MST210
Mathematical
methods, models
and modelling
Preparation for TMA02
Statics and Dynamics
Unit 2: Vector Algebra & Statics
1. Describing, representing and combining vectors
Scalars and vectors, using arrows to present vectors, vector algebra
2. Cartesian components and products of vectors
Vectors in 3 dimensions, dot product, cross product
3. Modelling forces
Particles, weight, normal reaction, tension, friction, two-particle systems
4. Torques
Extended and rigid bodies, turning effect of a force
5. Applying the principles
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Good Mathematical Communication
Good mathematical communication is expected in all your TMAs.
Use the module material as a guide.
GMC will be assessed on how you
• Use mathematical notation correctly
• Define symbols that you introduce
• Give references for standard results and procedures
• Annotate your work to explain the process
• Explicitly state results to appropriate accuracy and in context
• Draw diagrams and graphs
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Statics
The analysis of the conditions under which objects remain
stationary when subjected to FORCES
A force either changes the shape of the object on which it acts or
causes movement of the object. Forces are VECTOR quantities.
A vector consists of a magnitude and direction. In a Cartesian
coordinate system a vector can be written as
𝒂 = 𝑎1 ⅈ + 𝑎2 𝒋 + 𝑎3 𝒌
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Statics problem 1
Part (a)
Unpicking the problem and defining the forces in
component form
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Terminology
An object whose size and internal structure can be
ignored. It has mass but no size and occupies a
Particle single point in space. All forces act through this
point.
An object that does not move is in equilibrium.
Equilibrium The resultant force acting on the object must be
zero.
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Force due to gravity, 𝐖
Directed vertically down towards the
Weight centre of the Earth
Magnitude is 𝐖 = 𝑚𝑔
Force exerted by the surface on an object
Normal
on contact.
Reaction
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Force exerted by a taut string on an
Tension attached object
Force that opposes the motion on rough
Friction surfaces
Limiting friction 𝐅 = 𝜇 𝐍
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Model String
• Has length but no area, mass or volume.
• Does not stretch therefore is inextensible
Model Pulley
• Has no mass or size
• Offers no resistance to rotation.
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Smooth Surface
• NO friction forces
Rough Surface
• Friction opposes the motion between two
rough surfaces.
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Statics problem 1
Part (b)
Using the relationships to find unknown quantities
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Statics problem 2
Part (a)
Defining forces and torques on a rigid body
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Rigid body
• An object that has length, breadth or depth but the
internal structure does not change.
• Does not change shape when forces act.
• Must take account of where the forces act on the body.
Torque
• Gives the turning effect of the force.
• The torque of a force about a fixed point is given by 𝚪 =
𝒓 × 𝐅 where 𝒓 is the position vector relative to the fixed
point of any point on the line of action.
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Statics problem 2
Part (b)
Using the equilibrium conditions for forces and torques
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Unit 3: Dynamics
1. Describing motion
Motion of a particle, one-dimensional motion
2. A theory of motion
3. Predicting motion
4. Some more force models
Friction, air resistance
5. Projectiles
Motion of a projectile, trajectory of a projectile
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Dynamics
The study of motion of objects subject to forces.
Newton’s second law links the motion to the forces
𝐅 = 𝑚𝐚
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Equation of motion
Any equation linking two or more of acceleration, velocity, position
and time.
Velocity of a moving particle with position 𝒓 = 𝒓 𝑡 is
ⅆ𝒓
𝐯= = 𝒓ሶ
ⅆ𝑡
Acceleration of a particle with velocity 𝐯 is
ⅆ𝐯 ⅆ2 𝒓
𝐚= = 2 = 𝒓ሷ
ⅆ𝑡 ⅆ𝑡
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Dynamics problem 1
Using Newton’s second law to find equations of motion
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Dynamics problem 2
Solving differential equations to determine the distance from
the acceleration
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Consider an object projected upwards at 𝑡 = 0 with speed 𝑣0 . Modelling
the object as a particle and applying the quadratic model of air
resistance gives the acceleration as
𝑔 2
𝑎 = − 2 𝑣 + 𝑏2
𝑏
where 𝑏 is a constant, 𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity and 𝑣 is the
speed of the object at time 𝑡.
ⅆ𝑣
By writing 𝑎 = 𝑣 , solve the differential equation to find the height
𝑑𝑥
above projection at 𝑡
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Consider an object projected upwards at 𝑡 = 0 with speed 𝑣0 . Modelling the object as a particle
and applying the quadratic model of air resistance gives the acceleration as
𝑔
𝑎 = − 2 𝑣 2 + 𝑏2
𝑏
where 𝑏 is a constant, 𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity and 𝑣 is the speed of the object at
time 𝑡.
ⅆ𝑣
By writing 𝑎 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥, solve the differential equation to find the height above projection at 𝑡
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