CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Tourism is the vehicle through which the culture, nature and history of a given society or
location is appreciated by people of diverse nations. Tourism is traveling for predominantly
recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel.
(Ayeni, O.O. 2006)

Furthermore, a tourist is someone who travels at least eighty kilometers (fifty miles) from
home for the purpose of recreation. To a lay-man, tourism could just be the act of visiting
other places for the purpose of sight seeing and enjoyment but the activities of tourism are
more than that.

In other words, tourism is said to be the activities of the people traveling to and staying in
places outside their usual environment for more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the
place visited. It is recognize as a diverse multi-sectoral activity. While driven by visitors
choice and expenditure much of the visitors experience rests on the environmental attributes,
amenities and services that a destination provides.

Tourism is vital for many countries due to the income generated by the consumption of goods
and services by tourists the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry and the
opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism.

Therefore, the important role which tourism plays in the computation of the national gross
domestic product cannot be over emphasized, judging from available data. According to the
World Travel and Tourism council data provided on Nigeria Tourism industry, an estimate of
1,856 job opportunity were created while tourism was credited to have contributed $5,816m
to the GDP (6.6%) in the year 2006. so the acceptance and consequently, the competitiveness
of a Tourism Information System (TIS) is mainly determined by the quantity and quality of
data it provides.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The major problem is the slow response, time in making inquiries and making bookings. This
implies that the Nigerian tourism industry is yet to tap into the many opportunities which the

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information and Communication Technologies offers, then the various service industries
associated with tourism would therefore derive immense benefits from the application of IT
in Tourism.

A system is required to overcome those problems but attempting to design a system to

eliminate such weakness. It is necessary to analyze the system using structural methodology.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major aim of this research work is to create an information system that will be beneficial
in some areas where IT can be deployed in tourism such as the administration and provision
of information to potential tourists. The system is targeted at implementing a web based
interactive query interface on tourism and tourist site in South West Nigeria, thereby making
the retrieval of information easier and faster.

The specific objectives are:

i. To conduct literature review in the subject area

ii. To develop and model web-based tourism system

iii. To implement the model in (ii) into an improved web-based tourism information
system

iv. To evaluate the performance of the web-based tourism information system

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is expected to help people locate major tourism centers in South West part of
Nigeria

This study is expected to direct the user to their desired tourism center

This study is expected to add to the tour guides

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research is limited to selected tourist sites in South West Nigeria only. The research
work, which will focus on the use of Information Technology (IT) toward facilitating the
achievement of an overall national development through tourism. The proposed web based
tourism information system will serve as information portal for tourists interested in visiting
South West in Nigeria.

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1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

This work focuses on the use of Information Technology (IT) towards facilitating an overall
national development through tourism. Tourism is vital for many countries due to the income
generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on
businesses in the tourism industry and the opportunity for employment.

With the advent of artificial intelligence and expert systems, which is aimed at mining human
thinking and reasoning of experts, this feat in tourism information system, can be obtained.
Tourism knowledge of experts can be stored and retrieved. The proposed web based tourism
information system enables information to be retrieved at real timely.

1.7 MOTIVATION OF STUDY

In the existing system, people who want to travel searches lots of tourism websites. They
need to know the information about the place of interest. They visit certain travel websites or
hire a tourist guide which may consume a lot of time and money. These led to the
development of the web-based tourism system that could rectify these problems. A person
who wants to visit a tourist center in South Western part of Nigeria and he/she doesn't know
how to get to his/her desired tourist center from present location, the web-based tourism
information system is a measure to help locate a desired tourist center in South Western part
of the country.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

An information system consists of all the ways that people communicate with others.

1. TOURISM: A travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the
business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of
operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveler's country.

2. TIS; Tourism information system is a specific type of information system. It consists of

all the information channels used in a business or community to promote itself as a
tourism attraction gadget.

3. GIS: GIS stands for geographic information systems. It is used to display and analyze the
data that are linked to database. The link between data and database acts as the force
behind the working of GIS. The database helps to draw a map and the data can be
enhanced from the map whenever the database is updated.

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4. GPS: Global Positioning System is a satellite navigation system used to determine the
ground position of an object.

5. MYSQL: means structured query language which is used in querying a database through
the use of commands

6. WEB SERVER: A web server is sometimes referred to as host which specifies the host
name where WebPages reside.

7. HTML: hypertext markup language is the official web programming language, which
used in the design of WebPages. HTML consists of various tags that are executed as a
command. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document
formatting, visual features such as front size, italics and bold and the creation of hypertext
links. Graphics may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving
language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and
released.

8. DATABASE: A database is a single organized collection of structured data, stored with a

minimum of duplication of data items so as to provide a consistent and controlled pool of
data.

9. PHP: It allows the separation of HTML code from scripted element. It also can remove
obstacles that stand in the way of effective and flexible design. It also designed to run on
many operating systems and to co-operate with many servers and databases.

10. NTDC: Nigeria Tourism Development Commission. They properly maintain the growth
of the tourism industry in the states.

11. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol will connect the web browser to the web server.

12. URL: Uniform Resource Locator

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

There are a number of historical studies that relate to tourism. It is worth noting at this point,
however, that very little mainstream historical research has, so far, permeated the corpus of
tourism studies. Conversely, some writings on tourism which have adopted an historical
perspective have been produced by writers who are not professional historians. Therefore,
this paper largely represents a consideration of the potential of historical work for tourism
studies; one which has yet to be realized. A number of major works of scholarship have been
produced since the earlier part of this century which are of immediate relevance to tourism.
Although there appear to be three broad themes of inquiry, much of this work has been
sporadic. The themes are tourism in the ancient and medieval worlds, the Grand Tour era of
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the growth of spas and seaside resorts.

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational systems designed to

collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information
systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that

processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses
to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a
computer system.

Silver et al., (1995) provided two views on IS that includes software, hardware, data, people,
and procedures. Zheng provided another system view of information system which also adds
processes and essential system elements like environment, boundary, purpose, and
interactions.

The Association for Computing Machinery defines "Information systems specialists as

focusing on integrating information technology solutions and business processes to meet the
information needs of businesses and other enterprises.

There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems,
decision support systems, knowledge management systems, learning management systems,
database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information
systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to

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perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts
of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous
processes.

The idea of the internet had existed in some form for at least a half a century before it finally
became a common household utility in the 1990s. Conceived in the 1980s, the World Wide
Web gained significant traction with the introduction of the Mosaic browser in 1993. Shortly
thereafter, businesses began recognizing the web’s commercial potential, as network
infrastructure grew to accommodate what would prove to be a massive influx of online
activity. Then the tech bubble grew and burst, the survivors of which (Google, Amazon and
the like) went from being key tech influencers to veritable corporate giants within about a
decade.

In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee (then a fellow at the CERN Laboratory in Europe) outlined his
concept of a computer platform that could facilitate collaboration among researchers who are
based in different parts of the world. This led to the invention of the Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) in 1990. Strongly based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML), HTML became the fundamental building block of the World Wide Web, and
remains at the core of its coding and infrastructure. The standard enabled coders with the
ability to organize web page layouts that could be understood and interacted with over
interconnected networks.

The internet had long been around in some form by that point, with the first wide area
network (WAN) having been established in 1965 and the first local area network (LAN)
around 1983. Twisted-pair, coaxial and fiber optic cable had been in development for many
decades, and had already been broadly applied in the field of telecommunications. But when
all of these technologies converged with Berners-Lee’s model, the modern web was born.
Interest in the technology quickly ramped up, and the first commercial web pages were up
and running by the mid-1990s.

The web advanced a great deal in the years following the tech crash of 2000–2001. During
this time, government started to play an increasingly influential role in the web, while
concurrently, strong tech companies emerged from the ashes of the big collapse to set the
new course for digital commerce and culture. And as this newer and more solid foundation
was laid, the internet increasingly became the main channel for telecommunications in the
modern age.

