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Contents

Preface xi 2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces 78

2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 86
Chapter 1 2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 89
Introduction 3 2.8 Buoyancy and Stability 91
2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 97
1.1 Preliminary Remarks 3
2.10 Pressure Measurement 105
1.2 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics 4
Summary 109
1.3 Problem-Solving Techniques 6
Problems 109
1.4 The Concept of a Fluid 6
Word Problems 132
1.5 The Fluid as a Continuum 8
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam
1.6 Dimensions and Units 9 Problems 133
1.7 Properties of the Velocity Field 17 Comprehensive Problems 134
1.8 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 18 Design Projects 135
1.9 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 25 References 136
1.10 Basic Flow Analysis Techniques 40
1.11 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and
Pathlines 41 Chapter 3
1.12 The Engineering Equation Solver 46 Integral Relations for a Control Volume 139
1.13 Uncertainty in Experimental Data 46 3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 139
1.14 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) 3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 143
Examination 48 3.3 Conservation of Mass 150
Problems 49 3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation 155
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 57 3.5 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation 169
Comprehensive Problems 58 3.6 The Angular Momentum Theorem 178
References 61 3.7 The Energy Equation 184
Summary 195
Chapter 2
Problems 195
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 65
Word Problems 224
2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient 65 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 224
2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 67 Comprehensive Problems 226
2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 68 Design Project 227
2.4 Application to Manometry 75 References 227
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viii Contents

Chapter 4 6.6 Turbulent Pipe Flow 365

Differential Relations for Fluid Flow 229 6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 373
6.8 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 379
4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 230
6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems 388
4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 232
6.10 Multiple-Pipe Systems 397
4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 238
6.11 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance 403
4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 244
6.12 Fluid Meters 408
4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy 246
Summary 429
4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 249
Problems 430
4.7 The Stream Function 253
Word Problems 448
4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality 261
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 449
4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows 263
Comprehensive Problems 450
4.10 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 268
Design Projects 452
Summary 276
References 453
Problems 277
Word Problems 288
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 288 Chapter 7
Comprehensive Problems 289 Flow Past Immersed Bodies 457
References 290 7.1 Reynolds Number and Geometry Effects 457
7.2 Momentum Integral Estimates 461
Chapter 5 7.3 The Boundary Layer Equations 464
7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 467
Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 293
7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 476
5.1 Introduction 298 7.6 Experimental External Flows 482
5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity 296 Summary 509
5.3 The Pi Theorem 302 Problems 510
5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 312 Word Problems 523
5.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls 321 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 524
Summary 333 Comprehensive Problems 524
Problems 333 Design Project 525
Word Problems 342 References 526
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 342
Comprehensive Problems 343
Chapter 8
Design Projects 344
References 344
Potential Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics 529
8.1 Introduction and Review 529
8.2 Elementary Plane Flow Solutions 532
Chapter 6
8.3 Superposition of Plane Flow Solutions 539
Viscous Flow in Ducts 347
8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes 545
6.1 Reynolds Number Regimes 347 8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows 555
6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flow 352 8.6 Images 559
6.3 Head Loss—The Friction Factor 355 8.7 Airfoil Theory 562
6.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow 357 8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow 574
6.5 Turbulence Modeling 359 8.9 Numerical Analysis 579
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Contents ix

Summary 593 10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 734

Problems 594 Summary 741
Word Problems 604 Problems 741
Comprehensive Problems 605 Word Problems 754
Design Projects 606 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 754
References 606 Comprehensive Problems 754
Design Projects 756
References 756
Chapter 9
Compressible Flow 609
Chapter 11
9.1 Introduction: Review of Thermodynamics 609
Turbomachinery 759
9.2 The Speed of Sound 614
9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 616 11.1 Introduction and Classification 759
9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 622 11.2 The Centrifugal Pump 762
9.5 The Normal Shock Wave 629 11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 768
9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 637 11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps: The Specific Speed 778
9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 642 11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 785
9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 654 11.6 Turbines 793
9.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 659 Summary 807
9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves 669 Problems 807
Summary 681 Word Problems 820
Problems 682 Comprehensive Problems 820
Word Problems 695 Design Project 822
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 696 References 822
Comprehensive Problems 696
Design Projects 698 Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids 824
References 698
Appendix B Compressible Flow Tables 829

Chapter 10 Appendix C Conversion Factors 836

Open-Channel Flow 701
Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates 838
10.1 Introduction 701
10.2 Uniform Flow: The Chézy Formula 707 Answers to Selected Problems 840
10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels 712
10.4 Specific Energy: Critical Depth 714 Index 847
10.5 The Hydraulic Jump 722
10.6 Gradually Varied Flow 726