Greeting

Good afternoon, everyone!

Thank you all for being here today. It is my honor to present to you our project titled An
integrated fuzzy mcdm framework for evaluating critical barriers to warehouse
management platforms in vietnam’s smart reverse logistics. It represents a collaborative
effort that combines the expertise and guidance of Ph.D Nguyen Phi Hung with the dedication of
our student team, including ……

I. Introduction

To start off with our presentation, let’s have a look at at the definitions:

1. The process of transporting items from their final destination back to the producer or
another point in the supply chain for returns, recycling, remanufacturing, or disposal is known as
reverse logistics. In recent years, the idea of Logistics 4.0 has also been put out, capitalizing on
the technological innovation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

RL is becoming more and more crucial in supply chain management as companies

prioritize customer happiness, cost savings, and sustainability. Efficient RL can help
organizations recover value from returned items, decrease waste, and meet legal standards for
environmental sustainability. It also enables businesses to raise their reputation. Adopting
sustainable practices in RL can lead to up to 30% of cost savings according to research by
Letunovska, improved operational efficiency, and higher customer loyalty.

1.1.1. The next definition we’re going to cover are Warehouses. They are essential
components within the supply chain, providing secure, temporary storage for materials while
maintaining their quality. Their operations, including receiving, stocking, counting, order
processing, and delivery, play a vital role in inventory management by tracking and forecasting
demand to support efficient stock control. Warehouse management systems (WMSs) or
Warehouse Management Platforms (WMPs) are the supporting element that makes warehouse
management easy and efficient. These systems encourage a focus on energy efficiency for
sustainable warehouse management, particularly in areas such as in-house lighting, heating, and
cooling systems. Their utilities have proven to be essential in modern supply chains.

1.1.2. In the context of Vietnam's rapidly growing economy and its vital position in
global supply chains, the role of WMP in SRL has become increasingly significant. The
implementation of WMPs in SRL not only enhances the traceability and handling of returned
products but also improves inventory management and resource utilization. By streamlining
processes such as sorting, repackaging, and recycling, WMPs can significantly reduce costs and
environmental impact, aligning with global sustainability goals. The intersection of WMPs and
SRL represents both challenges and opportunities for Vietnam's logistics industry. While the
complexity of reverse logistics operations grows, the effective integration of WMPs can drive
innovation, efficiency, and sustainability.

1.2. However, Vietnam has been slow to adopt WMPs; a large number of small and
medium-sized businesses (SMEs) still use manual procedures. According to a Vietnam Logistics
Business Association research from 2022, just 30 percent of companies had implemented WMPs
into their daily operations. We used the PESTEL model, by examining political, economic,
social, technological, environmental, legal issues, and management-organizational factors in the
investigation of the obstacles influencing WMPs in Vietnam, it can assist us in identifying
important barriers.

1.3. 4 objectives

1.4. 4 Questions

1.5. This work focuses on supply chains, SRL, and the application of WMPs in
Vietnam’s SRL. From September to November of 2024, we carried it out on Vietnamese soil.
Regarding data gathering, we collect and synthesise primary data from specialists as well as
secondary data from relevant earlier studies.

1.6. This work is significant as it seeks to comprehensively assess the barriers to adopting
WMPs in Vietnam’s SRL. The analysis allows stakeholders to develop proactive strategies to
overcome these barriers, thereby improving supply chain efficiency and boosting economic
competitiveness. Unlike previous studies that primarily focused on general supply chain
logistics, this research offers a more in-depth understanding of the specific challenges related to
WMPs in Vietnam’s SRL.

1.7. There are five chapters in this work.

- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Chapter 2: Literature review
- Chapter 3: Methodology
- Chapter 4: Review and Discussion
- Chapter 5: Conclusions
 II. Literature Review

Next, move to literature review. Literature review is about the WMPs, SRL, established methods,
barriers, strategies. Form that research gaps are identified.

1. LR on WMPs

WMPs often referred to as WMSs, are critical in the logistics and supply chain industries.

With the increasing complexity of global supply chains, advancements in technology, and the
rise of e-commerce, WMPs have evolved significantly in recent decades.

Historically, WMSs were introduced to support basic warehouse functions such as stock

movement and inventory control.

>< Recent studies have emphasized the increasing importance of AI and IoT in warehouse
management. (bỏ)

According to Seifermann et al. in 2014, Modern warehouses turn to automation with IoT, AI-
driven systems to avoid human mistakes that can happen with manual handling, which can slow
down operations and create inefficiencies in both the warehouse and the overall logistics system.
It also requires less manual labor, optimize warehouse layouts, predict demand patterns,
and facilitate dynamic decision-making.

