LONG EXPERIMENTS

1. SPRING MASS OSCILLATION

1. What are damped oscillations?

Ans. A damped oscillation occurs in a system that is losing energy. This loss of
energy causes the amplitude of the oscillation to decrease until the motion stops.

2. Define linear S.H.M.?

Ans. Linear Simple Harmonic Motion is defined as the linear periodic motion of a
body, in which the force of restoring (or acceleration) is always directed to the mean
position and its magnitude is directly proportional to the displacement from the mean
position.

3. What are forced oscillations?

Ans. The amplitude of oscillation, experiences damping but remains constant due to
the external energy supplied to the system. For example, when you push someone
on a swing, you have to keep periodically pushing them so that the swing doesn't
reduce.

4. Define force constant.

Ans. Force constant of a spring is defined as the force required producing unit
extension or compression in the spring.

4. SONOMETER – LAW OF LENGTH

1. State the law of length of vibrating string.

Ans. The law of length states that the frequency of the vibration of a stretched string
and its resonating length varies inversely as long as the mass per unit length and the
tension of the string is constant.

2. What is fundamental mode of vibration?

Ans. The simplest normal mode, where the string vibrates in one loop, is labelled n =
1 and is called the fundamental mode or the first harmonic. The second mode (n =
2), where the string vibrates in two loops, is called the second harmonic. The nth
harmonic consists of n vibrating loops

3. What is resonance?

Ans. What is a simple definition of resonance? Resonance is the occurrence of a

vibrating object causing another object to vibrate higher amplitude. Resonance
happens when the frequency of the initial object's vibration matches the resonant
frequency or natural frequency of the second object.
4. What is forced vibration?

Ans. Forced vibration occurs when motion is sustained or driven by an applied

periodic force in either damped or undamped systems.

OR

When a vibration takes place under the influence of external periodic force then it is
called a forced vibration. Also when the body vibrates due to an external periodic
force other than its own natural frequency then we can say that it is forced vibration.

5. Explain why holes are kept on one side of sonometer box?

Ans. The holes in the sonometer box act as a way through which the frequency of
vibration of the string is communicated inside the hollow portion of the box.

5. SONOMETER – LAW OF TENSION

1. State the second law of vibrating string?

Ans.The law of tension states that the frequency of vibration of a stretched string and
the square root of its tension fluctuates directly as long as the resonating length and
the mass per unit length of the string is constant.

2. Why do we keep frequency constant instead of keeping vibrating length constant

to verify second law of vibrating string?

Ans. By keeping the frequency constant and changing the vibrating length, we can
directly observe the inverse relationship between frequency and length, as stated in
the second law of vibrating string. This makes it easier to verify the law
experimentally.

3. How many nodes and antinodes are formed when the wire vibrates in fundamental
mode?

Ans. Two nodes and one antinode is formed when the wire vibrates in fundamental
mode.

6. RESONANCE – TUBE

1. What is meant by the term resonance?

Ans. Resonance in physics is a phenomenon in which an external force or a

vibrating system forces another system around it to vibrate with greater amplitude at
a specified frequency of operation.

2. What are forced oscillations?

Ans. The body executing vibration initially vibrates with its natural frequency and due
to the presence of external periodic force
3. What are the sources of errors in this experiment?

Ans. Experimental errors can occur due to a variety of reasons. Equipment not being
calibrated correctly, temperature fluctuations, and human mistakes are just a few
things that can cause experimental error. Systematic errors, random errors, and
blunders all lead to experimental errors.

4. What are nodes and antinodes?

Ans. The nodes in the standing waves are the points where the amplitude of the
vibration is zero, whereas the antinodes are the points where the amplitude of the
vibration is at maximum.

5. What is end correction? How do you eliminate it?

Ans. end correction is a short distance applied or added to the actual length of
resonance pipe in order to calculate the precise resonance frequency of the pipe. A
simple notion is that the fundamental resonance of pipe occur when the resonator
length is half or a quarter of the sound wavelength.

6. State the factors on which velocity of sound depends?

Ans. The speed of the sound depends upon the Density, Temperature, and Elasticity
of the medium.

7. How does the speed of sound in the given medium vary with the temperature?

Ans. The speed of sound depends on both the elasticity and density of the medium.
When the elasticity increases and density decreases of a medium sound is allowed
to travel faster. Higher temperatures lower the density of a medium, which puts less
resistance on the sound waves and allows the sound to travel faster.

7. CURRENT SENSITIVITY

1. Define current sensitivity of the galvanometer.

Ans. The current sensitivity of the galvanometer is defined as the ratio of deflection
produced in the galvanometer to the current flowing through it.

2. State the factors on which current sensitivity depends.

Ans. It depends on number of turns, coil area, restoring force per unit twist, and
magnetic field.

