (3 marks)

o Provides access to courses and learning materials from anywhere (1 mark)

o Encourages self-paced learning (1 mark)

o Increases accessibility to specialized knowledge and experts (1 mark)

Chapter 12: The Cloud

1. Define "cloud computing" and explain its significance in business. (3 marks)

o Cloud computing involves storing and accessing data and applications over the internet (1 mark)

o Reduces the need for on-site infrastructure (1 mark)

o Allows for remote access to resources and scalability (1 mark)

2. State two advantages of using cloud storage over local storage. (2 marks)

o Accessible from multiple devices via the internet (1 mark)

o Provides automatic backups and synchronization (1 mark)

3. What is meant by "SaaS" (Software as a Service), and how does it benefit businesses? (3 marks)

o SaaS is a cloud-based service that provides software applications via the internet (1 mark)

o Reduces the need for businesses to purchase and install software locally (1 mark)

o Example: Google Workspace, Microsoft 365 (1 mark)

4. Describe one disadvantage of relying solely on cloud-based services. (2 marks)

o Dependence on internet connectivity; if the internet is down, services are unavailable (1 mark)

o Potential security risks if data is not properly encrypted (1 mark)

5. Explain the role of data centers in cloud computing. (3 marks)

o Data centers house the servers and hardware that store cloud data (1 mark)
 o Provides the infrastructure for cloud services (1 mark)

o Example: AWS, Google Cloud (1 mark)

6. State two security risks associated with cloud services and how they can be managed. (4 marks)

o Risk 1: Data breaches due to shared resources (1 mark)

o Management: Use of strong encryption and secure access controls (1 mark)

o Risk 2: Service outages that result in data inaccessibility (1 mark)

o Management: Backup strategies and using multiple data centers (1 mark)

7. Describe the difference between public, private, and hybrid clouds. (3 marks)

o Public Cloud: Services available to the general public (e.g., AWS, Google Cloud) (1 mark)

o Private Cloud: Dedicated cloud resources for one organization (1 mark)

o Hybrid Cloud: Combination of both public and private clouds for flexibility (1 mark)

8. What is meant by "scalability" in cloud computing, and why is it important? (2 marks)

o Scalability allows a business to increase or decrease resources based on demand (1 mark)

o Important for optimizing costs and meeting performance needs (1 mark)

9. State one environmental benefit of using cloud services. (1 mark)

o Reduces the need for physical hardware, lowering electronic waste (1 mark)

10. Explain how cloud computing can reduce costs for businesses. (3 marks)

o Reduces the need for expensive on-site hardware and maintenance (1 mark)

o Businesses only pay for the resources they use (1 mark)

o Enables remote working, reducing office space and utility costs (1 mark)