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As hardware improvements cultivated broader networks and greater bandwidth, web
development responded by enabling designers with an array of multimedia to incorporate
into the growing and diversifying art of web presentation. Cascading Style Sheets afforded
web design with new ways to organize and display content. Flash video forged a new and
entirely unique style of web art and animation, and video streaming changed the way that
people consume motion picture for good. Yet still, with all of these revolutions and
progressions in web development – the basic interface and structure of the web page has
maintained its integrity and balance of form and function.

Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the
business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of
operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveller's country. The World
Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond the
common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only", as people "traveling
to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive
year for leisure and not less than 24 hours, business and other purposes".

Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and
outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments.

Tourism suffered as a result of a strong economic slowdown of the late-2000s recession,

between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009, and the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza
virus, but slowly recovered. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion
tourists globally for the first time in 2012, emerging markets such as China, Russia, and
Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade.

Modern tourism can be traced to what was known as the Grand Tour, which was a traditional
trip around Europe (especially Germany and Italy), undertaken by mainly upper-class
European young men of means, mainly from Western and Northern European countries. In
1624, young Prince of Poland, Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa, the eldest son and heir of
Sigismund III, embarked for a journey across Europe, as was in custom among Polish
nobility. He travelled through territories of today's Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, where he
admired the Siege of Breda by Spanish forces, France, Switzerland to Italy, Austria, and the
Czech Republic. It was an educational journey and one of the outcomes was introduction of
Italian opera in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transit in the
1840s, and generally followed a standard itinerary. It was an educational opportunity and rite
of passage.

The Grand Tour became a real status symbol for upper class students in the 18th and 19th
centuries. In this period, Johann Joachim Winckelmann's theories about the supremacy of
classic culture became very popular and appreciated in the European academic world. Artists,
writers and travellers (such as Goethe) affirmed the supremacy of classic art of which Italy,
France and Greece provide excellent examples. For these reasons, the Grand Tour's main
destinations were to those centres, where upper-class students could find rare examples of
classic art and history.

2.2. INFORMATION SYSTEM

Information systems are interrelated components working together to collect, process, store,
and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and
visualization in an organization. Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary
networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter,
process, create, and distribute data.

2.2.1 THE COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A computer based information system is essentially an IS using computer technology to carry

out some or all of its planned tasks. The basic components of computer-based information
systems are:

1. Hardware: these are the devices like the monitor, processor, printer and keyboard, all of
which work together to accept, process, show data and information.

2. Software: are the programs that allow the hardware to process the data.

3. Databases: are the gathering of associated files or tables containing related data.

4. Networks: are a connecting system that allows diverse computers to distribute resources.

5. Procedures: are the commands for combining the components above to process
information and produce the preferred output.

The first four components (hardware, software, database, and network) make up what is
known as the information technology platform. Information technology workers could then

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use these components to create information systems that watch over safety measures, risk and
the management of data.

2.2.2 TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

A typical organization is divided into operational, middle, and upper level. The information
requirements for users at each level differ. Towards that end, there are number of information
systems that support each level in an organization.

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)

2. Management Information System (MIS)

3. Decision Support System (DSS)

4. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

5. Executive Information System (EIS)

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Transaction Processing System are operational-level systems that records day to day business
transactions of an organization. They are usually operated directly by shop floor workers or
front line staff, which provide the key data required to support the management of operations.
This data is usually obtained through the automated or semi-automated tracking of low-level
activities and basic transactions.

Examples of transaction processing systems include;

1. Point of Sale Systems – records daily sales

2. Payroll systems – processing employees salary, loans management, etc.

3. Stock Control systems – keeping track of inventory levels

4. Airline booking systems – flights booking management

2. Management Information System (MIS)

Management Information Systems (MIS) are used by tactical managers to monitor the
organization's current performance status. The output from a transaction processing system is
used as input to a management information system.

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The MIS system analyzes the input with routine algorithms i.e. aggregate, compare and
summarizes the results to produced reports that tactical managers use to monitor, control and
predict future performance.

Examples of management information systems include;

1. Sales management systems – they get input from the point of sale system

2. Budgeting systems – gives an overview of how much money is spent within the
organization for the short and long terms.

3. Human resource management system – overall welfare of the employees, staff

turnover, etc.

3. Decision Support System (DSS)

Decision support systems are used by senior management to make non-routine decisions.
Decision support systems use input from internal systems (transaction processing systems
and management information systems) and external systems.

The main objective of decision support systems is to provide solutions to problems that are
unique and change frequently.

Decision support systems use sophisticated mathematical models, and statistical techniques
(probability, predictive modeling, etc.) to provide solutions, and they are very interactive.

Examples of decision support systems include;

1. Financial planning systems: It enables managers to evaluate alternative ways of

achieving goals. The objective is to find the optimal way of achieving the goal. For
example, the net profit for a business is calculated using the formula Total Sales less
(Cost of Goods + Expenses). A financial planning system will enable senior executives to
ask what if questions and adjust the values for total sales, the cost of goods, etc. to see the
effect of the decision and on the net profit and find the most optimal way.

2. Bank loan management systems: It is used to verify the credit of the loan applicant and
predict the likelihood of the loan being recovered.

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4. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Online analytical processing (OLAP) is used to query and analyze multi-dimensional data
and produce information that can be viewed in different ways using multiple
dimensions.Each piece of information such as product, number of sales, sales value
represents a different dimension. The main objective of OLAP systems is to provide answers
to ad hoc queries within the shortest possible time regardless of the size of the data-sets being
used.

5. Executive Information System

Executive Information Systems are strategic-level information systems that are found at the
top of the Pyramid. They help executives and senior managers analyze the environment in
which the organization operates, to identify long-term trends, and to plan appropriate courses
of action. The information in such systems is often weakly structured and comes from both
internal and external sources. Executive Information System are designed to be operated
directly by executives without the need for intermediaries and easily tailored to the
preferences of the individual using them.

EIS organizes and presents data and information from both external data sources and internal
MIS or TPS in order to support and extend the inherent capabilities of senior executives.

2.2.3 ADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

The primary benefit of information systems is their ability to provide a user with the
information needed to do any task effectively and efficiently. Computer databases and paper
records provide data, but information systems provide the appropriate data about each user’s
tasks in a format best suited to that user. Information systems can present real-time or
archived data as needed and are adaptable to new or modified information requirements. The
following are the advantages of information system.

1. Custom Information

An information system provides each user the information he needs to make decisions or take
action. A sales manager looking at sales data may see an overall picture of her department’s
activities during the current week, while a salesperson, using the same data set, sees his
records displayed so that they indicate what customers have or haven’t been contacted.
Digging the information out of a paper record system would take much longer, be more prone

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to missed data and cost more to produce than the time and expense needed by a clerical
person to key in the data.

2. Custom Formats

Custom formats make information systems more effective because the data is easier to use. A
salesperson seeking information about his week’s productivity might see on his screen a list
of his contacts and the recent purchase orders of each. The sales manager, based on the same
data set, may see a pie chart showing each sales representative‘s share of total sales and a bar
graph displaying the volume of sales for each product, while another screen might display the
same data compared to an earlier time period. An accountant looking at the same data might
have a listing of the dollars generated by each sales representative and the total dollars
generated for each product.

3. Real-Time Information

An information system can be a boon to a manufacturing operation. If a production line stops,

the real-time information provided can help the line operator quickly determine if the
shutdown is the result of a mechanical failure, a lack of product or some other cause. The
benefit is having immediate data converted to useful information presented to people who can
act upon it.

4. Adaptability

Information systems are flexible and can be reprogrammed to grow with the need. Often,
individual parts of the system can be upgraded and installed without disruption of the total
system.

2.2.4 APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. Business and Management: Information system such as DSS is extensively used in

business and management. Executive dashboard and other business performance software
allow faster decision making, identification of negative trends, and better allocation of
business resources. Due to DSS all the information from any organization is represented
in the form of charts, graphs i.e. in a summarized way, which helps the management to
take strategic decision.