Atieh et al. (2016) highlighted that automated warehousing systems require less manual labor,
optimize warehouse layouts, predict demand patterns, and facilitate dynamic decision-
making. (bỏ)

WMPs or software commonly connect with other business systems like ERP and delivery
management systems, to facilitate smooth data exchange across the supply chain (Kara et al.
2024). => these platforms can help with real-time tracking, order management, warehouse space
management efficiently and with precision.

Simic et al. (2023b) stated that RFID, one of the technology-related systems ,is vital to IoT
architecture and enables efficient, rapid, and seamless communication when used in smart
logistics to improve sustainable WMS performance.

Conclusion

Modern WMPs are more expensive than traditional ones (Kara et al., 2024); however, it is
important to focus on the long-term benefits they provide. WMPs have evolved into highly
sophisticated systems that support efficient, sustainable warehouse operations and contribute to
overall supply chain performance.

2. Literature Review on SRL

RL is the process of returning products from their final destination to a producer or supply chain
intermediary for purposes such as recycling, remanufacturing, or disposal. (bỏ)

Bai et al. (2020) and Sarkis et al. (2021) stated that RL has become increasingly essential due to
economic, environmental, and regulatory factors, with organizations utilizing it to reduce waste
and adhere to sustainability standards.

SRL:

The integration of advanced technologies from Industry 4.0 (Big Data, AI, IoT, CPS) has
revolutionized RL into SRL

They enable real-time monitoring, efficient resource allocation, and autonomous decision-
making, improving transparency, control, and responsiveness across supply chains.

SRL not only reduces costs but also enhances sustainability across economic, ecological, and
social dimensions. Letunovska et al. (2023) emphasize that sustainable practices in SRL can lead
to significant cost savings, improved operational efficiency, and greater customer loyalty, with
potential cost reductions of up to 30%.

It can promote sustainability and competitiveness in the global market. Vietnam's rapid
growth in e-commerce and manufacturing sectors makes SRL adoption crucial.

3. Literature Review on Established Methods

NS NS was introduced by Smarandache, who also presented the degree of

indeterminacy (I) as an independent component in his manuscript from 1995,
which was subsequently published in 1998.

It generalizes the concept of the classic set, fuzzy set, interval-valued fuzzy set,
intuitionistic fuzzy set ,etc.

NS includes three independent components (T - truth, I - indeterminacy, F -

falsity), corresponding to 3 independent functions (membership - indeterminate
membership - non membership).
 These components are independent of each other, unlike in traditional set theories,
where components are interdependent. I (indeterminacy) is completely or partially
ignored in previous set theories, making NS distinct from them. => NS is a more
flexible structure to handle ambiguity and conflicting information.

NS is used to evaluate the robustness of decision models in uncertain

environments. It enhances decision-making by accommodating uncertainties in
alternative and criteria evaluations in the MCDM models.

Neu Researchers have access to a range of techniques, such as descriptive statistics and
MCDM MCDM.
and
related Descriptive statistics are useful but it has limitations, such as the possibility of
work bias and inaccuracies in the statistical data, difficulties in establishing causal
relationships, and concerns regarding data accessibility and the risk of misuse
(Mor et al. 2020).

MCDM is a holistic and investigative method that effectively explores factor

interactions and ranks alternatives based on qualitative and quantitative
assessments of criteria significance within the decision context.

The existing literature provides valuable methodologies for decision-making using

NS, CRITIC and COCOSO, primarily in contexts like outsourcing, supplier
selection, and sustainability. However, the critical barriers to warehouse
management platforms in RL remain underexplored, particularly in developing
economies like Vietnam. Additionally, the integration of digitalization,
Industry 4.0 technologies, and their implications for SRL in warehouse
management need further investigation. There is a notable gap in the
comprehensive implementation of validated factors, calculating factor weight,
and ranking alternatives.

The study pioneers a novel approach by combining 3 MCDM methods (Delphi,

DEMATEL, COCOSO) with NS.

This combined approach, neutrosophic MCDM, is particularly well-suited for

analyzing and addressing the impact of barriers to WMPs and ranking potential
solutions, owing to the complex,multi-criteria nature of the problem.

