HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Jerwin S. Taguinod
Instructor

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student should be
able to:
• Identify the different periods in evolution of
computers;
• Enumerate the invented devices in each
period of computer evolution;
• Differentiate the software and hardware
technology on each generation.
IT 111 – Introduction to Computing
IFSU – Ifugao State University
 Objectives
• Appreciate the invention of different devices
that leads to the invention of computers.
• Create a timeline of computer evolutions.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 Evolution of Computers
• Three (3) Basic periods
– Pre-mechanical Age: 3000 B. C. – 1450 A.D
– Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1940
– Electronic Age: 1941 - Present

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 PRE-MECHANICAL AGE:
3000 B.C-1450 A.D
1. Writing and Alphabets – Communication
– Petroglyphs: speaking and drawings
– Geometric signs such as dots, squares and other
basic styles
– Ideographs are symbols to represent ideas or
concepts.
– First development of signs corresponding to
spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express
words

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 PRE-MECHANICAL AGE:
3000 B.C-1450 A.D
• Writing and Alphabets – Communication
– Starting in 3100 B.C. the Sumerians in
Mesopotamia cuneiform(coo-nay-eh-form)was
started to use.
– Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols
that expressed single syllables and consonants
(the first true alphabet)
– The Greek later adopted the Phoenician alphabet
added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin
names to create the alphabet we use today.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 PRE-MECHANICAL AGE:
3000 B.C-1450 A.D
2. Paper and Pens – Input Technologies
– Sumerians'’ input technology was a stylus that
could scratch marks in wet clay.
– About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on the
papyrus plant.
– Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from
rags, on which modern-day paper-making is
based.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 PRE-MECHANICAL AGE:
3000 B.C-1450 A.D
3. Books and Libraries – Output technologies:
Permanent Storage Device
– Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest
books.
– The Egyptians kept scrolls.
– Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets
of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them
together.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 PRE-MECHANICAL AGE:
3000 B.C-1450 A.D
• The First Numbering System
– Egyptian System: 1-9, 10 as U or circle, 100 as a
coiled rope and 1000 as lotus blossom
– Invented by Hindus between 100 and 200 A. D.
– Zero was develop in around 875 A.D

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 MECHANICAL AGE: 1450-1940
• Manual-Mechanical Devices
– These are devices powered by hand and require
physical effort from users.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Abacus
– 1200 A.D
– The first man-made
computing device that
uses beads; it was well
known used by the
Chinese.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Napier’s Bones
– 1617
– Invented logarithms by a
Scotsman John Napier
– Logarithms means a
technology that allows
multiplication to be
performed via addition.
– Also invented an
alternative tables where
carved on ivory stick.
IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System
ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Oughtred’s Slide Rule
– Invented by an England
William Oughtred in
1632
– Consist of movable bars
with a precise scale
– Uses approximation for
solving problems

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Schickard's Calculating
Clock
– The first gear driven
calculating machine
– Invented by the German
Professor Wilhelm
Schickard in 1623
– Schickard died afterward
in the bubonic plague

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Pascaline
– Invented by Blaise Pascal
a French mathematician
and Philosopher
– The first mechanical
calculator (adding
machines) that uses
cogged wheels

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Leibniz Calculator
– It is a copper and steel.
– The improved Pascaline
which could multiply and
divide.
– Invented by Gottfried
Wilhelm von Liebniz.
– It employed fluted
drums having ten flutes
arranged around their
circumference in a
stair-step fashion.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Babbage’s Difference
and Analytical Engines
– Invented by Charles
Babbage.
– The analytical engine
computes tables and the
analytical engine is
completely automatic
and capable of
calculating any
mechanical problems.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Hollerith’s Punch Card
Machine
– The first use of punched
cards to store data.
– Develop by Herman
Hollerith.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 Manual-Mechanical Devices
• Automatic Weaving
Loom
– Uses the concepts of
punched cards to control
his looms.
– Invented by Joseph
Marie Jacquard.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 ELETRONIC AGE: 1941- PRESENT
• Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
(MARK 1)
– The first general purpose
electro-mechanical
computer.
– It is the first Universal
calculator invented by
Howard Haiken.
– The first large-scale
automatic digital
computer.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 ELETRONIC AGE: 1941- PRESENT
• Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
(MARK 1)
– It use only electrical
switches and circuitry
instead of mechanical
relays.
– The principal
components are circuit
boards, transistors or
silicon chips.
IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System
ISU – Isabela State University
 ELETRONIC AGE: 1941- PRESENT
• ABC
(Atanasoff-Berry-Comp
uter)
– The first special purpose
digital computer that
solves simultaneous
equation.
– Develop by John Eckert

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 ELETRONIC AGE: 1941- PRESENT
• ENIAC– Electronic
Numerical Integrator
and Calculator
– The first fully electronic
general-purpose digital
computer ever
completed by John
Eckert and John
Mauchly.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 ELETRONIC AGE: 1941- PRESENT
• EDVAC- Electronic
Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer
– The completely
internally programmed
machine.
– It is simply the
enhancement of ENIAC
to overcome its
limitations.

IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System

ISU – Isabela State University
 ELETRONIC AGE: 1941- PRESENT
• EDSAC- Electronic
Delay Storage
Automatic
– Also known as Electronic
Binary Digital Computer.
– uses binary
representation of data
and internally stored
program.
– developed by John
Eckert and John Presper
IS 30 – Fundamentals of Information System
ISU – Isabela State University
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
– First-Generation Computers: 1940 - 1956
– Second Generation Computers: 1956 - 1963
– Third Generation Computers: 1964 - 1971
– Fourth Generation Computers: 1972 - 2010
– Fifth Generation Computers: 2010 – present
– Sixth Generation Computers: (Future
Generations)

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
First-Generation Computers: 1940 -
1956

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1940 - 1956
• Vacuum tubes that provides electrically
controlled switch.
– Hardware technology: used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
– Software Technology: Written in machine
Language (uses 0s and 1s for encoding of the
instruction)
– The computation time was in milliseconds.
– Difficult to program due to machine language.
IT 111 – Introduction to Computing
IFSU – Ifugao State University
 FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1940 - 1956
• Examples
– ENIAC
– UNIVAC
– EDVAC

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1956 - 1963

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1956 - 1963
• Uses transistors allowed to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, energy efficient and reliable.
• Used magnetic core technology for primary
memory
• used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for
secondary storage.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1956 - 1963
– Hardware Technology: punched cards and the
output using printouts.
– Software Technology: Written using the assembly
language (uses mnemonics like ADD for addition
and SUB for subtraction for coding instruction).
• High-level programming language were also develop
like COBOL and FORTRAN.
– Computation time was in microseconds

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1956 - 1963
• Examples
– CDC 1604
– IBM 1401
– PDP-8

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1964 - 1971

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1964 - 1971
• Integrated Circuit (IC) chips – it has multiple
transistors.
• use of IC chip increased the speed and the
efficiency of computer.
– Hardware Technology: Keyboard and monitor
were used to interact.
– Software Technology: Keyboard and monitor
were interfaced through the operating system.
High-level languages were used for programming.
IT 111 – Introduction to Computing
IFSU – Ifugao State University
– Computing Characteristics: was in nanosecond
– Examples: IBM 30 and PDP 11
– Third generation used less power and generated
less heat.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1972 - 2010

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1972 - 2010
• Microprocessor – containing millions of
transistors and components and design using
the LSI and VLSI technology.
– Hardware Technology: Used LSI and VLSI
• LSI integrated thousand of transistors.
• VLSI allows hundreds of thousands of transistors.
• PC
• Semiconductor memory (magnetic core)
• Development of pointing devices like mouse and
handheld devices

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
1972 - 2010
• Software Technology: MS-DOS and Windows
was develop.
– Supported GUI(interact via menus and icons.
– High-level of programming languages are used for
the writing of programs.
• Picoseconds in terms of computations.
• Available for commercial purposes and home users.
• Computers are portable and more reliable.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
2010 - Present

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS:
2010 - Present
• Developed computers that are capable of learning
and self-organization
• It uses SLSI (Super Large Scale Integrated)
• It has large memory requirements
• It uses parallel processing in faster processing
speed
• It based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Try to simulate the human way of thinking and
reasoning.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
Sixth Generation (Future Generations)
• As of 2021, most still consider us to be in the
fifth generation as AI continues to be
developed. One possible contender for a
future sixth generation is with the work being
done with quantum computers. However,
until it becomes more developed and widely
used, it's still only a promising technology.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 QUANTUM COMPUTER
• A quantum computer is a device that uses
quantum mechanical phenomena such as
superposition and entanglement to perform
operations on data. A conventional digital
computer uses electronic circuits on a plate
of semiconducting material (e.g., silicon) to
represent binary digits (bits), each in a state of
either 1 or 0. In contrast, quantum computers
use qubits that represent a "superposition"
of both 1 and 0, simultaneously.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
• The field of quantum computing was first
proposed in 1969, and formally introduced
in 1980 by Yuri Manin and in 1982 by Richard
Feynman. As of 2014, quantum computing is still
in its infancy, with experiments yielding
computations on a small number of qubits. On
December 9, 2015, Google presented its findings
that using D-Wave quantum computers it was
able to solve some problems 100 million times
faster than a conventional system.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/q/quantum-computer.htm

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University
 Activity 1
• CREATE A TIMELINE OF COMPUTER
EVOLUTION
– Instructions: create your own timeline of
computer evolutions. Use pictures, labels, and
technology or apps.
– Submit it in the printed, submit it in the google
classroom.
– If it a video put it in the flash drive and submit to
your professor/instructor.

IT 111 – Introduction to Computing

IFSU – Ifugao State University