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Text 1
Historians studying pre-Inca Peru have looked to ceramic vessels to understand daily life among
the Moche people. These mold-made sculptures present plants, animals, and human faces in
precise ways—vessels representing human faces are so detailed that scholars have interpreted
facial markings to represent scars and other skin irregularities. Some historians have even used
these objects to identify potential skin diseases that may have afflicted people at the time.

Text 2
Art historian and archaeologist Lisa Trever has argued that the interpretation of Moche “portrait”
vessels as hyper-realistic portrayals of identifiable people may inadvertently disregard the
creativity of the objects’ creators. Moche ceramic vessels, Trever argues, are artworks in which
sculptors could free their imagination, using realistic objects and people around them as
inspiration to explore more abstract concepts.

Based on the texts, what would Lisa Trever (Text 2) most likely say about the interpretation
presented in the underlined portion of Text 1?

A. Depictions of human faces are significantly more realistic than depictions of plants and other
animals are.

B. It is likely that some depictions of human faces with extensive markings are intended to
portray the same historical individual.

C. Some vessels may have been damaged during their excavation and thus provide little insight
into Moche culture.

D. Markings on depictions of human faces are not necessarily intended to portray particular
details about the physical appearance of individuals.

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Composer Florence Price won first place for her score Symphony in E Minor at the 1932
Wanamaker Foundation Awards. The piece was performed the following year by the Chicago
Symphony Orchestra, a significant recognition of its quality. Price continued to compose many
musical pieces throughout her career, blending traditional Black spirituals with classical
European Romantic musical traditions. In recent years, Price’s concertos and symphonies have
been performed and recorded by several major orchestras, further preserving her work for others
to enjoy.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To provide examples of Price’s importance as a composer

B. To argue that more major orchestras should perform Price’s compositions

C. To describe the musical styles that inspired many of Price’s symphonies

D. To compare Price’s scores with those of classical European composers

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Text 1
In a study of insect behavior, Samadi Galpayage and colleagues presented bumblebees with
small wooden balls and observed many of the bees clinging to, rolling, and dragging the objects.
The researchers provided no external rewards (such as food) to encourage these interactions.
The bees simply appeared to be playing—and for no other reason than because they were having
fun.
Text 2
Insects do not have cortexes or other brain areas associated with emotions in humans. Still,
Galpayage and her team have shown that bumblebees may engage in play, possibly experiencing
some kind of positive emotional state. Other studies have suggested that bees experience
negative emotional states (for example, stress), but as Galpayage and her team have
acknowledged, emotions in insects, if they do indeed exist, are likely very rudimentary.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined portion
of Text 1?

A. By objecting that the bees were actually experiencing a negative feeling akin to stress rather
than a positive feeling

B. By arguing that some insects other than bumblebees may be capable of experiencing
complex emotional states

C. By pointing out that even humans sometimes struggle to have fun while engaging in play

D. By noting that if the bees were truly playing, any positive feelings they may have experienced
were probably quite basic

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Diego Velázquez was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain during the
seventeenth century, but his influence was hardly ______ Spain: realist and impressionist painters
around the world employed his techniques and echoed elements of his style.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. derived from

B. recognized in

C. confined to

D. repressed by

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The parasitic dodder plant increases its reproductive success by flowering at the same time as
the host plant it has latched onto. In 2020, Jianqiang Wu and his colleagues determined that the
tiny dodder achieves this ______ with its host by absorbing and utilizing a protein the host
produces when it is about to flower.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. synchronization

B. hibernation

C. prediction

D. moderation

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Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo Nation legislator Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously worked to
promote public health; this ______ effort involved traveling throughout the vast Navajo homeland
and writing a medical dictionary for speakers of Diné bizaad, the Navajo language.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. impartial

B. offhand

C. persistent

D. mandatory

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The following text is adapted from Paul Laurence Dunbar’s 1902 novel The Sport of the Gods.
Joe and some of his family members have recently moved to New York City.

[Joe] was wild with enthusiasm and with a desire to be a part of all that the metropolis
meant. In the evening he saw the young fellows passing by dressed in their spruce clothes,
and he wondered with a sort of envy where they could be going. Back home there had been
no place much worth going to, except church and one or two people’s houses.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. It illustrates a character’s reaction to a new environment.

B. It explains why a character has traveled to a city.

C. It compares a character’s thoughts about an event at two different times of day.

D. It presents a character feeling regret over leaving home.

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Some researchers believe that the genes that enable groundhogs and certain other mammals to
hibernate through the winter by slowing their breathing and heart rates and lowering their body
temperature may be ______ in humans: present yet having essentially no effect on our bodily
processes.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. decisive

B. lacking

C. variable

D. dormant

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The following text is adapted from Charles Chesnutt’s 1899 short story “Mars Jeems’s
Nightmare.” The narrator and his wife have recently moved to the southern United States, and
Julius is their carriage driver.

Julius [was] very useful when we moved to our new residence. He had a thorough
knowledge of the neighborhood, was familiar with the roads and the watercourses, knew
the qualities of the various soils and what they would produce, and where the best hunting
and fishing were to be had. He was a marvelous hand in the management of horses and
dogs.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To compare the narrator’s reaction to a new home with his wife’s reaction

B. To give an example of Julius’s knowledge about soil

C. To show that the narrator and Julius often hunt and fish together

D. To explain different ways in which Julius was helpful

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In many agricultural environments, the banks of streams are kept forested to protect water
quality, but it’s been unclear what effects these forests may have on stream biodiversity. To
investigate the issue, biologist Xingli Giam and colleagues studied an Indonesian oil palm
plantation, comparing the species richness of forested streams with that of nonforested
streams. Giam and colleagues found that species richness was significantly higher in forested
streams, a finding the researchers attribute to the role leaf litter plays in sheltering fish from
predators and providing food resources.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. It discusses research intended to settle a debate about how agricultural yields can be
increased without negative effects on water quality.

B. It explains the differences between stream-protection strategies used in oil palm plantations
and stream-protection strategies used in other kinds of agricultural environments.

C. It describes findings that challenge a previously held view about how fish that inhabit
streams in agricultural environments attempt to avoid predators.

D. It presents a study that addresses an unresolved question about the presence of forests
along streams in agricultural environments.