Delphi & Delphi method is employed to assess the relevance of factors by gathering expert
NS opinions on their importance and impact, helping to validate their appropriateness.
Delphi According to Thakkar 2021, it helps determine the criteria weights.
 NS Delphi method validates all the factors affecting the platforms of warehousing
management in SRL

- The Delphi technique helps achieve consensus among experts.

- The neutrosophic environment allows for incorporating both uncertainty
and indeterminacy into the decision-making process.

DEMAT DEMATEL is a widely used MCDM approach designed to search for the
EL and interaction effects between parameters and dimensions in decision-making
NS problems, originally developed to illustrate causalrelationships through a causal
DEMAT diagram.
EL
=> a powerful tool for solving complex problems by highlighting the interrelated
relationships between criteria.

NS DEMATEL method:

Captures both the complexity and ambiguity of expert opinions, providing a

clearer understanding of each barrier’s weight and influence on the system.

Determine the weights of each factor, helping to clarify the causal relationships
among them.

COCOS COCOSO is used to rank the alternatives based on decision maker’s perspective
O and and applied in SC, risk management and sustainable development (Morteza
NS Yazdani et al. 2019).
COCOS
O NS COCOSO method can both evaluate criteria and recommend the best
alternatives to aid DMs to achieve the best solution to WMPs in SRL.

4. Literature Review on Barriers

- Prominent library databases include Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science
- We found 55 barriers to the adoption of WMPs in SRL through information sources such
as major journals on logistics, SCM, RL, major conference proceedings and published
books.
- Analyzing 6 dimensions (through PESTEL framework and Management - Organizational
factors) helps identify potential barriers in MWPs in SRL.
5. Literature Review on Strategies
An extensive literature review was conducted to identify 12 relevant and useful strategies to
tackle the challenges in warehouse management in SRL

6. Research Gaps

The critical barriers to WMPs in RL remain underexplored, particularly in developing

economies like Vietnam

Previous studies have not integrated NS with MCDM, overlooking the importance of certainty
levels in expert evaluations, which can affect the accuracy of results. The methods for validating
barriers (like Delphi) have not been applied. Also, some papers neglected the method for
calculating factor weights.

A significant gap exists in the thorough application of validated factors, the calculation of
factor weights, and the ranking of alternatives. No paper has adopted such 3 applications
to tackle challenges in warehouse management practices in Vietnam's SRL => A need for
further investigation.

7. Conclusion

This research aims to deepen our understanding of these dynamics and provide practical

solutions to mitigate the risks associated with WMPs in Vietnam's SRL. The integration of these
methodologies places our study at the forefront of addressing key issues in Vietnam's
evolving logistics sector.
III. Methodology

3.1. Research process

The proposed model consists of three phases using NS Delphi, NS DEMATEL, and NS
COCOSO techniques. It starts by defining objectives, reviewing literature to identify barriers in
warehouse management for smart reverse logistics, and forming an expert panel. Phase 1 uses
NS Delphi to identify key factors, Phase 2 applies NS DEMATEL to analyze interdependencies,
and Phase 3 uses NS COCOSO to rank strategies, providing a structured approach to address
challenges. In the process, there are 9 steps as shown in the slide.

3.2. Sample Size and Data Collection

This study addresses logistics and supply chain challenges in Vietnam, focusing on reverse
logistics. A panel of 45 experts, including lecturers, researchers, and professionals, was selected
based on their expertise to ensure accurate and relevant insights. Data was collected via Jotform
through structured online surveys conducted from September 23 to October 13, 2024.

The research process involved three key phases:

1. Data Collection and Initial Barriers Evaluation:

2. Barrier Interrelations:
3. Strategy Effectiveness:

3.3. Preliminaries / pri'liminəri/

Neutrosophic Set (NS) theory extends Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set theory to better handle uncertainty
and incomplete information. It introduces three independent membership degrees for each
element: T, F, I

Def 1: NS allows the total to reach up to 3, enabling a more flexible representation of

uncertainty. Additionally, NS membership values can extend beyond the traditional range,
allowing values slightly less than 0 or greater than 1.

Def 2: A specialized form of NS is the Single-Valued Neutrosophic Set (SVNS). In this context,
the three elements T, F, I range between 0 and 1. The total of these three values remains within 0
to 3.

Def 3: Operations on Single-Valued Neutrosophic Numbers such as: Union & Intersection;
Addition; Multiplication; Complement and so on using Eq from 2-10…
Def 4: Weighted Aggregation Calculation

○ Arithmetic (SVNWAA) using Eq 11.

○ Geometric (SVNWAG) using Eq 12.

