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Nadya Noorfatima
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10 views1 page

Intro

Uploaded by

Nadya Noorfatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The penetration of solar photovoltaic (PV) in the distribution system affects the power system stability.

The
concern of power system stability as the consequence of the fluctuation of the PV leads to numerous research studies
for modeling the dynamic behavior of PV. However, since the penetration of the PV escalated substantially, the
modeling of the PVs in the system becomes complex and burdensome. Therefore, the aggregated model is required to
lessen the complexity for future dynamic study in the grid with highly penetrated PV.
A term aggregated model comes out from Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) as a solution to
illustrate the dynamic model for distributed energy resources in a large-scale power system simulation tools [1]. Also,
as stated in one of the literature released by EPRI, the fluctuation problem can be transformed into promising tools for
distribution system operator (DSO) by grouping management [2]. Thus, PVs can offer its services as a grid-support.
Currently, most PV operated with grid following control (GFLC). The behavior of a GFLC is like a current source
that supplies the active and/or reactive power to the system [3]. Actually, GFLC can provide several grid services to
maintain frequency and voltage of the system. However, GFLC uses a phase-lock-loop (PLL) to synchronize with the
grid [4]. As the penetration of the GFLC increase and predicted will replace some of the conventional power plants in
the future, GFLC will face challenges due to the weak grid.
To solve the challenges, grid-forming control (GFMC) is emerging. In contrast with GFLC, GFMC behaves like a
voltage source and it maintains the voltage and/or the frequency of the system [5]. The overview of GFMC and its
applications is stated in [6]. There are several GFMC methods; droop-based, power synchronization loop, voltage-
controlled inverter, virtual synchronous machine (VSM), virtual oscillator control (VOC), matching control, PLL-
based modified current-controlled, and direct power control [7]. Of all the methods, the droop-based is the most
prevalent control to be used. The applications of the GFMC are still limited in the literature, especially for PV. Based
on [9], the application of the GFMC in PV is proposed using superconductors to store the energy. Nonetheless, there
is limited application of grid forming in photovoltaics without an energy storage system (ESS).
Therefore, this paper proposes an aggregated model of PV which has grid-forming control (Agg-GFMC-PV). The
Agg-GFMC-PV is built in a block diagram with several mathematical equations. The MPPT control is used to reserve
the power in the photovoltaic so that there is no need for ESS installation. To verify the proposed Agg-GFMC-PV, the
root-mean-square error (RMSE) is used to compare the result with the distributed grid-forming control photovoltaic
(Dis-GFMC-PV). As for this paper, the system that is used is the CIGRE MV benchmark system which represents the
distribution system.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section II proposes the aggregated grid forming control
photovoltaic model by illustrating it in a block diagram. Section III derives the mathematical equations. Section IV
validates the proposed aggregated model. The conclusion then is written in section V.

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