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Part of the Atacama Desert in Peru has surprisingly rich plant life despite receiving almost no
rainfall. Moisture from winter fog sustains plants once they’re growing, but the soil’s tough crust
makes it hard for seeds to germinate in the first place. Local birds that dig nests in the ground
seem to be of help: they churn the soil, exposing buried seeds to moisture and nutrients. Indeed,
in 2016 Cristina Rengifo Faiffer found that mounds of soil dug up by birds were far more fertile
and supported more seedlings than soil in undisturbed areas.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A. It elaborates on the idea that the top layer of Atacama Desert soil forms a tough crust.

B. It describes the process by which seeds are deposited into Atacama Desert soil.

C. It identifies the reason particular bird species dig nests in Atacama Desert soil.

D. It explains how certain birds promote seed germination in Atacama Desert soil.

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Handedness, a preferential use of either the right or left hand, typically is easy to observe in
humans. Because this trait is present but less ______ in many other animals, animal-behavior
researchers often employ tasks specially designed to reveal individual animals’ preferences for a
certain hand or paw.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. recognizable

B. intriguing

C. significant

D. useful

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The recent discovery of a carved wooden figure dating to around 2,000 years ago in a ditch in
England was truly surprising. Wooden objects ______ survive for so long due to their high
susceptibility to rot, but archaeologists suspect layers of sediment in the ditch preserved the
figure by creating an oxygen-free environment.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. sturdily

B. carelessly

C. rarely

D. simply

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The process of mechanically recycling plastics is often considered ______ because of the
environmental impact and the loss of material quality that often occurs. But chemist Takunda
Chazovachii has helped develop a cleaner process of chemical recycling that converts
superabsorbent polymers from diapers into a desirable reusable adhesive.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. resilient

B. inadequate

C. dynamic

D. satisfactory

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The following text is adapted from Oscar Wilde’s 1897 nonfiction work De Profundis.

People whose desire is solely for self-realisation never know where they are going. They
can’t know. In one sense of the word it is of course necessary to know oneself: that is the
first achievement of knowledge. But to recognise that the soul of a man is unknowable, is
the ultimate achievement of wisdom. The final mystery is oneself. When one has weighed
the sun in the balance, and measured the steps of the moon, and mapped out the seven
heavens star by star, there still remains oneself. Who can calculate the orbit of his own
soul?

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined question in the text as a whole?

A. It reinforces the text’s skepticism about the possibility of truly achieving self-knowledge.

B. It speculates that some readers will share the doubts expressed in the text about the value of
self-knowledge.

C. It cautions readers that the text’s directions for how to achieve self-knowledge are hard to
follow.

D. It concedes that the definition of self-knowledge advanced in the text is unpopular.

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Like the 1945 play it reimagines—Federico García Lorca’s The House of Bernarda Alba—Marcus
Gardley’s 2014 play The House That Will Not Stand prominently features women. In both plays,
the all-female cast ______ an array of female characters, including a strong mother and several
daughters dealing with individual struggles.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. engulfs

B. encourages

C. comprises

D. provokes

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Text 1
The live music festival business is growing in event size and genre variety. With so many
consumer options, organizers are finding ways to cement festival attendance as a special
experience worth sharing. This phenomenon is linked to the growing “experiential economy,”
where many find it gratifying to purchase lived experiences. To ensure a profitable event, venues
need to consider the overall consumer experience, not just the band lineup.
Text 2
Music festival appearances are becoming a more important part of musicians’ careers. One
factor in this shift is the rising use of streaming services that allow access to huge numbers of
songs for a monthly fee, subsequently reducing sales of full-length albums. With this shift in
consumer behavior, musicians are increasingly dependent on revenue from live performances.

Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?

A. Consumers are more interested in paying subscription fees to stream music than in
attending music festivals in person.

B. Consumers’ growing interest in purchasing experiences is mostly confined to the music

industry.

C. Changing consumer behaviors are leading to changes in music-related businesses.

D. The rising consumer demand for live music festivals also generates higher demand for music
streaming platforms.

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Text 1
Digital art, the use of digital technology to create or display images, isn’t really art at all. It doesn’t
require as much skill as creating physical art. “Painting” with a tablet and stylus is much easier
than using paint and a brush: the technology is doing most of the work.

Text 2
The painting programs used to create digital art involve more than just pressing a few buttons. In
addition to knowing the fundamentals of art, digital artists need to be familiar with sophisticated
software. Many artists will start by drawing an image on paper before transforming the piece to
a digital format, where they can apply a variety of colors and techniques that would otherwise
require many different traditional tools.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claims of the
author of Text 1?

A. By arguing that a piece of art created digitally can still be displayed traditionally

B. By explaining that it’s actually much harder to use a tablet and stylus to create art than to use
paint and a brush

C. By insisting that digital art requires artistic abilities and skill even if it employs less traditional
tools

D. By admitting that most digital artists don’t think fundamental drawing skills are important

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The following text is adapted from Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto’s 1925 memoir A Daughter of the
Samurai. As a young woman, Sugimoto moved from feudal Japan to the United States.

The standards of my own and my adopted country differed so widely in some ways, and my
love for both lands was so sincere, that sometimes I had an odd feeling of standing upon a
cloud in space, and gazing with measuring eyes upon two separate worlds. At first I was
continually trying to explain, by Japanese standards, all the queer things that came every
day before my surprised eyes; for no one seemed to know the origin or significance of even
the most familiar customs, nor why they existed and were followed.

Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?

A. To convey the narrator’s experience of observing and making sense of differences between
two cultures she embraces

B. To establish the narrator’s hope of forming connections with new companions by sharing
customs she learned as a child

C. To reveal the narrator’s recognition that she is hesitant to ask questions about certain
aspects of a culture she is newly encountering

D. To emphasize the narrator’s wonder at discovering that the physical distance between two
countries is greater than she had expected

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Novelist N. K. Jemisin declines to ______ the conventions of the science fiction genre in which
she writes, and she has suggested that her readers appreciate her work precisely because of this
willingness to thwart expectations and avoid formulaic plots and themes.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. question

B. react to

C. perceive

D. conform to

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In 2007, computer scientist Luis von Ahn was working on converting printed books into a digital
format. He found that some words were distorted enough that digital scanners couldn’t
recognize them, but most humans could easily read them. Based on that finding, von Ahn
invented a simple security test to keep automated “bots” out of websites. The first version of the
reCAPTCHA test asked users to type one known word and one of the many words scanners
couldn’t recognize. Correct answers proved the users were humans and added data to the book-
digitizing project.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To discuss von Ahn’s invention of reCAPTCHA