Def 5: Deneutrosophication: Simplifies SVNN into a real number using Eq 13.

3.4 Prosposed Method

Table 3.1 provides an expert evaluation alongside the linguistic scale, with corresponding NS
Delphi values detailed in Table 3.2.

Table 3.3 outlines the rating scale for NS DEMATEL, while Table 3.4 presents the evaluation
scale and NS values for NS COCOSO.

3.4.1. NS Delphi Calculation

In this method, q experts assess n factors.

Step 1: Calculate expert weights

Each expert's weight is calculated by combining their evaluation based on experience and
education. After converting into a crisp value, we normalized by using Equation 14, reflecting
their relative importance.

Step 2: Build a weighted evaluation matrix

Experts assess the significance of each factor. The weighted evaluation matrix is calculated
(Equation 15), adjusting for each expert's weight.

Step 3: Calculate the threshold and validate factors

After aggregating and converting into crisp scores. A threshold value is calculated (Equation 16)
to determine if a factor is acceptable. If a factor's score exceeds the threshold, it is accepted;
otherwise, it is rejected.

3.4.2. NS DEMATEL Calculation

In this method, k experts assess the mutual influence of n factors.

Step 1: Create the direct relationship matrix ⊗V

consolidated using Equation (17) to form the direct influence matrix ⊗V and Equation (13) is
The experts' evaluations of mutual influence between factors, are transformed into NS and

used to convert the matrix into crisp scores.

⊗U
The matrix ⊗U is created by normalizing ⊗V using Equations (18)-(20).
Step 2: Normalize the direct relationship matrix
 ⊗T
By integrating the normalized matrix ⊗U using Equations (21)-(22), considering both direct
Step 3: Calculate the total influence matrix

and indirect influences.

A larger value of ⊗r_i + ⊗c_i indicates that factor i significantly impacts the evaluation system.
Step 4: Formulate the Cause and Effect map

A positive ⊗r_i - ⊗c_i shows that factor i influences others, while a negative ⊗r_i - ⊗c_i
suggests that factor i is more influenced by others.

3.4.3. NS COCOSO Calculation

In this method, k experts assess how n strategies affect m factors.

⊗X
The effectiveness ratings of strategies in addressing factors, are combined into matrix ⊗X using
Step 1: Calculate the synthesized expert assessment matrix

Equation (28). Equation (13) is then used to convert this matrix into crisp scores.

⊗X ⊗X^*
Matrix ⊗X is transformed into the normalized matrix ⊗X^* using Equations (29) and (30).
Step 2: Normalize matrix into matrix

Step 3: Assess the weight of importance assigned to each strategy

The weighted comparability sequence sum S_i and cumulative power weight P_i for each
strategy are calculated using Equations (31) and (32).

Step 4: Compute the relative weight of each strategy

Evaluation scores k_iI, k_iII, k_iIII are used to calculate the relative weights of strategies,
using Equations (33)-(35). Finally, Equation (36) calculates the ranking of the strategies.

3.5. Conclusion

This chapter introduces the research model and methods used, divided into three main sections:
Research Design, Data Collection, Analysis details NS calculations and techniques.

IV. Result and Discussion

1. Case study: (1p30S)

With the rapid growth of e-commerce and demand for sustainable logistics,Vietnam is facing
numerous challenges in warehouse management within reverse supply chains, for example:
 ● One major issue is the lack of modern technology systems, leading rely on manual
processes, which increases the risk of errors and decreases inventory management
efficiency
● Limited data traceability and sharing capabilities also complicate the control of goods
flow and the handling of returned items
● Inconsistent regulations and complex administrative procedures slow the adoption of
modern management systems, making it difficult to improve warehouse management
efficiency.

===> Ineffective warehouse management leads to affecting the cost, time, and competitiveness

This study aims to identify, measure, and propose strategic responses. across political, economic,
social, technological, legal, and organizational management dimensions, the proposed strategies
are then ranked as presented in Figure 4.1

2. Expert selection (30S)

The current study has collected information from 45 expert reviewers. However, it is
recommended that a minimum of 10 to 18 experts participate in assessments. The detailed
analysis of the demographic characteristics of the experts participating in the study not only
assure the reliability of the research outcomes but also offer a profound and trustworthy insight
into the topic under study

3. NS Delphi Result (45S)

In this study, a total of 55 barriers in WMP affecting smart reverse logistic were identified and
evaluated by experts.. The combination of each expert's qualifications and experience with their
assessments provides the most accurate insights possible.