2. Forest Management: Information Systems are prevalent in forest management where

the long planning horizon and the spatial dimension of planning problems demands

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 specific requirements. All aspects of Forest management, from log transportation, harvest
scheduling to sustainability and ecosystem protection have been addressed by information
systems.

3. Medical Diagnosis: Information systems are used in medical profession to diagnose

diseases. A good example is the clinical decision support system.

2.3 WEB TECHNOLOGY

Web technologies is a general term referring to the many languages and multimedia packages
that are used in conjunction with one another, to produce dynamic web sites such as this one.

To view the Internet most people use a browser, your browser window is probably where you
are viewing this page. There are many different browsers: the two most popular being
Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Web browsers work by connecting over
the Internet via modem or ISDN via a server or ISP to remote machines, asking for a
particular document (or page) and then formatting the documents they receive for viewing on
a computer. Web browsers use a special language called HTTP (HyperText Transfer
Protocol). The remote machines containing the documents run HTTP servers. When an HTTP
server receives a request for a page, it sends it back to the local computer for viewing through
the browser.

Each document on the Web has a particular URL (Uniform Resource Locator). This tells the
browser which server to go to to get the document. The syntax of the URL is simple to
understand. The HTTP signifies that the language to be used is HyperText Transfer Protocol.
The host name is the name of the server.

Web documents can take any form, however, the universal standard is HTML. HTML is a
tag-based language that encodes the documents that make up the World Wide Web. HTML
can be used to create formatted text that will retain its formatting once it is reproduced by a
computer's browser. HTTP can also include images, sound animation and video clips. HTTP
weaves together all the relevant elements of the page and describes how it should be
represented on your browser. It can also link to other pages or sites (called hyperlinks) on the
Web.

HTML 4.0 is the most recent and widely accepted version of HTML and includes what are
called Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). CSS allows web developers to specify many of the
repeated style characteristics (e.g. font, colour, and spacing) with a particular piece of HTML

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code (called a tag). This enables a quick, but consistent, look throughout the site. An
organization called the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops HTML standards to
ensure that they are uniform across the world.

HTML is made up of text, which is the content of any web page, and tags, which define the
appearance and layout of that page. HTML is simply text with an outer <html> tag at the start
and end of the document: <TAG>What the tag effects</TAG>.

Related to HTML, is XML (Extensible Mark-up Language.) XML is a meta-language that

allows you to develop your own document tags.

JavaScript is an object-based scripting language. It is embedded in the latest versions of the

popular browsers and allows executables to run from the browser. This means that rather than
waiting for an animated page to download from the server, the animation can run from your
browser, creating dynamic HTML content. JavaScript works with your browser to detect and
react to instructions that happen as a document is being loaded, rendered and used. These are
signified within HTML as <script> tag.

Unlike JavaScript, which is a client-side language, PHP is a server-sided cross platform

scripting language. It is a way to put instructions in your HTML files to create dynamic
content. Your web server then follows these instructions. This happens before the page
appears on your browser. The web server sends the PHP code with the content that the code
was written to produce.

Other programs used to create web pages include Macromedia's Flash and various different
packages which all create HTML code to save users having to do so. Flash is an animation
suite that allows users to play animation through their browser. It creates low bandwidth
multimedia effects with vector and bitmap graphics, motion, MP3 audio and form input.

TCP and IP are both protocols. A protocol is a set of rules that govern the way two or more
computers communicate with one another. Protocols have a duel existence. First, they are a
text form for programmers to understand and can be used to develop communication between
computers. Secondly, they exist as a code that only computers understand. Both forms have
the ultimate purpose of specifying the precise interpretation of every part of every message
exchanged across the Web or network.

TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol that sends data as an unstructured stream of

bytes. By using sequence numbers and acknowledgment messages, TCP can provide a

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sending node with delivery information about packets transmitted to a destination node.
Where data loss occurs in transit, TCP can re-submit the data until it is successfully delivered
or the operation times out. TCP can also discern multiple identical messages and discard
them. TCP can monitor the flow of data from the sending computer and slow it down, as
required, to avoid data loss.

IP (Internet Protocol) describes how servers recognise each other. IP transmits what are
called datagrams over the network and reports errors in transmission. IP is responsible for
fragmenting and re-assembling data with different maximum data unit sizes using IP
addresses, globally unique 32-bit numbers that identify a particular server. These addresses
are assigned by the Network Information Centre. Their uniqueness ensures that any IP
Network can communicate with another, just by knowing its IP address.

An IP address is divided into three parts. The first part designates the network address, the
second part designates the subnet address and the third part designates the host address. IP
addresses are written in dotted decimal format, e.g. 36.0.2.1. When you load a web page onto
a browser, it is the IP address that appears in the bottom left hand corner of the screen, even
though a URL, made of letters, is entered.

2.4 TOURISM

Tourism, the act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation,
relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of services. As such,
tourism is a product of modern social arrangements, beginning in western Europe in the 17th
century, although it has antecedents in Classical antiquity. It is distinguished from exploration
in that tourists follow a “beaten path,” benefit from established systems of provision, and, as
befits pleasure-seekers, are generally insulated from difficulty, danger, and embarrassment.
Tourism, however, overlaps with other activities, interests, and processes, including, for
example, pilgrimage. This gives rise to shared categories, such as “business tourism,” “sports
tourism,” and “medical tourism” (international travel undertaken for the purpose of receiving
medical care).

2.4.1 TECHNOLOGY AND THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL

TOURISM

Transport innovation was an essential enabler of tourism’s spread and democratization and its
ultimate globalization. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the steamship and the railway

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brought greater comfort and speed and cheaper travel, in part because fewer overnight and
intermediate stops were needed. Above all else, these innovations allowed for reliable time-
tabling, essential for those who were tied to the discipline of the calendar if not the clock. The
gaps in accessibility to these transport systems were steadily closing in the later 19th century,
while the empire of steam was becoming global. Railways promoted domestic as well as
international tourism, including short visits to the coast, city, and countryside which might
last less than a day but fell clearly into the “tourism” category. Rail travel also made grand
tour destinations more widely accessible, reinforcing existing tourism flows while
contributing to tensions and clashes between classes and cultures among the tourists. By the
late 19th century, steam navigation and railways were opening tourist destinations from
Lapland to New Zealand, and the latter opened the first dedicated national tourist office in
1901.

After World War II, governments became interested in tourism as an invisible import and as a
tool of diplomacy, but prior to this time international travel agencies took the lead in easing
the complexities of tourist journeys. The most famous of these agencies was Britain’s
Thomas Cook and Son organization, whose operations spread from Europe and the Middle
East across the globe in the late 19th century. The role played by other firms (including the
British tour organizers Frame’s and Henry Gaze and Sons) has been less visible to 21st-
century observers, not least because these agencies did not preserve their records, but they
were equally important. Shipping lines also promoted international tourism from the late 19th
century onward. From the Norwegian fjords to the Caribbean, the pleasure cruise was already
becoming a distinctive tourist experience before World War I, and transatlantic companies
competed for middle-class tourism during the 1920s and ’30s. Between the World Wars,
affluent Americans journeyed by air and sea to a variety of destinations in the Caribbean and
Latin America.

Tourism became even bigger business internationally in the latter half of the 20th century as
air travel was progressively deregulated and decoupled from “flag carriers” (national
airlines). The airborne package tour to sunny coastal destinations became the basis of an
enormous annual migration from northern Europe to the Mediterranean before extending to a
growing variety of long-haul destinations, including Asian markets in the Pacific, and
eventually bringing post-communist Russians and eastern Europeans to the Mediterranean.
Similar traffic flows expanded from the United States to Mexico and the Caribbean. In each
case these developments built on older rail-, road-, and sea-travel patterns. The earliest

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package tours to the Mediterranean were by motor coach (bus) during the 1930s and postwar
years. It was not until the late 1970s that Mediterranean sun and sea vacations became
popular among working-class families in northern Europe; the label “mass tourism,” which is
often applied to this phenomenon, is misleading. Such holidays were experienced in a variety
of ways because tourists had choices, and the destination resorts varied widely in history,
culture, architecture, and visitor mix. From the 1990s the growth of flexible international
travel through the rise of budget airlines, notably easyJet and Ryanair in Europe, opened a
new mix of destinations. Some of these were former Soviet-bloc locales such as Prague and
Riga, which appealed to weekend and short-break European tourists who constructed their
own itineraries in negotiation with local service providers, mediated through the airlines’
special deals. In international tourism, globalization has not been a one-way process; it has
entailed negotiation between hosts and guests.