3. How can the current sensitivity increase?

Ans. A moving coil galvanometer's sensitivity can be enhanced by increasing the

number of turns in the coil, the area of the coil, and the magnetic field, while
decreasing the couple per unit twist of the suspension.
 8. LAW OF RESISTANCES USING METER BRIDGE

1. What is a balance point in Meter Bridge?

Ans. The balance point in a meter bridge is that point on the meter wire at which
deflection in the galvanometer is null.

2. Resistance of a wire is x Ω, the wire is stretched to triple its length, and then the
resistance becomes?

Ans. Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length. That is, when the
length of conductor is tripled, its resistance also gets tripled.

9. RESISTANCE OF GAKVNOMETER BY KELVIND MRTHODS

1. What is a balance point?

Ans. The balancing point in the potentiometer is the point on the slide wire where
the galvanometer shows zero deflection. The balance point is found to determine the
unknown emf of the cell. If the arrangement is not balanced, there will be a potential
difference across the galvanometer.

2. What will happen if the cell and galvanometer are interchanged?

Ans. If we swap the galvanometer with a cell, the galvanometer will not be showing
any deflection. The balance point will also remain unchanged in the bridge. No
current will be flowing through it. So, swapping will not have any effect on the bridge.

3. Can you use a shunt for the galvanometer? Explain

Ans. Since galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument that it cannot measure the
heavy currents. To do so A shunt is connected with parallel with galvanometer to
convert it into ammeter. Ammeter is always used in series in a circuit. So after that it
can measure heavy currents in the circuit.

10. E1/E2 USING POTENTIOMETER

1. What is EMF of cell?

Ans. Electromotive force or EMF of a cell is the maximum Potential difference

between two Electrodes of a cell. The electromotive force of a cell can also be
defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.

2. What is potentiometer?

Ans. A potentiometer is an instrument that measures the terminal potential difference

with high accuracy without drawing any current from the unknown source.

3. On what principle does the potentiometer work?

Ans. The basic potentiometer working principle is based on the fact that the potential
across any piece of the wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire, which
has a uniform cross-sectional area and the constant current flowing through it.

11. INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL

1. What do you mean by the internal resistance of cell?

Ans. The resistance offered by the electrolyte inside the cell to the flow of electric
current through it is called the internal resistance of the cell.

2. What are the factors on which internal resistance of cell depends?

Ans. The electromotive force of a cell is always greater than the potential difference
across the same cell. Thus, the internal resistance of a cell depends on the factors
like distance between the electrodes, the temperature, the effective area of the
electrodes and the concentration of the solution.

3. Does internal resistance of cell depends on the current drawn from the cell?

Ans.No. Internal resistance of a cell doesn’t depend on the current drawn from it.

12. μ1/ μ2 BY SUSPENSION METHOD

1. What is the principle of a suspension magnetometer?

Ans. This device works on the principle, that whenever a freely suspended magnet in
a uniform magnetic field, is disturbed from it's equilibrium position, it starts vibrating
about the mean position.

2. Can you calculate magnetic dipole moment of the bar magnets? How?

Ans. A magnetic dipole consists of two equal and opposite magnetic charges having
pole strength +m & -m separated by finite distance '2l'. Magnetic Dipole Moment:
The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the product of the pole strength and the
magnetic length of a magnet.

3. Why do you take small oscillations while measuring time period?

Ans. Let’s assume that we want to calculate the time period of a pendulum
undergoing oscillations. Now, we need to make sure that the oscillation of the bob of
the pendulum needs to be small. This is because only in this assumption we can
consider that the pendulum is undergoing simple harmonic motion.

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE

1. How is the breakdown voltage related to doping level of a diode?

Ans. The breakdown voltage decreases with increasing doping concentration, N,

until a minimum is reached core- spending to a doping concentration Nmin. Further
increase of N leads to an anomalous behavior: The breakdown voltage increases
with N exceeding Nmin.

2. State the application of zener diode.

Ans. Used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage
across small circuits. In this way zener diodes are used as voltage regulator. These
are also used as peak clippers, in switching operations and in meter protection
applications.

3. Distinguish between zener diode and rectifier diode.

Ans. Zener diode can provide a stable reference voltage. These diodes can be
operated in reverse biased and break down at a certain voltage. These diodes are
mostly used in power supplies to provide a reference voltage. A rectifier is a device
that is used to convert an AC voltage to DC voltage.

14.STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

1. Explain what are the basic logic elements?

Ans. Basic Logic Gates: All digital systems can be constructed by only three basic
logic gates. These basic gates are called the AND gate, the OR gate, and the NOT
gate.

2. What are the applications of logic gates?

Ans. Logic gates are used in microcontrollers, microprocessors, electronic and

electrical project circuits, and embedded system applications.