B. To explain how digital scanners work

C. To call attention to von Ahn’s book-digitizing project

D. To indicate how popular reCAPTCHA is

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A journalist and well-respected art critic of nineteenth-century Britain, Lady Elizabeth Rigby
Eastlake did not hesitate to publish reviews that went against popular opinion. One of her most
divisive works was an essay questioning the idea of photography as an emerging medium for
fine art: in the essay, Eastlake ______ that the value of photographs was informational rather than
creative.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. exposed

B. asserted

C. discovered

D. doubted

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Particle physicists like Ayana Holloway Arce and Aida El-Khadra spend much of their time ______
what is invisible to the naked eye: using sophisticated technology, they closely examine the
behavior of subatomic particles, the smallest detectable parts of matter.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. selecting

B. inspecting

C. creating

D. deciding

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The Mule Bone, a 1930 play written by Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes, is perhaps the
best-known of the few examples of ______ in literature. Most writers prefer working alone, and
given that working together cost Hurston and Hughes their friendship, it is not hard to see why.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. characterization

B. interpretation

C. collaboration

D. commercialization

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Some people have speculated that two helmets with attached horns discovered in Denmark in
1942 belonged to Vikings, but scholars have long been skeptical. Archaeologist Helle Vandkilde
and colleagues recently provided radiocarbon dates for the helmets, and their findings ______
scholars’ skepticism: the helmets date to the Nordic Bronze Age, centuries before the Vikings
existed.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. anticipate

B. inspect

C. reveal

D. justify

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Mônica Lopes-Ferreira and others at Brazil’s Butantan Institute are studying the freshwater
stingray species Potamotrygon rex to determine whether biological characteristics such as the
rays’ age and sex have ______ effect on the toxicity of their venom—that is, to see if differences in
these traits are associated with considerable variations in venom potency.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. a disconcerting

B. an acceptable

C. an imperceptible

D. a substantial

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The following text is adapted from Louisa May Alcott’s 1869 novel An Old-Fashioned Girl. Polly, a
teenager, is visiting her friend Fanny.

Fanny’s friends did not interest Polly much; she was rather afraid of them [because] they
seemed so much older and wiser than herself, even those younger in years. They talked
about things of which she knew nothing and when Fanny tried to explain, she didn’t find
them interesting; indeed, some of them rather shocked and puzzled her.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To portray Polly’s reaction to Fanny’s friends

B. To identify the topics Polly talks about with Fanny’s friends

C. To explain how Fanny met some of her friends

D. To illustrate how Fanny’s friends feel about Polly

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The following text is from Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula. The narrator is being driven in a
carriage through a remote region at night.

The baying of the wolves sounded nearer and nearer, as though they were closing round on
us from every side. I grew dreadfully afraid, and the horses shared my fear. The driver,
however, was not in the least disturbed; he kept turning his head to left and right, but I could
not see anything through the darkness.

As used in the text, what does the word “disturbed” most nearly mean?

A. Disorganized

B. Alarmed

C. Offended

D. Interrupted

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The following text is from Sarah Orne Jewett’s 1899 short story “Martha’s Lady.” Martha is
employed by Miss Pyne as a maid.
Miss Pyne sat by the window watching, in her best dress, looking stately and calm; she seldom
went out now, and it was almost time for the carriage. Martha was just coming in from the
garden with the strawberries, and with more flowers in her apron. It was a bright cool evening
in June, the golden robins sang in the elms, and the sun was going down behind the apple-
trees at the foot of the garden. The beautiful old house stood wide open to the long-expected
guest.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To convey the worries brought about by a new guest

B. To describe how the characters have changed over time

C. To contrast the activity indoors with the stillness outside

D. To depict the setting as the characters await a visitor’s arrival

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The following text is adapted from Charles Dickens’s 1854 novel Hard Times. Coketown is a
fictional town in England.
[Coketown] contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still
more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the
same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom
every day was the same as yesterday and tomorrow, and every year the counterpart of the last
and the next.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To emphasize the uniformity of both the town and the people who live there

B. To explain the limited work opportunities available to the town’s residents

C. To reveal how the predictability of the town makes it easy for people lose track of time

D. To argue that the simplicity of life in the town makes it a pleasant place to live

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The Cambrian explosion gets its name from the sudden appearance and rapid diversification of
animal remains in the fossil record about 541 million years ago, during the Cambrian period.
Some scientists argue that this ______ change in the fossil record might be because of a shift in
many organisms to body types that were more likely to be preserved.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. catastrophic

B. elusive

C. abrupt

D. imminent

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The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1844 short story “Drowne’s Wooden
Image.” Drowne, a young man, is carving a wooden figure to decorate the front of a ship.
Day by day, the work assumed greater precision, and settled its irregular and misty outline into
distincter grace and beauty. The general design was now obvious to the common eye.

As used in the text, what does the word “assumed” most nearly mean?

A. Acquired

B. Acknowledged

C. Imitated

D. Speculated

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Researchers and conservationists stress that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is ______.
For example, people can take simple steps such as washing their footwear after travel to avoid
introducing potentially invasive organisms into new environments.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. preventable

B. undeniable

C. common

D. concerning

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Ofelia Zepeda’s contributions to the field of linguistics are ______: her many accomplishments
include working as a linguistics professor and bilingual poet, authoring the first Tohono O’odham
grammar book, and co-founding the American Indian Language Development Institute.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. pragmatic

B. controversial

C. extensive

D. universal

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Although the playwrights hoped that their play would be ______ when performed live, critics
generally agreed that the production and performances had the opposite effect, wearying
audiences instead of energizing them.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. multifaceted

B. realistic

C. rousing

D. subtle

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In the Here and Now Storybook (1921), educator Lucy Sprague Mitchell advanced the then
controversial idea that books for very young children should imitate how they use language,
since toddlers, who cannot yet grasp narrative or abstract ideas, seek reassurance in verbal
repetition and naming. The most enduring example of this idea is Margaret Wise Brown’s 1947
picture book Goodnight Moon, in which a young rabbit names the objects in his room as he drifts
off to sleep. Scholars note that the book’s emphasis on repetition, rhythm, and nonsense rhyme
speaks directly to Mitchell’s influence.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. The text outlines a debate between two authors of children’s literature and then traces how
that debate shaped theories on early childhood education.

B. The text summarizes an argument about how children’s literature should be evaluated and
then discusses a contrasting view on that subject.