2.4.2 DAY-TRIPPERS AND DOMESTIC TOURISM

While domestic tourism could be seen as less glamorous and dramatic than international
traffic flows, it has been more important to more people over a longer period. From the 1920s
the rise of Florida as a destination for American tourists has been characterized by
“snowbirds” from the northern and Mid-western states traveling a greater distance across the
vast expanse of the United States than many European tourists travel internationally. Key
phases in the pioneering development of tourism as a commercial phenomenon in Britain
were driven by domestic demand and local journeys. European wars in the late 18th and early
19th centuries prompted the “discovery of Britain” and the rise of the Lake District and
Scottish Highlands as destinations for both the upper classes and the aspiring classes. The
railways helped to open the seaside to working-class day-trippers and holidaymakers,
especially in the last quarter of the 19th century. By 1914 Blackpool in Lancashire, the
world’s first working-class seaside resort, had around four million visitors per summer.
Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, had more visitors by this time, but most were day-
trippers who came from and returned to locations elsewhere in the New York City area by
train the same day. Domestic tourism is less visible in statistical terms and tends to be
serviced by regional, local, and small family-run enterprises. The World Tourism
Organization, which tries to count tourists globally, is more concerned with the international
scene, but across the globe, and perhaps especially in Asia, domestic tourism remains much
more important in numerical terms than the international version.

17
2.4.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF TOURISM
Tourism has become an important source of income for many regions and even entire
countries. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 recognized its importance as
"an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural,
educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations.

Tourism brings large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for
goods and services needed by tourists, accounting as of 2011 for 30% of the world's trade in
services, and for 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also generates opportunities
for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism.

2.4.4 VARIOUS TOURIST CENTERS IN NIGERIA

The National Arts Theatre is the primary centre for the performing arts in Nigeria. The
monument is located in Iganmu, Surulere, Lagos. Its construction was completed in 1976 in
preparation for the Festival of Arts and Culture in 1977.

Fig.1. National Theater

Any visit to the city of Abeokuta would be incomplete without stopping by at the “fortress of
Abeokuta”; Olumo Rock. No surprise that this rock is located in Abeokuta, as the name
“Abeokuta” itself means “under the rock” as has been one of the choice tourist attractions in
Nigeria. Olumo Rock has long served as a rock of offence and a fortress for the people of
Egba Land, since the 19th century. At Olumo Rock, you would be treated to attractions like
natural tunnels, unusual trees, natural cantilevers, gardens on the rock, broken pathways.

18
 Fig.2. Olumo rock Ogun

Agbokim waterfalls are situated in the Etung local government area of Cross River State in
south-eastern Nigeria, very close to its border with Cameroon. The waterfalls are about 15
km from Ikom and 320 km from Calabar.

Fig.3. Agbokim waterfall

A visit to the Oke-Idanre Hill gives a tourist access to a lot of spectacular valleys that are
interspersed with inselbelgs and high plain about the sea level. It is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site that has Omi Aopara; the thunder water, Agbooogun foot print, burial grounds,
shrines and the Owa’s palace. Located Oke-Idanre, Ondo State

Fig.4. Idanre Hills

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2.5 TOURISM INFORMATION SYSTEM
A tourism information system (TIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking,
and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. TIS can show many different
kinds of data on one map, such as streets, buildings, and vegetation. This enables people to
easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships. An individual map contains a
lot of information which is used in different ways by different individuals and
organmizations. Maps represent the means of locating oneself in relation to the world
reference point. Maps are used in diverse application, from locating telephone wires and
water distribution pipelines to displaying the extent of deforestation in a region. The map has
been in existence in much the same form for thousands of years. In the traditional form, a
map suffers from a number of problems. Firstly, maps are static and therefore difficult and
expensive to keep to date. Secondly, maps exist as discrete sheets and therefore the area of
interest of a map use lies on the corner of the four adjacent sheets. Thirdly, maps are often
very complex and may require an expert to extract a particular data which are of interest
(Douglas, 2000). TIS however provides the facility to extract the different sets of information
from a map and use them as required. Roads, settlements, vegetation, land use data and so
forth can be extracted from a TIS. Thus, TIS provides flexibility, allowing a paper map to be
quickly produced which exactly meets the needs of the user. TIS even goes further (since the
data are stored on a computer) to make data analysis, modeling, simulation and mining
become possible. For example, one might point to two buildings and ask the computer to find
the distance between the two buildings.
2.5.1 COMPONENTS OF TOURISM INFORMATION SYSTEM (TIS)

1. Data: Data (information) is the foundation of TIS applications. This includes spatial and
non-spatial data needed in the development of the application.

2. Software: The computer programs needed to run TIS. There are many TIS programs
available, from low-cost and low-performance packages to expensive and very powerful
ones. Such software is essential for creating, editing and analyzing spatial and attributes
data;, therefore these packages contain a myriad of TIS functions inherent in them.
Examples of software include, Arc View, Arc Info, Idrisi, Map Objects, Map Viewer,
ErtMapper etc. This also includes support programs, such as statistical, word processing,
graphing, and others.

20
3. Hardware: Hardware comprises of the equipment needed to support the many activities of
TIS ranging form data collection to data analysis. The central piece of equipment is the
workstation, which runs the TIS software and is the attachment point for ancillary
equipment. Data collection could be done using the GPS (Global positioning System)
device. Other hardware equipments include scanners, digital and video cameras, printers,
plotters and other equipment on which TIS operates.

4. People: The most important part of a TIS infrastructure. Although TIS is a powerful tool,
it will not work without some well-adapted methods and trained people.

2.5.2 WORLD WIDE WEB AND TOURISM INFORMATION SYSTEM (TIS)

The proposed system is said to unravel and make the system effortlessness with the help of
World Wide Web incorporated with Tourism Information System (TIS). Web-based TIS
applications have unique capabilities to integrate and allow access to disparate data sets in
bringing together into meaningful shape. The integration of Tourism information system
(TIS) with World Wide Web is referred to as Web-based Tourism information system. The
Tourism Information System (TIS) will help to edit the paper map to become digital on the
computer and the web will bring together the tourist information, tourist events, the route
maps to the tourist destination via internet which users can access with their computers or
mobile phone anywhere.

2.5.3 HOW A WEB-BASED TIS WORK

Web-based Tourism Information System is a set of computer-based tools; that provides

tourist with information about tourism attraction, events and tourism destination giving them
the access to view the important route to their destination based on the integrated maps stored
in the database or through Google Earth via the internet, using their computer or mobile
phones. There are many different products that can be used to implement Web-based TIS as
described in this section. They include Map Guide, Map Objects, ProServer, GeoMedia Web
Map, Spatial WebBroker, APPIAN Carta, Spatial Net and CARIS Internet Server Google
earth, ArcTIS, Apache, and Macromedia Dreamweaver. The entire process of communication
between server and client to show route map to the tourist center is illustrated below. Once a
user is on the Web site, the following steps are required to search for tourist centers, view
roads linking to the tourist location either by vector imagery or the satellite imagery:

 User can search for tourist center location of their choice in the search engine

21
 User may also click on pictures of the tourist attraction for viewing the information about
tourist, in order to view the map click on the vector imagery (which shows images in
lines, polygon and point).

 The vector maps are stored in GIS Database. The vector maps show the accessible roads,
towns, settlement to a particular tourist center.

 Web browser retrieves the request of the user and displays on the screen.

