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Topic 1. Dimensions Units and Conversion

Thermodynamics

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13 views28 pages

Topic 1. Dimensions Units and Conversion

Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

gino.nones01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THERMODYNAMICS AND

HEAT TRANSFER

Engr. Jackielou L. Paches


UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMICS
Dimensions, Units and Conversion
LESSON OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

1. Apply the concept of dimensional homogeneity in


performing dimensional analysis.

2. Perform unit conversion for primary and secondary


dimension with different system of units.
Dimensions - any physical quantity
Primary or fundamental dimensions- independent or
fundamental dimensions, from which other dimensions
can be obtained. e.g. mass, length, time, and temperature.
Secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions -
constructed from combinations of these four primary
dimensions such as force, velocity, energy, and volume,
power
DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITIES
(i) Dimensionless variables - are physical quantities that do
not have dimensions but have a changeable value. They
are produced by multiplying and dividing combinations of
physical variables, parameters, and constants. e.g. specific
gravity, strain, and refractive index.
DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITIES

(ii) Dimensionless Constant: dimensionless constants are


those quantities that have no dimensions and have a
constant unchangeable value. e.g. π, e, numbers etc.

pi (π)
pi is the circumference to radius ratio. As a result, it lacks
dimensionality.
• Numbers - Specify what you are counting

Customary Units that have wrong dimensions


for the quantity they purport to measure

• Mass-energy ( ex. MeV)


• Pressure (ex. mmHg)
Sample Problem:

Indicate the secondary dimensions of the following in


terms of their equivalent primary dimensions:

1. Velocity
2. Energy
3. Volume
4. Power
5. Pressure
Practice Problem:

Indicate the secondary dimensions of the following in


terms of their equivalent primary dimensions:

1. Electric charge
2. Resistance
3. Joule
4. Potential Difference
5. Kinematic Viscosity
THE PRINCIPLE OF DIMENSIONAL
HOMOGENEITY AND CONSISTENCY
The Principle of Homogeneity states that dimensions of each of the
terms of a dimensional equation on both sides should be the same.

Dimensional Analysis (Factor Label Method or Unit Factor Method)


The study of the relationship between physical quantities with the help
of dimensions and units of measurement.
THE PRINCIPLE OF DIMENSIONAL
HOMOGENEITY AND CONSISTENCY
Purpose of Dimensional Analysis

1. to check whether an equation has been correctly formed

2. to establish the required form of an equation relating a


number of variables

3. to analyze experimental results


Notes:

1. Terms that are equated, added, or subtracted must have the


same dimensions
2. For Multiplication and division, dimensions of each quantity
must combine and/ or cancel out to yield dimensions that are
consistent with all other terms.
3. Exponents and arguments of transcendental functions must
be dimensionless.
4. Quantities that are raised to a power that is not a whole
number must be dimensionless.
Some limitations of dimensional analysis are:

• It doesn’t give information about the dimensional


constant.
• The formula containing trigonometric function,
exponential functions, logarithmic function,
etc. cannot be derived.
• It gives no information about whether a physical quantity
is a scalar or vector
Sample Problem
1. Perform a dimensional Analysis of the Bernoulli’s
Equation. Determine the dimension of the
constant.
P+1/2ρv +ρgz=constant
2

where:
P = pressure
ρ = density
v = velocity
g = gravitational acceleration
z = elevation
Sample Problem

2. The trigonometric functions are ratios of lengths. These


functions and their arguments are dimensionless. In the
equation, X = A sin ( CY/Z), the known dimensions are X = L,
Y = t, and Z = L. What are the dimensions of A and C?
Practice Problem

1. The equation v1 -
2 v0 =2as
2 gives the final velocity v1 of a
body which started with an initial velocity vo and
received an acceleration a for a distance s. Show that all
three terms in the equation have the same dimension
and the equation is dimensionally correct.
2. Prove that E = mc2 is dimensionally homogenous.
3. Prove that the equation n=1/2π (√g/L) is dimensionally
homogenous. n = frequency, g = acceleration due to gravity
and l is length
Practice Problem

4. Students while experimenting finds that the velocity of


an object varies with time, and it can be expressed as an
equation: v=Xt +Yt+Z. If units of v and t are expressed in
2

terms of SI units, determine the units of constants X, Y, and


Z.
5. Speed of waves, v, on a spring depends on its mass m,
length l, and tension (force) Q by an equation v=m l Q .
a b c

Find the values of a, b, and c.


Units - The magnitudes assigned to the
dimensions.

THREE PRIMARY UNIT SYSTEMS


English system- which is also known as the United
States Customary System (USCS).

Metric SI (from Le Système International d’ Unités)-


which is also known as the International System.

the British Gravitational System of Units (BG)


Units Consistency and Conversion

Unit Conversion

• Conversion is accomplished through multiplication or


division by the conversion factor to effect a desired
cancellation of units
Sample Problem:

1. The inflation pressure specified on the side


of a bicycle tire is 3.8 atm. What is the
equivalent pressure in dyne/cm2?
2. Convert:
a. 3 lbm to kg
b. 25 lbf to N
c. 1 kW to hp
d. 50,000 Pa to psi
Practice Problem:

1. 45in-Hg to psi
2. 560 kg to lbm
3. 850 mm-Hg to Pa
4. 495 Btu to J
5. 750 J to ft-lb
ARE THERE ANY
QUESTIONS?
Remember to study the
information from this lecture!

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