3. NAND Gates is combination of which two basic Gates?

Ans. The NAND Gate is formed with the combination of 'AND' and 'NOT' Gate.

4. NOR Gates is combination of which two basic gates?

Ans. NOR Gate can be formed by the combination of OR and NOT gates.

ACTIVITY
1. EFFECT OF DETERGENT ON SURFACE TENSION

1. Why surface tension of a liquid decreases due to presence of detergent?

Ans. Detergent acts as a surface-active agent or surfactant for short. They act with a
water molecule to create a gap between them, which lowers the surface tension
among them.
2. What is the role of detergent in washing clothes?

Ans. Detergent mixes with water to remove dirt and oil from clothes. Water can't
remove oil and dirt from clothes. Detergent cleans by causing a chemical reaction
with water to force dirt and debris out of clothing. Detergents work with water to
loosen the dirt trapped in the material of clothing and clean them away.

2. SECOND’S PENDULUM

1. Define Amplitude in SHM

Ans. The maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position or mean
position is its amplitude, and its direction is always away from the mean or
equilibrium position. Its S.I. unit is the meter.

2. State the nature of vibration of a pendulum (LSHM)

Ans. An object that is vibrating is acted upon by a restoring force. The restoring force
causes the vibrating object to slow down as it moves away from the equilibrium
position and to speed up as it approaches the equilibrium position. It is this restoring
force that is responsible for the vibration.

3. Define force constant

Ans. The force constant or spring constant is a measure of the stiffness of a spring. It
is the force per unit deformation of the spring. Its SI unit is N/m.

4. What is a second pendulum?

Ans. Seconds pendulums were used in vintage clocks which advanced one second,
every time the pendulum reached an extreme position. A second’s pendulum takes
exactly 1 second to move from one extreme pendulum takes 2 second to complete
one oscillation or the time period of a seconds pendulum in 2 second.

5. DIFFRACTION PATTERN USING A LASER BEAM

1. What do you mean by diffraction of light?

Ans. Diffraction of light is defined as the bending of light around corners such that it
spreads out and illuminates areas where a shadow is expected. The pattern that the
waves follow is called diffraction pattern.

2. Can we get a diffraction grating in our daily life?

Ans. The effects of diffraction are usually seen in everyday life. One of the most
evident examples of diffraction are those involving light; for example, when you take
a keen look at a CD or DVD the closely spaced tracks on a CD or DVD act as a
diffraction grating to form the familiar rainbow pattern.

6. HOUSEHOLD CIRCUIT
1. What is household circuit?

Ans. Household circuits control the flow of electricity throughout a home. The
electrical system is s

2. How are the circuits wired in houses?

Ans. Circuits in houses are generally wired in parallel, which allows you to operate
each light or power point independently of the others.

3. What is the importance of earthing in household circuit?

Ans. Earthing is a simple way for the leakage of current and hence protects the
devices from electrical damage. Grounding is also a safety process that protects the
entire power system from malfunctioning and is mainly used to balance the load
when the electric system overloads.

4. Explain the role of fusion in household circuit.

Ans. If the current exceeds the safe limit, the fuse melts and breaks, the circuit then
becomes open and prevents the flow of current into the household circuit thus
preventing the electrical appliances in the circuit from being damaged.

7. VARIATION OF POTENTIAL DROP WITH LENGTH OF WIRE

1. Define potential gradient?

Ans. The potential gradient is defined as the potential difference per unit length of
the potentiometer wire.

2. What is advantage of potentiometer over voltmeter?

Ans. The advantage of a potentiometer over the voltmeter is that the potentiometer
doesn't draw any current from the circuit in which it is used for the measurement.
Whereas the voltmeter draws some amount of current in case of high voltages,
which results in some errors in the measurements had done using a voltmeter.

8. USE OF MULTIMETER

1. Which type of error is present in multimeter?

Ans. Absolute accuracy is the error of the measurement compared to a perfect

measurement. Relative accuracy is the error of the measurement compared to the
device used to calibrate the multimeter. Most multimeter datasheets provide relative
accuracy.

2. Can we distinguish between zener diode and rectifier diode using multimeter?

Ans. A multimeter can measure the forward voltage drop of a diode, which is
typically around 0.7V for both Zener and rectifier diodes. However, a standard
multimeter cannot measure the reverse breakdown voltage of a Zener diode, which
is its distinguishing feature.

9. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

1. What is the relationship between intensity of light and resistance?

Ans. Resistance of an LDR is inversely proportional to the intensity of light that falls
on LDR's surface. In other words, with an increase in light intensity, the resistance of
photoresistor or LDR decreases.

2. State the applications of LDR.

Ans. These resistors are used as light sensors and the applications of LDR mainly
include alarm clocks, street lights, light intensity meters, and burglar alarm circuits.