2.6 BENEFITS OF THE STUDY

The benefits of web based tourism information system are listed below:

Time saving

Locating desired tourist center easily.

Reduces the extent of uncertainty associated with decision making.

2.6.1 ADVANTAGES OF THE STUDY

Below are listed some of the advantages of mobile based tourism system

Allows customers to see their desired tourist center with the use of the system.

Totally eliminates the need for a tourist guide to locate the tourist center.

People from other part of the country can confidently located their desired tourist center in
the South West part of the country

Eliminates time consumption as result is carried out at real time.

2.6.2 DISADVANTAGES OF THE STUDY

Below are listed disadvantages of web based tourism information system

Requires internet connection.

Slow network can delay instant results

2.7 RELATED WORKS

Presentation of tourism destination on the web makes a huge amount of data. As

quality of available information is large it is difficult for the tourist to find his
desired destinations. Ontology has the potential to improve the process of searching

22
appropriate destinations according to the customer preference. Here we are going to
analyse various papers on tourism ontology.

(Prastacos, 2007)explored how the use of ontologies in a web-based environment can be

used for e-tourism applications. Their methodology consist of building two separate
ontologies, one for the user profile and another one concerning tourism information
and data in order to assist visitors of an area to plan their visit. The user profile
ontology is elicited by user responses by means of a form (interface) where user can
fill the area of interest and tourism ontology developed by the service provider.
Concepts such as time needed to visit interested destinations, time needed to visit
interested destinations from the point of reference, average time to see the place and
comeback, accessibility of the spot, entrance fees if any and opening hours of the
spot if applicable, are other crucial parameters.

(Hannes, 2006) explored user preferences which according to them, it is fundamental byto
personalise information about tourist objects i.e. user preferences can be aggregated to
set of tourist types. In this paper, concepts like opening hours of point of interest,
opening days of point of interest, time pattern to model recurring events are included.

(Waralak, 2009) discusses some ontological trends that support the growing domain of
online tourism. Concepts like date and time of travel, contact data, tickets and
locations are explored. His focus is on description of accommodation, infrastructure i.e.
many prefer to stay close to an accommodation that is close as possible to an
infrastructure.

Weiwanag et al., (2000) explored how the use of ontologies can assist tourist plan their
trip in Web-based environment. It consist of two Ontologies one for user profile and
the other concerning about tourism information and data in order to assist visitors of
an area to plan their visit, Bayesian network is used to estimate the travelers preferred
activities.

Danica and Vladan (1997) illustrated how the semantic web technologies combined with
traditional tourism application concepts such as user interest, activities, age group are
used and concepts like vacation packages, types of vacation, traveler’s types,
accommodation, food service, transportation service and room type in hotel are the
valid parameters.

23
Spurk (2003) explored on spatial temporal entities which have both temporal and spatial
context. It comprised activities, which might be performed at a certain destination and
events which refer to an occurrences with specific content at a specific location with a
certain time period . Reservations, booking or any kind of tickets are temporal entities
as they are valid for certain period of time. Hopken and Werthner stated about
integrated semantic web technology and they tried to merge tourist electronic markets
using ontology as mediator.

Pranter et al., (2004 ) built a prototype system from scratch and stored their data. They
created knowledge based on the ontology with the limited amount of concepts and
relations.

Cardoso (1996) presented a system that creates vacation packages dynamically using
previously annotated data in respect to the ontology.

Hepp et al., (1998) explain that there are not enough data in the domain of tourism
available on the web. His experiment revealed that existing data on the web are
incomplete. On observations, challenges remain for users in reusing available ontological
information. Lack of standards is very vital issue, and parameters vary from one
ontology to another and also mostly on location based services. Due to heterogenity of
tourism sector, the process of developing tourism ontology on various parameters would be
also tedious. In e-tourism different ontologies have been developed for different areas and
they might not meet the needs to regional destination for any specific area.

24
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Improved web-based Tourism information system (WEB-TIS) is a web-based platform

designed to offer friendly, quality and well-organized information to guests, domestic
tourists, and foreign visitors. The application includes information about various tourist
attractions/landmarks.

The major problem of the existing manual system is the slow response, time in making
inquiries and making bookings. WEB-TIS will be designed to overcome those problems
through the use of Animation and Geographical Information system (GIS). The Animation
technique and Google map integrated in WEB-TIS will provide every information that a
tourist need before he chooses any relaxation center. It will depict the contents of each tourist
center in which the tourist can choose from and as such eliminate the need for tourists guide.

3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Information was gathered via the primary data collections widely known asprimary and
secondary sources.

The primary data are fresh materials that are realized either through interviews or
questionnaire or both, but the one used in this research work is realized through interview.
Meanwhile the major source of data used in this work is the secondary source which
represents works already done in the research topic and include the following information
form;

 Textbooks

 Computer journals

 Magazines

 Articles

 Library and

 The Internet.

25
3.2.1 FACT FINDING METHOD USED

The purpose of fact finding is to identify the application of the system to the management,
gather faults about the existing system. Ensure that all strengths and weakness are discovered.
For this study to be reliable and undoubted certain techniques were adopted such as:

INTERVIEW: In the course of this research, it become necessary that there should be face
to face dialogue, much like a conversation based on a level of established mutual
understanding. Due to the inherited benefits of this work, during the interview relevant ideas
leading to the progress of this research we shared, facts about the interview from the
interviewer.

WRITTEN DOCUMENTS METHODS: Information were obtained from some files and
other documents which I was allowed to accesses with the supervision of one of the staffs.

3.3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.3.1 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate

instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to
create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

The earliest programming languages preceded the invention of the digital computer and were
used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands
of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and
many more still are being created every year. Many programming languages require
computation to be specified in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to
perform), while other languages utilize other forms of program specification such as the
declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it).

3.3.1.1 HTML (HyperTextMarkup Language)

HyperTextMarkup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for displaying web pages
and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. The purpose of a web browser
is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The
browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the
page.

26
HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects
to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create
structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs,
lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript
which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading
Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C,
maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit
presentational HTML markup.

3.3.1.2 JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript (sometimes abbreviated JS) is a scripting language commonly implemented as part

of a web browser in order to create enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites.
JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has
first-class functions. It uses syntax influenced by the language C. JavaScript copies many
names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and
have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the
Self and Scheme programming languages. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-
oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.

JavaScript's use in applications outside web pages — for example in PDF documents, site-
specific browsers, and desktop widgets—is also significant. Newer and faster JavaScript
VMs and frameworks built upon them (notably Node.js) have also increased the popularity of
JavaScript for server-side web applications.

JavaScript was formalized in the ECMAScript language standard and is primarily used in the
form of client-side JavaScript (as part of a web browser). This enables programmatic access
to computational objects within a host environment.

3.3.2 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE) TO BE USED

An integrated development environment (IDE) or interactive development environment is a

software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for
software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation
tools and a debugger. Most modern IDEs offer intelligent code completion feature.

27
Some IDEs contain a compiler, interpreter, or both, such as Net Beans and Eclipse; others do
not, such as SharpDevelop and Lazarus. The boundary between an integrated development
environment and other parts of the broader software development environment is not well-
defined. Sometimes a version control system and various tools are integrated to simplify the
construction of a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Many modern IDEs also have a class
browser, an object browser, and a class hierarchy diagram, for use in object-oriented software
development.

3.3.2.1 SUBLIME TEXT

Sublime Text is a cross-platform text and source code editor, with a Python application
programming interface (API). Sublime Text is proprietary software. Its functionality is
extendable with plugins. Most of the extending packages have free-software licenses and are
community-built and maintained. Sublime Text lacks graphical setting dialogues and is
entirely configured by editing text files.