As shown Table 4.5, five barriers - namely lack of knowledge on taxation, limited role of civil
society organizations, lack of industry involvement in ethical and moral practices, intellectual
property (IP) laws, and unfavorable organizational culture - were excluded from further
consideration

4. NS Dematel result
a. result.(30S)

In the Phase 2), forty-five experts assess the impact relationships between barrier in pairs

And the result as shown in Table 4.11: Poor strategic planning (OB55), Insufficient expertise in
reverse logisticsOB50), Lack of suitable indicators and metrics to measure performance (OB46),
Lack of specialized staff (OB52), and Company policies against reverse logistics(OB44) are the
most critical barriers.

Lack of regulations and laws (OB33), has the lowest impact on the other hand

b. Regarding the cause-and-effect relationships among these barriers (1p)

As shown in figure 4.2, 30 barriers are classified as "cause" factors, indicates that their level of
impact exceeds the degree to which they are influenced. On the other hand 20 barriers are
categorized as "effect" factors, indicating that they are more susceptible to the influence of other
barriers

By integrating the influence weights and categorizing factors as "cause" or "effect," we can
identify barriers with significant influence within the cause group as root causes. These barriers
not only have a strong impact but also trigger several other barriers so, stakeholders should
prioritize addressing these root causes to effectively mitigate related challenges

5. NS COCOSO

a. Result (40S)

The proposed strategies will be evaluated by a panel of 45 experts to assess their effectiveness in
mitigating the negative impacts of barriers. Table 4.19 presents the results obtained using the
COCOSO meth

od to evaluate the effectiveness of various strategies in addressing barriers. The analysis reveals
that Top 4 ranking is Strategy S1 - Investment in Infrastructure ranks the highest, the second one
is S7 - Role of the Government, Strategy S2 - Training and Educational Programs ranks third and
S4 - Current State Assessment and Vision Formulation

b. Sensitivity (30s)

A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the stability of the ranking results from the NS
COCOSO method, with the ɤ value adjusted from 0.1 to 0.9. This technique aims to counteract
potential human judgment biases that might skew the decision-making outcomes

The sensitivity analysis results illustrated in the figure 4.3 reveal the stability of the ranking order
of the strategies (S1 to S12)

c. comparison (30S)
Figure 4.4 presents a comparison of rankings across 12 different strategies (S1 through S12) for
three systems or methods: WASPAS, EDAS, and COCOSO.To conclude, the close alignment of
rankings among WASPAS, EDAS, and COCOSO indicates strong agreement in their assessment
methodology and suggests reliability in the overall evaluation process.

6. Discussion:

a. Barriers

five barriers - were excluded from further consideration with following explain:

● Lack of Knowledge on Taxation: impacts costs + legal compliance rather than directly
influencing WMS functionality like inventory control/optimization
● Limited Role of Civil Society Organizations: No significantly impact warehouse
processes, which focus on operational efficiency +cost reduction.
● Lack of Industry Involvement in Ethical and Moral Practices: Ethical practices are less
relevant to storage + inventory management.
● Intellectual Property (IP) Laws: IP issues are unrelated to WMS operations, which center
on product flow + inventory control rather than copyrights/patents.
● Unfavorable Organizational Culture: While it may affect overall company performance,
its impact on WMS is minimal, as technical efficiency + process optimization are the key
drivers in RL.

Using NS DELPHI indicated that 50 of these barriers have a significant impact on WPM in SRL
in Vietnam with the affected by these 5 root causes

● Poor Strategic Planning- Prevent effectively integrating WMS into RL => The firm may
face inefficiencies, resource wastage,higher costs.
● Insufficient Expertise in RL - A lack of skilled professionals in RL limits companies'
abilities to manage returns, recycling, remanufacturing processes => higher costs +
reduced customer satisfaction
● Insufficient Indicators +Metrics for Measuring Performance : Without appropriate
performance metrics, companies struggle to assess process efficiency => poor decision-
making +resource allocation
● Lack of Specialized Staff: A shortage of personnel with specific expertise in RL impacts
the efficient handling of returns, quality checks, and recycling
● Company Policies Against RL: due to fears of cannibalizing sales of new products.
Recovering and reselling used items may reduce demand for new offerings
b. strategy
Strategy 1 - Investment in Infrastructure: Address the lack of digital infrastructure +
technology (OB33). Enhance resilience to disruptions, streamline RL processes, and improve
expertise (OB50) while boosting competitiveness and Poor strategic planning (OB55).