C. The text lists the literary characteristics that are common to many classics of children’s
literature and then indicates the narrative subjects that are most appropriate for young
children.

D. The text presents a philosophy about what material is most suitable for children’s literature
and then describes a book influenced by that philosophy.

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Artificially delivering biomolecules to plant cells is an important component of protecting plants
from pathogens, but it is difficult to transmit biomolecules through the layers of the plant cell
wall. Markita del Carpio Landry and her colleagues have shown that it may be possible to ______
this problem by transmitting molecules through carbon nanotubes, which can cross cell walls.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. conceptualize

B. neglect

C. illustrate

D. overcome

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The following text is from Herman Melville’s 1854 novel The Lightning-rod Man.
The stranger still stood in the exact middle of the cottage, where he had first planted himself. His
singularity impelled a closer scrutiny. A lean, gloomy figure. Hair dark and lank, mattedly streaked
over his brow. His sunken pitfalls of eyes were ringed by indigo halos, and played with an
innocuous sort of lightning: the gleam without the bolt. The whole man was dripping. He stood in
a puddle on the bare oak floor: his strange walking-stick vertically resting at his side.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the
text?

A. It elaborates on the previous sentence’s description of the character.

B. It introduces the setting that is described in the sentences that follow.

C. It establishes a contrast with the description in the previous sentence.

D. It sets up the character description presented in the sentences that follow.

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The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell’s 1912 short story “‘Out There.’” An elderly
shop owner is looking at a picture that he recently acquired and hopes to sell.
It did seem that the picture failed to fit in with the rest of the shop. A persuasive young fellow
who claimed he was closing out his stock let the old man have it for what he called a song. It
was only a little out-of-the-way store which subsisted chiefly on the framing of pictures. The
old man looked around at his views of the city, his pictures of cats and dogs, his flaming bits
of landscape. “Don’t belong in here,” he fumed.
And yet the old man was secretly proud of his acquisition. There was a hidden dignity in his
scowling as he shuffled about pondering the least ridiculous place for the picture.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To reveal the shop owner’s conflicted feelings about the new picture

B. To convey the shop owner’s resentment of the person he got the new picture from

C. To describe the items that the shop owner most highly prizes

D. To explain differences between the new picture and other pictures in the shop

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San Francisco is known for the colorful murals painted on many of its buildings. The densest
collection of murals is found on Balmy Alley in the Mission District neighborhood. In the 1970s,
Latina artists painted vivid scenes of community life on walls along this block. As the original
murals have faded, later generations of artists have painted new ones over them. As a result,
Balmy Alley has become a living showcase of San Francisco’s artistic spirit, with its murals
reflecting changes in the cultural life of the city.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To compare the Balmy Alley murals to other murals in San Francisco

B. To offer an overview of the history and importance of the Balmy Alley murals

C. To urge people to protect the murals of San Francisco from decay

D. To describe the rise of mural painting in San Francisco beginning in the 1970s

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In 2008 a complete set of ancient pessoi (glass game pieces) was uncovered from beneath a
paving stone in modern-day Israel. Due to their small size, pessoi were easily misplaced, making
a whole set a rare find. This has led some experts to suggest that the set may have been buried
intentionally; however, without clear evidence, archaeologists are left to ______ what happened.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. speculate about

B. dismiss

C. expand on

D. catalog

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Text 1
Polar bears sustain themselves primarily by hunting seals on the Arctic sea ice, but rising ocean
temperatures are causing the ice to diminish, raising concerns about polar bear population
declines as these large predators’ seal-hunting habitats continue to shrink. A 2020 study
examining polar bear populations across the Arctic concluded that populations affected by sea-
ice loss are at great risk of extinction by the end of the twenty-first century.
Text 2
Monitoring carried out by researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute shows that the polar
bear population on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard remains stable and well nourished despite
rapidly declining sea ice in recent years. The researchers attribute this population’s resilience in
part to a shift in feeding strategies: in addition to hunting seals, the Svalbard polar bears have
begun relying on a diet of reindeer meat and birds’ eggs.

Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the conclusion
presented in the underlined portion of Text 1?

A. By noting that it neglects the possibility of some polar bear populations adapting to changes
in their environment

B. By suggesting that it is likely incorrect about the rates at which warming ocean temperatures
have caused sea ice to melt in the Arctic

C. By asserting that it overlooks polar bear populations that have not yet been affected by loss
of seal-hunting habitats

D. By arguing that it fails to account for polar bears’ reliance on a single seal-hunting strategy

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Logically, a damaged fossil should provide less information than an intact one, but for
paleontologist Brigitte Schoenemann, a broken area on a fossilized trilobite (a crustacean-like
creature) ______ fresh insight, allowing her to view the inner structure of the organism’s eye.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. resolved

B. adjusted

C. offered

D. directed

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Although critics believed that customers would never agree to pay to pick their own produce on
farms, such concerns didn’t ______ Booker T. Whatley’s efforts to promote the practice. Thanks in
part to Whatley’s determined advocacy, farms that allow visitors to pick their own apples,
pumpkins, and other produce can be found throughout the United States.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. enhance

B. hinder

C. misrepresent

D. aggravate

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Following the principles of community-based participatory research, tribal nations and research
institutions are equal partners in health studies conducted on reservations. A collaboration
between the Crow Tribe and Montana State University ______ this model: tribal citizens worked
alongside scientists to design the methodology and continue to assist in data collection.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. circumvents

B. eclipses

C. fabricates

D. exemplifies

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The following text is from the 1924 poem “Cycle” by D’Arcy McNickle, who was a citizen of the
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes.
There shall be new roads wending,
A new beating of the drum—
Men’s eyes shall have fresh seeing,
Grey lives reprise their span—
But under the new sun’s being,
Completing what night began,
There’ll be the same backs bending,
The same sad feet shall drum—
When this night finds its ending
And day shall have come.....

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To consider how the repetitiveness inherent in human life can be both rewarding and
challenging

B. To question whether activities completed at one time of day are more memorable than those
completed at another time of day

C. To refute the idea that joy is a more commonly experienced emotion than sadness is

D. To demonstrate how the experiences of individuals relate to the experiences of their

communities

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While we can infer information about climate activity in Earth’s distant past from physical
evidence, we of course cannot observe past climates directly. To study early Earth’s climate in
action, we must ______ that climate using computer models that represent various climate
conditions consistent with the physical evidence.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. invent

B. simulate

C. exaggerate

D. preserve

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In 1973, poet Miguel Algarín started inviting other writers who, like him, were Nuyorican—a term
for New Yorkers of Puerto Rican heritage—to gather in his apartment to present their work. The
gatherings were so well attended that Algarín soon had to rent space in a cafe to accommodate
them. Thus, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe was born. Moving to a permanent location in 1981, the
Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its original scope beyond the written word, hosting art
exhibitions and musical performances as well. Half a century since its inception, it continues to
foster emerging Nuyorican talent.

Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?

A. To explain what motivated Algarín to found the Nuyorican Poets Cafe

B. To situate the Nuyorican Poets Cafe within the cultural life of New York as a whole

C. To discuss why the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its scope to include art and music

D. To provide an overview of the founding and mission of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe

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Like other tribal nations, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation is self-governing; its National Council
generates laws regulating aspects of community life such as land use and healthcare, while the
principal chief and cabinet officials ______ those laws by devising policies and administering
services in accordance with them.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. implement

B. presume

C. improvise

D. mimic

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Rydra Wong, the protagonist of Samuel R. Delany’s 1966 novel Babel-17, is a poet, an occupation
which, in Delany’s work, is not ______: nearly a dozen of the characters that populate his novels
are poets or writers.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. infallible

B. atypical

C. lucrative

D. tedious

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In habitats with limited nutrients, certain fungus species grow on the roots of trees, engaging in
mutually beneficial relationships known as ectomycorrhizae: in this symbiotic exchange, the tree
provides the fungus with carbon, a nutrient necessary for both species, and the fungus ______ by
enhancing the tree’s ability to absorb nitrogen, another key nutrient, from the soil.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. overreacts

B. reciprocates

C. retaliates

D. deviates

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For a 2020 exhibition, photographer and neurobiologist Okunola Jeyifous ______ a series of new
images based on a series of alphabet posters from the 1970s known as the “Black ABCs,” which
featured Black children from Chicago. Jeyifous photographed the now-adult models and layered
the photos over magnified images of the models’ cells, resulting in what he called “micro and
macro portraiture.”

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. validated

B. created

C. challenged

D. restored

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Research conducted by planetary scientist Katarina Miljkovic suggests that the Moon’s surface
may not accurately ______ early impact events. When the Moon was still forming, its surface was
softer, and asteroid or meteoroid impacts would have left less of an impression; thus, evidence
of early impacts may no longer be present.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. reflect

B. receive

C. evaluate

D. mimic

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For his 1986 album Keyboard Fantasies, Beverly Glenn-Copeland wrote songs grounded in
traditional soul and folk music, then accompanied them with futuristic synthesizer arrangements
featuring ambient sounds and complex rhythms. The result was so strange, so unprecedented,
that the album attracted little attention when first released. In recent years, however, a younger
generation of musicians has embraced the stylistic experimentation of Keyboard Fantasies.
Alternative R&B musicians Blood Orange and Moses Sumney, among other contemporary
recording artists, cite the album as an influence.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It urges contemporary musicians to adopt the unique sound of Keyboard Fantasies.

B. It responds to criticism of Keyboard Fantasies by some younger musicians.

C. It offers examples of younger musicians whose work has been impacted by Keyboard
Fantasies.

D. It contrasts Keyboard Fantasies with the recordings of two younger musicians.

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Osage Nation citizen Randy Tinker-Smith produced and directed the ballet Wahzhazhe, which
vividly chronicles Osage history and culture. Telling Osage stories through ballet is ______ choice
because two of the foremost ballet dancers of the twentieth century were Osage: sisters Maria
and Marjorie Tallchief.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. a suitable

B. a determined

C. an arbitrary

D. an unpredictable

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In 1801, a Blackfoot chief named Ac Ko Mok Ki drew a finely detailed map of the Upper Missouri
region. This work demonstrates a vast amount of topographic knowledge, as the map features
specific names of mountains and rivers, as well as the first-known sketch of the drainage
network of the Missouri River. The map is especially notable because Ac Ko Mok Ki also included
details about the numerous tribes that lived in the area.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It emphasizes Ac Ko Mok Ki’s desire to represent other tribes on the map.

B. It explains how Ac Ko Mok Ki developed an interest in mapmaking.

C. It identifies some reasons why the map is impressive.

D. It details how the map was used for hunting and trading purposes.

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Text 1
Although food writing is one of the most widely read genres in the United States, literary scholars
have long neglected it. And within this genre, cookbooks attract the least scholarly attention of
all, regardless of how well written they may be. This is especially true of works dedicated to
regional US cuisines, whose complexity and historical significance are often overlooked.

Text 2
With her 1976 cookbook The Taste of Country Cooking, Edna Lewis popularized the refined
Southern cooking she had grown up with in Freetown, an all-Black community in Virginia. She
also set a new standard for cookbook writing: the recipes and memoir passages interspersing
them are written in prose more elegant than that of most novels. Yet despite its inarguable value
as a piece of writing, Lewis’s masterpiece has received almost no attention from literary
scholars.

Based on the two texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely regard the situation
presented in the underlined sentence in Text 2?

A. As typical, because scholars are dismissive of literary works that achieve popularity with the
general public

B. As unsurprising, because scholars tend to overlook the literary value of food writing in
general and of regional cookbooks in particular

C. As justifiable, because Lewis incorporated memoir into The Taste of Country Cooking, thus
undermining its status as a cookbook

D. As inevitable, because The Taste of Country Cooking was marketed to readers of food writing
and not to readers of other genres

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The following text is from Lucy Maud Montgomery’s 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables. Anne, an
eleven-year-old girl, has come to live on a farm with a woman named Marilla in Nova Scotia,
Canada.

Anne reveled in the world of color about her.

“Oh, Marilla,” she exclaimed one Saturday morning, coming dancing in with her arms full of
gorgeous boughs, “I’m so glad I live in a world where there are Octobers. It would be terrible
if we just skipped from September to November, wouldn’t it? Look at these maple branches.
Don’t they give you a thrill—several thrills? I’m going to decorate my room with them.”
“Messy things,” said Marilla, whose aesthetic sense was not noticeably developed. “You
clutter up your room entirely too much with out-of-doors stuff, Anne. Bedrooms were made
to sleep in.”