3.4 WEB DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT TO BE USED

3.4.1 WAMP PACKAGES

WAMPs are packages of independently-created programs installed on computers that use a

Microsoft Windows operating system. WAMP is an acronym formed from the initials of the
operating system Microsoft Windows and the principal components of the package: Apache,
MySQL and one of PHP, Perl or Python. Apache is a web server. MySQL is an open-source
database. PHP is a scripting language that can manipulate information held in a database and
generate web pages dynamically each time content is requested by a browser. Other programs
may also be included in a package, such as phpMyAdmin which provides a graphical user
interface for the MySQL database manager, or the alternative scripting languages Python or
Perl.

3.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM (WEB-TIS)

The existing manual system was designed to meet up with time, preparation and reliable
work output. Meanwhile the proposed system Improved Web-based Tourism information
system (WEB-TIS) is designed to ease the task of work operation in the South western part
of Country. Other objective of the system is reduction of cost of tourist movement.

28
  It was also designed to meet up with future development.

 It was designed to provide the government with reliable report generation.

 It was designed to meet up with the proposals of government.

The advantages of a WEB-TIS in tourism integrated with the internet as shown in the
reviewed literature includes among others; WEB-TIS always keeps the information up to
date, reduces cost and saves time, provides information for decision support and policy
making, increases efficiency in tourism activities, increases management control, unique
address called Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Hypertext document usually contains
references to other URLs that appear in bold, underlined, or color text. The user types the
URL of the site on the web browser and connects to the site clicking on it. The use of URL
within a website is known as Hyperlink. Then the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) will
connect the web browser to the web server. HTTP defines how message are formatted and
transmitted on the WWW. When user click on hyperlinks on a web page, the browser move
to the next server to download and display the document targeted by the link. Using this
method the user browser can easily and rapidly take user back and forth between different
website pages.

3.6 WEB-TIS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

WEB-TIS architecture depicts the system flow. Once the user (tourist) which might be local
or international user browse the tourist information system website, the website will display
information alongside multimedia content (Animation) about each tourist center and their
location with the help of Google map via the server. The user then select a particular tourist
center of choice then the system display the result which is the full information about the
selected tourist center.

29
 SERVER

INTERNATIONAL

TOURIST CENTRE MAP

LOCAL DISPLAY TOURIST SITE INFORMATION OUTPUT

Fig 5: WEB-TIS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

3.7 WEB-TIS FLOWCHART

Start

Visit Site

30

Display Tourist
Fig 6: WEB-TIS SYSTEM FLOWCHART

31
 CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter we examine the implementation and analyse the result of the advanced tourist
guide system with screenshot of the system in the documentation.

4.2 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

4.2.1 SYSTEM INSTALLATION

Additional installation is not required by the user, hence there is not installation procedure or
user manual.

4.2.2 TESTING

During the testing stage bogus information were used to test run the durability and
compatibility of the project, each lines of code is tested for error and the database was also
queried severally to detect/avoid injection attack.

4.2.3 DOCUMENTATION
Full documentation was made at each stage of the project, during the research stage; different
journals were downloaded to help collate full and comprehensive report, also during the
coding stage, all the tools, technologies and resources used were all recorded.

4.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

4.3.1 OPEARTION

The system operation is fully on the internet, backend functions and server are online
therefore operation of the improved tourism information system is online.

4.3.2 MAINTENANCE

The system requires constant updates and maintenance either to remove bugs or improve and
enhance fast load time.

4.4 SYSTEM EVALUATION

4.4.1 SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY

The system is efficient because tourism information is provided for tourist all for free.

32
4.4.2 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

The system is cost efficient because, purchase or sign up fee is not required all features on the
interface is completely free and can be accessed by anybody with fast internet connection.

4.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

The system is working effectively and supports a suitable system requirement specification
which is basically divided into the hardware and the software requirement as listed below:

4.5.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

The following are the hardware specifications to support the designed application:
1. 512MHz or Higher Intel Premium or AMD Processor.
2. 256Mb Memory (RAM) or Higher.
3. VGA 800 x 600, 256 color Minimum.
4. Uninterrupted Power Supply
5. Hard Disk Storage of 60 GB Minimum.

4.5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

1. A 32bit Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, or any higher version.

2. Java Runtime Environment (5.0 and above version).
3. Reliable and licensed Antivirus software like Avast, AVG, or any system
security shield.
4. Mysql database Server (Xampp, Wamp, Console) with port set to 8080
connecting to system address (127.0.0.1).

4.6 SYSTEM SCREENSHOTS

Listed below are screenshot of the advance tourist guide system:

4.6.1 HOME PAGE

The interface below shows the landing page (default page) that will first appear initially after
a user visit the WEB-TIS as shown in Fig 7 below;

33
Fig 7: Web-Tis Homepage

34
4.6.2 OLUMO ROCK TOURIST CENTER

This interface depicts the animated image and information of olumo rock tourist center as
shown in Fig 8 below;

Fig 8: Olumo Rock Abeokuta

Fig 9: Map of Olumo Rock Abeokuta

4.6.3 OLD OYO PARK

This interface depicts the information and animated image of old Oyo park tourist center as
shown in Fig 10 below;

35
 Fig 10: Old Oyo Park Oyo Town

Fig 11: Map of Old Oyo Park Oyo Town

36
4.6.4 IKOGOSI WARM SPRING
The screenshot below depicts the information and animated image of Ikogosi warm spring as
shown in Fig 12 below;

Fig 12: Ikogosi Warm Spring Ekiti

37
 Fig 13: Map of Ikogosi Warm Spring Ekiti

4.6.5 ORANMIYAN STAFF

The screenshot below depict the information and animated image of Oranmiyan staff as
shown in Fig 14 below;

38
Fig 14: Oranmiyan Staff Osun

Fig 15: Map of Oranmiyan Staff Osun

39
4.6.6 IDANRE HILLS

This interface depicts the information and animated image of Idanre hills as shown in Fig 16
below;

Fig 16: Idanre Hills, Ondo

40
 Fig 17: Map of Idanre Hills Ondo

4.6.6 ERIN-IJESHA WATERFALLS

This interface depicts the information and animated image of Erin-ijesha waterfalls as shown
in Fig 18 below;

41
 Fig 18: Erin Ijesha Waterfall Osun

Fig 19: Map of Erin Ijesha Waterfall Osun

42
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

A tourism information system (TIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking,
and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. TIS can show many different
kinds of data on one map, such as streets, buildings, and vegetation. This enables people to
easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships.

Tourism is vital for many countries due to the income generated by the consumption of goods
and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry and the
opportunity for employment.

With the advent of artificial intelligence and expert systems, which is aimed at mining human
thinking and reasoning of experts, this feat in tourism information system, can be obtained.
Tourism knowledge of experts can be stored and retrieved.

In the existing system, people who want to travel searches lots of tourism websites. They
need to know the information about the place of interest. They visit certain travel websites or
hire a tourist guide which may consume a lot of time and money. These led to the
development of the web-based tourism system that could rectify these problems.

Improved web-based Tourism information system (WEB-TIS) is a web-based platform

designed to offer friendly, quality and well-organized information to guests, domestic
tourists, and foreign visitors.

The WEB-TIS system will help tourist from all over the world access tourist site information,
location and images the system will also serve as a means of reference for research purpose
and journalism.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The proposed system WEB-TIS is a modern method of publishing content online; with this
advanced tourist information system tourist navigation will be extremely easy for tourist
since they already have basic information about the site. This project puts Tourism
Information System in South Western part if Nigeria on the Desktop as well as the World
Wide Web (Internet), which when fully maximized will provide critical data and information
required to serve the tourism market. The result of this research project have revealed that
presenting tourism information system in a computer environment and the internet would
43
offer an unparallel platform for the management and promotion of the tourism industry in
South west of Nigeria. Tourism agencies, tourists and the people at large would have access
to comprehensive information and thus serve as a great source of motivation to boost the
performance of the tourism sector.

This process would now become less expensive, easier and less time consuming.

Listed below are the benefits of advanced tourist guide:

a. Images gallery is available online for research work.

b. Embedded map makes it easier for anyone to locate their destination.

c. With access to internet anyone anywhere will have knowledge about the site.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the foregoing conclusions, herewith were the following recommendations:

1. Full implementation of the proposed system is recommended.

2. The regular monitoring of access based application at best time to avoid the slow
systems processing due to large volume of users.