Strategy 7 - Government Role: Address the lack of coordination between ministries (OB7) +
the lack of integration with international environmental commitments (OB8). Fragmented
logistics policies + inconsistent legal regulations increase logistics costs and prolong operational
times

Strategy 2 - Training and Educational Programs: Address barriers such as lack of specialized
staff (OB53), limited training programs (OB54), technical skill shortages (OB30), and lack of
awareness about reverse logistics (OB29). Enhance employee skills, improve WMS efficiency,
and boost competitiveness.

Strategy 4 - Current State Assessment and Vision Formulation: Address critical barriers like
Poor Strategic Planning (OB55) + Lack of Funds for Product Return Monitoring Systems
(OB19) by conducting thorough assessments to optimize resource allocation + operational
effectiveness.

Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings and Answers to Research Questions
Research question 1: What is the current situation of SRL affected by WMPs in Vietnam?
- WMPs play a crucial(ru xồ) role in Vietnam’s SRL, enhancing efficiency (efishency),
sustainability, and traceability while reducing costs and waste. Their adoption strengthens
logistics resilience ( rìzilién) and boosts global competitiveness.

Research question 2: What WMP barriers affect the SRL chain in Vietnam?
- From 55 initial barriers, 50 critical ones were identified using the NS DELPHI method,
excluding less impactful issues. Key barriers affecting WMP implementation in Vietnam's SRL
chain include tax-related financial strain, insufficient ( in súp ficient) funding for monitoring
systems, and limited reverse logistics expertise. Addressing these challenges is crucial for
advancing smart logistics and supply chain goals.

Research question 3: What is the cause-and-effect relationship between those WMP barriers, and
where is the root cause factor?
- Using the NS DEMATEL method, 50 WMP barriers were divided into cause (31) and effect
(19) factors. Key root causes—poor strategic planning, insufficient expertise, lack of metrics,
lack of specialized staff, and restrictive company policies—have significant cascading effects on
other barriers. Addressing these root causes is critical for improving WMP implementation and
enhancing Vietnam's SRL efficiency.

Research question 4: What is the impact of the proposed strategies on those WMPs barriers, and
what is the priority of those strategies?
- The top strategies for overcoming WMP barriers in Vietnam’s SRL are: S1 - Infrastructure
Investment, addressing technological gaps; S7 - Government Support, ensuring effective
regulations; and S2 - Training Programs, enhancing workforce expertise, with priorities focused
on boosting efficiency, reducing errors, and enabling sustainable WMP implementation.

5.2 Implications
Theoretical Implications:
Focus on barriers to WMP adoption in Vietnam's SRL
- Validating barriers with Delphi
- Analyzing causal relationships with DEMATEL
- Prioritizing strategies with COCOSO
- Cross-comparisons with WASPAS and EDAS confirm consistency
Fill gaps in understanding WMP challenges in developing economies
Offer insights for policymakers and businesses while setting a foundation for future research in
RL.

Managerial Implications:
- The framework utilizes an integrated fuzzy MCDM approach to evaluate WMP barriers in
Vietnam's SRL, enabling strategic decisions on investments and technological upgrades.
Top 3 Strategies: Investment in Infrastructure; Government Support; Training Programs
- Operational enhancements like single-window systems and capability assessments streamline
logistics, aligning with goals of efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness.
- This structured, multi-dimensional approach empowers managers to prioritize resources,
address obstacles, and drive sustainable growth in reverse logistics.
5.3Limitations and Future Research
Limitation:
The WMP selection model may not apply to specialized warehouses (e.g., cold storage,
hazardous materials).
Criterion weights are based on expert panel perspectives, and different stakeholders may
prioritize criteria differently.
The model focuses on WMP software commonly used in Vietnam, meaning outcomes may vary
in international contexts with distinct market conditions and regulations.

Future Research:
Model Enhancement:
 - Extend NS-Delphi-DEMATEL-COCOSO with real-time data and multi-objective
optimization.
AI Integration:
- Use AI for predictive analytics and iterative WMP improvements.
Sector-Specific Insights:
- Explore cross-industry studies and sustainability-focused WMP metrics.
Standardized Frameworks:
- Collaborate with experts to develop consistent WMP evaluation criteria.

5.4:
Comprehensively analyzes 50 critical barriers to WMP adoption in Vietnam's SRL, identifying
root causes
Contributes to both theory and practice, offering actionable insights to enhance SRL efficiency
and laying the foundation for future research on adaptive WMP solutions.