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To demonstrate that Anne has a newly developed appreciation of nature

B. To describe an argument that Anne and Marilla often have

C. To emphasize Marilla’s disapproval of how Anne has decorated her room

D. To show that Anne and Marilla have very different personalities

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According to statistician Nassim Nicholas Taleb, the best way to predict the amount of time a
nonperishable entity (such as a building or a technology) will continue to exist is to examine how
long it has survived so far. In this view, an item’s age is the strongest ______ how much longer it
will last.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. uncertainty about

B. indicator of

C. motivation for

D. criticism of

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Yawn contagion occurs when one individual yawns in response to another’s yawn. Studies of this
behavior in primates have focused on populations in captivity, but biologist Elisabetta Palagi and
her colleagues have shown that it can occur in wild primate populations as well. In their study,
which focused on a wild population of gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) in Ethiopia, the
researchers further reported that yawn contagion most commonly occurred in males and across
different social groups instead of within a single social group.

Which choice best describes the function of the first sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It defines a phenomenon that is discussed in the text.

B. It introduces a problem that is examined in the text.

C. It makes a claim that is challenged in the text.

D. It presents a hypothesis that is evaluated in the text.

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According to Potawatomi ecologist Robin Wall Kimmerer, the Indigenous method of harvesting
Hierochloe odorata, or sweetgrass, by snapping the plant off at the root actually ______ wild
populations: it may seem counterintuitive, she says, but this method of removal allows new
sweetgrass plants to repopulate the space, with an overall increase in number and vigor.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. selects

B. originates

C. conditions

D. replenishes

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The following text is adapted from Sadakichi Hartmann’s 1894 short story “Magnolia Blossoms.”
The narrator is standing on the deck of a boat.

What a night it was! My soul had left its body to lose itself in the wild unrestrained beauty
around me—from where it came—and only left a trembling suggestion of its existence
within me. The other passengers moved around me like shadows, and again and again my
eyes drank in all the glory and wealth of that night.

As used in the text, what does the word “suggestion” most nearly mean?

A. Trace

B. Opinion

C. Dispute

D. Command

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In recommending Bao Phi’s collection Sông I Sing, a librarian noted that pieces by the spoken-
word poet don’t lose their ______ nature when printed: the language has the same pleasant
musical quality on the page as it does when performed by Phi.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. scholarly

B. melodic

C. jarring

D. personal

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When ancient oak planks were unearthed during subway construction in Rome, Mauro Bernabei
and his team examined the growth rings in the wood to determine where these planks came
from. By comparing the growth rings on the planks to records of similar rings in oaks from
Europe, the team could trace the wood to the Jura region of France, hundreds of kilometers from
Rome. Because timber could only have been transported from distant Jura to Rome by boat, the
team’s findings suggest the complexity of Roman trade routes.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It presents a conclusion about Roman trade routes based on the team’s findings.

B. It questions how the team was able to conclude that the planks were used to build a boat.

C. It explains why the planks were made from oak rather than a different kind of wood.

D. It describes common methods used in Roman subway construction.

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Text 1
Literary scholars have struggled with the vastness of Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka’s collective
works of drama (spanning over 20 plays in total). It is best, however, to understand Soyinka’s
body of work as a dramatist chronologically. Soyinka’s progression as a playwright can be
considered to fall into three periods, with each one representing a particular thematic and
stylistic cohesion: the 1960s, the two decades between 1970 and 1990, and lastly, from roughly
1990 onwards.

Text 2
It is tempting to impose a linear sense of order on the expanse of Wole Soyinka’s body of work
as a dramatist. However, critics who have considered Soyinka’s plays to fit neatly into three
phases overlook potential commonalities in Soyinka’s work that span across these phases.
Additionally, this view may discount significant differences in the styles and content of plays
written around the same time.

Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2
view the study of Soyinka’s works of drama?

A. While the author of Text 1 believes that thinking about Soyinka’s works of theater in phases is
useful, the author of Text 2 views such an approach as limiting.

B. Although the author of Text 1 claims that Soyinka’s style as a dramatist has evolved over
time, the author of Text 2 argues that Soyinka’s style has remained consistent throughout his
career.

C. The author of Text 1 considers Soyinka’s plays to showcase his strongest writing, whereas
the author of Text 2 believes that Soyinka’s poetry is where he is most skilled.

D. The author of Text 1 argues that Soyinka’s early plays were his most politically charged,
whereas the author of Text 2 claims that Soyinka’s most recent plays are the most politicized.

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Text 1
For decades, bluegrass musicians have debated whether their genre should exclude influences
from mainstream genres such as rock. Many insist that bluegrass is defined by its adherence to
the folk music of the US South, out of which bluegrass emerged. Such “purists,” as they are
known, regard the recordings of Bill Monroe, which established the bluegrass sound in the
1940s, as a standard against which the genre should still be measured.

Text 2
Bluegrass isn’t simply an extension of folk traditions into the era of recorded music. In reality, Bill
Monroe created the bluegrass sound in the 1940s by combining Southern folk music with
commercial genres that had arisen only a few decades before, such as jazz and the blues. Since
bluegrass has always been a mixed genre, contemporary bluegrass musicians should not be
forbidden from incorporating into it influences from rock and other mainstream genres.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely regard the perspective of
bluegrass purists, as described in Text 1?

A. As inconsistent, since bluegrass purists themselves enjoy other musical genres

B. As unrealistic, since bluegrass purists have no way of enforcing their musical preferences

C. As shortsighted, because bluegrass could enlarge its audience by including influences from
mainstream genres

D. As illogical, because the purists overlook crucial aspects of how the bluegrass sound first
originated.

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The following text is adapted from Mohsin Hamid’s 2017 novel Exit West. Saeed lives with his
mother and father.
On cloudless nights after a daytime rain, Saeed’s father would sometimes bring out the
telescope, and the family would sip green tea on their balcony, enjoying a breeze, and take turns
to look up at objects whose light, often, had been emitted before any of these three viewers had
been born—light from other centuries, only now reaching Earth.
©2017 by Mohsin Hamid

As used in the text, what does the word “reaching” most nearly mean?

A. Arriving at

B. Consulting with

C. Running to

D. Clinging to

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When Mexican-American archaeologist Zelia Maria Magdalena Nuttall published her 1886
research paper on sculptures found at the ancient Indigenous city of Teotihuacan in present-day
Mexico, other researchers readily ______ her work as groundbreaking; this recognition stemmed
from her convincing demonstration that the sculptures were much older than had previously
been thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. acknowledged

B. ensured

C. denied

D. underestimated

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Text 1
A team led by Bernardo Strassburg has found that rewilding farmland (returning the land to its
natural state) could help preserve biodiversity and offset carbon emissions. The amount of
farmland that would need to be restored, they found, is remarkably low. Rewilding a mere 15% of
the world’s current farmland would prevent 60% of expected species extinctions and help absorb
nearly 299 gigatons of carbon dioxide—a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and
climate crises.