3. It is also recommended that the system should be implemented in the country instead
of South western part alone.

44
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Krygier, J.B., 2007. Public Participation GIS. New York, USA.

Lane, B. (2004). What is Rural Tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1 & 2): 7-21.

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Long, P. H. (2012). Tourism Impacts and Support for Tourism Development in Ha Long Bay,
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Mathieson, A. and Wall G. (2015) Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Harlow:
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McDougall, K.L., and Wright, G.T. (2004) The impacts of trampling on feldmark vegetation
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Mohammed, M., Ahmed, S., and Hussain, A. (2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in
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Nistoreanu, P., and Marinela, G., (2011). Turismul rural. Tratat, Bucharest C.H. Beck,
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Ogechi, I. A. (2005). Tourism Development in Nigeria, 1962-2002: An Appraisal, Nsukka

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Okpoko, A.I. and Okpoko, P.U. (2013) Tourism in Nigeria. Nsukka: Afro-Orbis Publications
Ltd. Pg 124

Olson, M.D., Eric, D., Eric, D,. Neil, D., George, Powell, V., Emma, C., Jennifer A., Illanga
I,, Holly E., Strand., John, C., Colby, J., Thomas, F., Taylor, H., Yumiko., John,
F., Wesley, W., Prashant, H., and Kenneth, R., (2010): Terrestrial Ecoregions of
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938

Prideaux, B., (2012) The Role of Transport System in Destination Development. Tourism
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Roselyne, O., Morteza, Babu, G., (2012). Rural tourism as a sustainable development
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(eds.) Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice, Oxford University
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47
APPENDIX
@media print {

body { background-color: white }

a[href]:after {
content: none !important;
}

iframe,
.site-header .siteheader-container > *:not(.logo-container),
.kl-slideshow,
.sidebar,
.action_box,
.btn,
.thescreenshot,
.adbox.video,
.media-container,
.latest_posts,
.ts-pt-testimonials__img,
.widget_tp_widget_recent_tweets,
.social-share,
.social-icons,
.circlehover,
.recentwork_carousel,
#totop,
.kl-mask--mask3,
.eBlog .itemComments,
.eBlog .itemReadMore,
.eBlog .itemTagsBlock,
.eBlog .itemTagsBlock,
.eBlog .userItemTagsBlock,

48
 .related-articles,
#respond {
display: none;
}

.logo-container {
float: none;
width: 100%;
overflow: hidden;
}

.site-logo {
float: none;
margin: 0 auto;
}

.ts-pt-testimonials__text {
padding: 0;
}

.ts-pt-testimonials__item--normal .ts-pt-testimonials__text:after,
.ts-pt-testimonials__item--reversed .ts-pt-testimonials__text:after {
content: none;
}

[class*='col-'],
.grid-ibx__item {
width: 100%;
}

.product-list-item .kw-details, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .product-list-item .kw-

details {

49
 padding-top: 0;
}

.woocommerce ul.products li.product a img { margin-bottom: 5px; }

.product-list-item .kw-details-title, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .product-list-

item .kw-details-title { margin: 0; min-height: 30px; }

.itemThumbnail img {width: 100% !important}

.eBlog .featured-post .itemFeatContent { position: static; }

.eBlog .featured-post .itemFeatContent:before { content: none }

.eBlog .featured-post a,
.eBlog .featured-post .post_details,
.eBlog .featured-post .itemLinks { color: #333 }
}
!function(e){var t,n,i=e.event;t=i.special.debouncedresize={setup:function()
{e(this).on("resize",t.handler)},teardown:function()
{e(this).off("resize",t.handler)},handler:function(e,o){var r=this,a=arguments,s=function()
{e.type="debouncedresize",i.dispatch.apply(r,a)};n&&clearTimeout(n),o?
s():n=setTimeout(s,t.threshold)},threshold:150}}(jQuery),function(e,t){"function"==typeof
define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t(e)}):"object"==typeof exports?
module.exports=t:e.echo=t(e)}(this,function(e){"use strict";var t,n,i,o,r,a={},s=function()
{},c=function(e){return null===e.offsetParent},u=function(e,t){if(c(e))return!1;var
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t,10)};t={t:f(n.offsetTop,u),b:f(n.offsetBottom,u),l:f(n.offsetLeft,d),r:f(n.offsetRight,d)},i=f(n
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s,a.render(),document.addEventListener?(e.addEventListener("scroll",l,!
1),e.addEventListener("load",l,!1)):
(e.attachEvent("onscroll",l),e.attachEvent("onload",l))},a.render=function(n){for(var
i,o,c=(n||document).querySelectorAll("[data-echo], [data-echo-
background]"),l=c.length,d={l:0-t.l,t:0-t.t,b:(e.innerHeight||
document.documentElement.clientHeight)+t.b,r:(e.innerWidth||
document.documentElement.clientWidth)+t.r},f=0;f<l;f++)o=c[f],u(o,d)?
(r&&o.setAttribute("data-echo-placeholder",o.src),null!==o.getAttribute("data-echo-
background")?o.style.backgroundImage="url("+o.getAttribute("data-echo-background")

50
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echo"),o.removeAttribute("data-echo-background")),s(o,"load")):r&&(i=o.getAttribute("data-
echo-placeholder"))&&(null!==o.getAttribute("data-echo-background")?
o.style.backgroundImage="url("+i+")":o.src=i,o.removeAttribute("data-echo-
placeholder"),s(o,"unload"));l||a.detach()},a.detach=function()
{document.removeEventListener?
e.removeEventListener("scroll",l):e.detachEvent("onscroll",l),clearTimeout(n)},a}),function(
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video-wrapper iframe,.fluid-width-video-wrapper object,.fluid-width-video-wrapper embed
{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;}</style>',i.appendChild(o.childNod
es[1])}return t&&e.extend(n,t),this.each(function(){var
t=['iframe[src*="player.vimeo.com"]','iframe[src*="youtube.com"]','iframe[src*="youtube-
nocookie.com"]','iframe[src*="kickstarter.com"]
[src*="video.html"]',"object","embed"];n.customSelector&&t.push(n.customSelector);var
i=".fitvidsignore";n.ignore&&(i=i+", "+n.ignore);var
o=e(this).find(t.join(","));o=o.not("object object"),o=o.not(i),o.each(function(t){var
n=e(this);if(!
(n.parents(i).length>0||"embed"===this.tagName.toLowerCase()&&n.parent("object").length|
|n.parent(".fluid-width-video-wrapper").length)){n.css("height")||n.css("width")||!
isNaN(n.attr("height"))&&!isNaN(n.attr("width"))||(n.attr("height",9),n.attr("width",16));var
o="object"===this.tagName.toLowerCase()||n.attr("height")&&!
isNaN(parseInt(n.attr("height"),10))?
parseInt(n.attr("height"),10):n.height(),r=isNaN(parseInt(n.attr("width"),10))?
n.width():parseInt(n.attr("width"),10),a=o/r;if(!n.attr("id")){var
s="fitvid"+t;n.attr("id",s)}n.wrap('<div
class="fluid-width-video-wrapper"></div>').parent(".fluid-width-video-
wrapper").css("padding-
top",100*a+"%"),n.removeAttr("height").removeAttr("width")}})})}}(window.jQuery||
window.Zepto),function(e,t){"function"==typeof
define&&define.amd?define("ev-emitter/ev-emitter",t):"object"==typeof
module&&module.exports?module.exports=t():e.EvEmitter=t()}("undefined"!=typeof
window?window:this,function(){function e(){}var t=e.prototype;return t.on=function(e,t)
{if(e&&t){var n=this._events=this._events||{},i=n[e]=n[e]||[];return-
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n=this._onceEvents=this._onceEvents||{};return(n[e]=n[e]||{})[t]=!0,this}},t.off=function(e,t)
{var n=this._events&&this._events[e];if(n&&n.length){var i=n.indexOf(t);return-1!
=i&&n.splice(i,1),this}},t.emitEvent=function(e,t){var
n=this._events&&this._events[e];if(n&&n.length){var i=0,o=n[i];t=t||[];for(var
r=this._onceEvents&&this._onceEvents[e];o;){var a=r&&r[o];a&&(this.off(e,o),delete
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strict";"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["ev-emitter/ev-emitter"],function(n)
{return t(e,n)}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?
module.exports=t(e,require("ev-emitter")):e.imagesLoaded=t(e,e.EvEmitter)}
(window,function(e,t){function n(e,t){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}function i(e){var
t=[];if(Array.isArray(e))t=e;else if("number"==typeof e.length)for(var n=0;n<e.length;n+
+)t.push(e[n]);else t.push(e);return t}function o(e,t,r){return this instanceof o?

51
("string"==typeof
e&&(e=document.querySelectorAll(e)),this.elements=i(e),this.options=n({},this.options),"fu
nction"==typeof t?
r=t:n(this.options,t),r&&this.on("always",r),this.getImages(),s&&(this.jqDeferred=new
s.Deferred),void setTimeout(function(){this.check()}.bind(this))):new o(e,t,r)}function r(e)
{this.img=e}function a(e,t){this.url=e,this.element=t,this.img=new Image}var
s=e.jQuery,c=e.console;o.prototype=Object.create(t.prototype),o.prototype.options={},o.prot
otype.getImages=function()
{this.images=[],this.elements.forEach(this.addElementImages,this)},o.prototype.addElementI
mages=function(e){"IMG"==e.nodeName&&this.addImage(e),!
0===this.options.background&&this.addElementBackgroundImages(e);var
t=e.nodeType;if(t&&u[t]){for(var n=e.querySelectorAll("img"),i=0;i<n.length;i++){var
o=n[i];this.addImage(o)}if("string"==typeof this.options.background){var
r=e.querySelectorAll(this.options.background);for(i=0;i<r.length;i++){var
a=r[i];this.addElementBackgroundImages(a)}}}};var u={1:!0,9:!0,11:!0};return
o.prototype.addElementBackgroundImages=function(e){var
t=getComputedStyle(e);if(t)for(var
n=/url\((['"])?(.*?)\1\)/gi,i=n.exec(t.backgroundImage);null!==i;){var
o=i&&i[2];o&&this.addBackground(o,e),i=n.exec(t.backgroundImage)}},o.prototype.addIm
age=function(e){var t=new
r(e);this.images.push(t)},o.prototype.addBackground=function(e,t){var n=new
a(e,t);this.images.push(n)},o.prototype.check=function(){function e(e,n,i)
{setTimeout(function(){t.progress(e,n,i)})}var t=this;return
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this.images.forEach(function(t){t.once("progress",e),t.check()}):void
this.complete()},o.prototype.progress=function(e,t,n){this.progressedCount+
+,this.hasAnyBroken=this.hasAnyBroken||!e.isLoaded,this.emitEvent("progress",
[this,e,t]),this.jqDeferred&&this.jqDeferred.notify&&this.jqDeferred.notify(this,e),this.progr
essedCount==this.images.length&&this.complete(),this.options.debug&&c&&c.log("progres
s: "+n,e,t)},o.prototype.complete=function(){var
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{initImage:function(){var n=t.st.image,i=".image";t.types.push("image"),w(l+i,function()
{"image"===t.currItem.type&&n.cursor&&e(document.body).addClass(n.cursor)}),w(s+i,fu
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{n.cursor&&e(document.body).removeClass(n.cursor),b.off("resize"+p)}),w("Resize"+i,t.res
izeImage),t.isLowIE&&w("AfterChange",t.resizeImage)},resizeImage:function(){var
e=t.currItem;if(e&&e.img&&t.st.image.verticalFit){var
n=0;t.isLowIE&&(n=parseInt(e.img.css("padding-top"),10)+parseInt(e.img.css("padding-
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1,C("ImageHasSize",e),e.imgHidden&&(t.content&&t.content.removeClass("mfp-
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t._onImageHasSize(e):(n>200&&clearInterval(z),n++,void(3===n?o(10):40===n?
o(50):100===n&&o(500)))},r)};o(1)},getImage:function(n,i){var o=0,r=function()
{n&&(n.img[0].complete?
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n.hasSize=!0,n.loaded=!0,C("ImageLoadComplete")):(o++,200>o?
setTimeout(r,100):a()))},a=function()

52
{n&&(n.img.off(".mfploader"),n===t.currItem&&(t._onImageHasSize(n),t.updateStatus("err
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o-"+r]=o[r]=i,t.css(o),t},l=function()
{t.content.css("visibility","visible")};w("BuildControls"+i,function(){if(t._allowZoom())
{if(clearTimeout(o),t.content.css("visibility","hidden"),!(e=t._getItemToZoom()))return void
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{return"image"===t.currItem.type},_getItemToZoom:function(){return!!
t.currItem.hasSize&&t.currItem.img},_getOffset:function(n){var i;i=n?
t.currItem.img:t.st.zoom.opener(t.currItem.el||t.currItem);var
o=i.offset(),r=parseInt(i.css("padding-top"),10),a=parseInt(i.css("padding-bottom"),10);o.top-
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(s.left=o.left,s.top=o.top),s}}});var N="iframe",Q=function(e){if(t.currTemplate[N]){var
n=t.currTemplate[N].find("iframe");n.length&&(e||(n[0].src="//about:blank"),t.isIE8&&n.css
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53
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+this.id.length,o.length):this.id.call(this,o)),o=this.src.replace("%id%",o),!1):void 0});var
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q=function(e){var n=t.items.length;return e>n-1?e-n:0>e?n+e:e},W=function(e,t,n){return
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{37===e.keyCode?
t.prev():39===e.keyCode&&t.next()})}),w("UpdateStatus"+o,function(e,n)
{n.text&&(n.text=W(n.text,t.currItem.index,t.items.length))}),w(u+o,function(e,i,o,r){var
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<div class="col-sm-6"><div class="subheader-titles"><h2
class="subheader-maintitle" itemprop="headline" >IKOGOSI WARM
SPRING</h2></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kl-mask kl-
bottommask kl-mask-- kl-mask--light"></div></div> <section class="zn_section
eluidf314012b section-sidemargins section--no " id="eluidf314012b" ><div
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 <div class="znColumnElement-innerWrapper-
eluidb469c762 znColumnElement-innerWrapper znColumnElement-innerWrapper--valign-
top znColumnElement-innerWrapper--halign-left " ><div class="znColumnElement-
innerContent"><div class="kl-title-block clearfix tbk--text- tbk--left text-left tbk-symbol--
tbk-icon-pos--after-title eluid398fb827 " ><h1 class="tbk__title" itemprop="headline"
>IKOGOSI WARM SPRING</h1></div><div class="zn_text_box eluidd7caff80
zn_text_box-light element-scheme--light" ><p>The Ikogosi Warm Spring allows you to
explore the unique scenery of warm and cold spring flowing side by side to form a
confluence, each maintaining its thermal properties. This merging of warm and cold water is
the first of its kind in the world. The verdant and thick green; the intimate and warm feelings
of the hotel accommodations erected under clear skies, add to the visual spectacle of the
Ikogosi Warm Spring. The Ikogosi Warm Springs which is situated in a dense forest extends
over a hilly landscape. It has tall trees around the conflux of warm and cold springs providing
a tall canopy for you.

The volume of water coming from the springs remains constant and warm from morning to
evening. This resort centre has over time asserted itself as one of the finest tourist
destinations in Nigeria. Also, there are two kinds of trees growing from the same source at
the meeting point of the warm and cold springs. This symbolizes unity, harmony and
oneness. A tour guide would be available to take you around when you arrive at this
place.</p>
<br><b>Gate fee is only NGN 500 </b> with free tour guide.
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