Text 2
While Strassburg’s team’s findings certainly offer encouraging insight into the potential benefits
of rewilding, it’s important to consider potential effects on global food supplies. The researchers
suggest that to compensate for the loss of food-producing land, remaining farmland would need
to produce even more food. Thus, policies focused on rewilding farmland must also address
strategies for higher-yield farming.

Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2
view Strassburg’s team’s study?

A. The author of Text 2 approaches the study’s findings with some caution, whereas the author
of Text 1 is optimistic about the reported potential environmental benefits.

B. The author of Text 2 claims that the percentage of farmland identified by Strassburg’s team
is too low for rewilding to achieve meaningful results, whereas the author of Text 1 thinks the
percentage is sufficient.

C. The author of Text 2 believes that the results described by Strassburg’s team are achievable
in the near future, whereas the author of Text 1 argues that they likely aren’t.

D. The author of Text 2 focuses on rewilding’s effect on carbon emissions, whereas the author
of Text 1 focuses on its effect on biodiversity.

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Text 1
Stage lighting theorist Adolphe Appia was perhaps the first to argue that light must be
considered alongside all the various elements of a stage to create a single, unified performance.
Researcher Kelly Bremner, however, has noted that Appia lacked technical expertise in the use of
light in the theater. As a result of Appia’s inexperience, Bremner argues, Appia’s theory of light
called for lighting practices that weren’t possible until after the advent of electricity around
1881.

Text 2
Adolphe Appia was not an amateur in the practice of lighting. Instead, it is precisely his exposure
to lighting techniques at the time that contributed to his theory on the importance of light. When
working as an apprentice for a lighting specialist in his youth, Appia observed the use of portable
lighting devices that could be operated by hand. This experience developed his understanding of
what was possible in the coordination of elements on the stage.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about
Appia’s level of technical expertise made by Bremner in Text 1?

A. Many lighting technicians dismissed Appia’s ideas about light on the stage.

B. Appia likely gained a level of technical expertise during his time as an apprentice.

C. Theater practitioners who worked with Appia greatly admired his work.

D. Appia was unfamiliar with the use of music and sound in theater.

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Although science fiction was dominated mostly by white male authors when Octavia Butler, a
Black woman, began writing, she did not view the genre as ______: Butler broke into the field with
the publication of several short stories and her 1976 novel Patternmaster, and she later became
the first science fiction writer to win a prestigious MacArthur Fellowship.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. legitimate

B. impenetrable

C. compelling

D. indecipherable

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To develop a method for measuring snow depth with laser beams, NASA physicist Yongxiang Hu
relied on ______; identifying broad similarities between two seemingly different phenomena, Hu
used information about how ants move inside colonies to calculate how the particles of light
that make up laser beams travel through snow.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. a collaboration

B. an accessory

C. a contradiction

D. an analogy

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In the Indigenous intercropping system known as the Three Sisters, maize, squash, and beans
form an ______ web of relations: maize provides the structure on which the bean vines grow; the
squash vines cover the soil, discouraging competition from weeds; and the beans aid their two
“sisters” by enriching the soil with essential nitrogen.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. indecipherable

B. ornamental

C. obscure

D. intricate

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The following text is from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby.

[Jay Gatsby] was balancing himself on the dashboard of his car with that resourcefulness
of movement that is so peculiarly American—that comes, I suppose, with the absence of
lifting work in youth and, even more, with the formless grace of our nervous, sporadic
games. This quality was continually breaking through his punctilious manner in the shape
of restlessness.

As used in the text, what does the word “quality” most nearly mean?

A. Standard

B. Prestige

C. Characteristic

D. Accomplishment

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Many archaeologists assume that large-scale engineering projects in ancient societies required
an elite class to plan and direct the necessary labor. However, recent discoveries, such as the
excavation of an ancient canal near the Gulf Coast of Alabama, have complicated this picture.
Using radiocarbon dating, a team of researchers concluded that the 1.39-kilometer-long canal
was most likely constructed between 576 and 650 CE by an Indigenous society that was
relatively free of social classes.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It describes a common view among archaeologists, then discusses a recent finding that
challenges that view.

B. It outlines a method used in some archaeological fieldwork, then explains why an alternative
method is superior to it.

C. It presents contradictory conclusions drawn by archaeologists, then evaluates a study that

has apparently resolved that contradiction.

D. It identifies a gap in scientific research, then presents a strategy used by some

archaeologists to remedy that gap.

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Former astronaut Ellen Ochoa says that although she doesn’t have a definite idea of when it
might happen, she ______ that humans will someday need to be able to live in other environments
than those found on Earth. This conjecture informs her interest in future research missions to
the moon.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. demands

B. speculates

C. doubts

D. establishes

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Some bird species don’t raise their own chicks. Instead, adult females lay their eggs in other
nests, next to another bird species’ own eggs. Female cuckoos have been seen quickly laying
eggs in the nests of other bird species when those birds are out looking for food. After the eggs
hatch, the noncuckoo parents will typically raise the cuckoo chicks as if they were their own
offspring, even if the cuckoos look very different from the other chicks.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It introduces a physical feature of female cuckoos that is described later in the text.

B. It describes the appearance of the cuckoo nests mentioned earlier in the text.

C. It offers a detail about how female cuckoos carry out the behavior discussed in the text.

D. It explains how other birds react to the female cuckoo behavior discussed in the text.

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Text 1
Many studies in psychology have shown that people seek out information even when they know
in advance that they have no immediate use for it and that they won’t directly benefit from it.
Such findings support the consensus view among researchers of curiosity: namely, that curiosity
is not instrumental but instead represents a drive to acquire information for its own sake.
Text 2
While acknowledging that acquiring information is a powerful motivator, Rachit Dubey and
colleagues ran an experiment to test whether emphasizing the usefulness of scientific
information could increase curiosity about it. They found that when research involving rats and
fruit flies was presented as having medical applications for humans, participants expressed
greater interest in learning about it than when the research was not presented as useful.

Based on the texts, how would Dubey and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the
consensus view discussed in Text 1?

A. By suggesting that curiosity may not be exclusively motivated by the desire to merely acquire
information

B. By conceding that people may seek out information that serves no immediate purpose only
because they think they can use it later

C. By pointing out that it is challenging to determine when information-seeking serves no goal

beyond acquiring information

D. By disputing the idea that curiosity can help explain apparently purposeless information-
seeking behaviors

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By combining Indigenous and classical music, Cree composer and cellist Cris Derksen creates
works that reflect the diverse cultural landscape of Canada. For her album Orchestral Powwow,
Derksen composed new songs in the style of traditional powwow music that were accompanied
by classical arrangements played by an orchestra. But where an orchestra would normally follow
the directions of a conductor, the musicians on Orchestral Powwow are led by the beat of a
powwow drum.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To examine how Derksen’s musical compositions blend cultures

B. To argue that Derksen should be recognized for creating a new style of music

C. To describe the difficulties Derksen encountered when producing her album

D. To establish a contrast between Derksen’s classical training and her Cree heritage

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Using NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Mercedes López-Morales and
colleagues measured the wavelengths of light traveling through the atmosphere of WASP-39b,
an exoplanet, or planet outside our solar system. Different molecules absorb different
wavelengths of light, and the wavelength measurements showed the presence of carbon dioxide
(CO₂) in WASP-39b’s atmosphere. This finding not only offers the first decisive evidence of CO₂ in
the atmosphere of an exoplanet but also illustrates the potential for future scientific
breakthroughs held by the JWST.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an alternative method is
superior to it.

B. It describes how researchers made a scientific discovery, then explains the importance of
that discovery.

C. It outlines the steps taken in a scientific study, then presents a hypothesis based on that
study.

D. It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then shows how other scientists
have challenged that conclusion.

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As a young photographer in the 1950s, William Klein ______ the conventions of photography by
creating images that were high contrast and included blurred and distorted elements—features
generally seen as flaws. So unorthodox was Klein’s work that he had difficulty finding a publisher
for his now-iconic 1956 photo book Life is Good & Good for You in New York.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. reviewed

B. defied

C. respected

D. prevented

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In 1929 the Atlantic Monthly published several articles based on newly discovered letters
allegedly exchanged between President Abraham Lincoln and a woman named Ann Rutledge.
Historians were unable to ______ the authenticity of the letters, however, and quickly dismissed
them as a hoax.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. validate

B. interpret

C. relate

D. accommodate

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Anthropologist Kristian J. Carlson and colleagues examined the fossilized clavicle and shoulder
bones of a 3.6-million-year-old early hominin known as “Little Foot.” They found that these bones
were ______ the clavicle and shoulder bones of modern apes that are frequent climbers, such as
gorillas and chimpanzees, suggesting that Little Foot had adapted to life in the trees.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. surpassed by

B. comparable to

C. independent of

D. obtained from

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Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century Chinese American
community in San Jose, California, provided the first evidence that Asian food products were
imported to the United States in the 1800s: bones from a freshwater fish species native to
Southeast Asia. Jinshanzhuang—Hong Kong–based import/export firms—likely coordinated the
fish’s transport from Chinese-operated fisheries in Vietnam and Malaysia to North American
markets. This route reveals the (often overlooked) multinational dimensions of the trade
networks linking Chinese diaspora communities.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in the
previous sentence remain inconclusive.

B. It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s significance that is
presented in the following sentence.

C. It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are described in the
previous sentence.

D. It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following sentence casts
some doubt on.

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The following text is adapted from Gwendolyn Bennett’s 1926 poem “Street Lamps in Early
Spring.”
Night wears a garment
All velvet soft, all violet blue...
And over her face she draws a veil
As shimmering fine as floating dew...
And here and there
In the black of her hair
The subtle hands of Night
Move slowly with their gem-starred light.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It presents alternating descriptions of night in a rural area and in a city.

B. It sketches an image of nightfall, then an image of sunrise.

C. It makes an extended comparison of night to a human being.

D. It portrays how night changes from one season of the year to the next.

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Researchers have found a nearly 164,000-year-old molar from a member of the archaic human
species known as Denisovans in a cave in Laos, suggesting that Denisovans lived in a wider
range of environments than indicated by earlier evidence. Before the discovery, Denisovans were
thought to have lived only at high altitudes in relatively cold climates in what are now Russia and
China, but the discovery of the tooth in Laos suggests that they may have lived at low altitudes in
relatively warm climates in Southeast Asia as well.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A. It dismisses as untrue the research presented in the previous sentence.

B. It defines a term used in the description that follows in the rest of the sentence.

C. It emphasizes the main goal of the research introduced in the previous sentence.

D. It provides context that clarifies the significance of the information that follows in the rest of
the sentence.

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The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1837 story “Dr. Heidegger’s
Experiment.” The main character, a physician, is experimenting with rehydrating a dried flower.

At first [the rose] lay lightly on the surface of the fluid, appearing to imbibe none of its
moisture. Soon, however, a singular change began to be visible. The crushed and dried
petals stirred and assumed a deepening tinge of crimson, as if the flower were reviving
from a deathlike slumber.

As used in the text, what does the phrase “a singular” most nearly mean?

A. A lonely

B. A disagreeable

C. An acceptable

D. An extraordinary

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In the mid-nineteenth century, some abolitionist newspapers ______ westward migration in the
United States; by printing a letter that described the easy fortunes and high salaries miners could
make in California during the Gold Rush, Frederick Douglass’s newspaper North Star was one
such publication that inspired readers to relocate.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. stimulated

B. assigned

C. opposed

D. disregarded

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Researchers have struggled to pinpoint specific causes for hiccups, which happen when a
person’s diaphragm contracts ______. However, neuroscientist Kimberley Whitehead has found
that these uncontrollable contractions may play an important role in helping infants regulate
their breathing.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. involuntarily

B. beneficially

C. strenuously

D. smoothly

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The following text is from Georgia Douglas Johnson’s 1922 poem “Benediction.”
Go forth, my son,
Winged by my heart’s desire!
Great reaches, yet unknown,
Await
For your possession.
I may not, if I would,
Retrace the way with you,
My pilgrimage is through,
But life is calling you!

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To express hope that a child will have the same accomplishments as his parent did

B. To suggest that raising a child involves many struggles

C. To warn a child that he will face many challenges throughout his life

D. To encourage a child to embrace the experiences life will offer

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