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Wheat Stone Bridge

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35 views12 pages

Wheat Stone Bridge

Project on wheat stone bridge

Uploaded by

ytxgaming5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTENTS
7· Introduction
2 · Components of Wheatstone bridge
3 · Circuit Constructiorn
q.. Working principle of Wheatstone
bridge
5 · Example Circuit
6 · Applications of Wheatstone bridge
7· Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
8 · Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
9· Summary
70· Bibliography
77 · Precautions
w
INTRODUCTION
Samuel Hunter Christie invented the
Wheatstone bridge in the year 1833,
which became popular with the works of
Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843.
An electrical circuit that is set up to
measure the unknown value of a resistor
and creates a balance between the two
legs of the bridge circuit is called a
Wheatstone Bridge. As shown in the
figure below, three resistances are known
(one is variable/adjustable) and the
fourth one has to be found out.
Compared to the other measuring
instruments such as voltage divider, the
concept of Wheatstone bridge is widely
used because of the accuracy in its
measurement of resistance.
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Components of
Wheatstone Bridgg
• A resistor with an unknown resistance
value.
• Two resistors (with known resistance
value)
• Variable Resistor (a device like
Rheostat or Preset could work)
• Voltage/DC source
• Galvanometer (or any device which
indicates the voltage difference or the
flow of current)
• Connecting Wires
• Circuit Construction
• Construction of Wheatstone Bridge
w
CIRCUIRT
CONSTRUCTION

A Wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type


structure having four resistors, thiree of
known and one of unknown value.

Here Rl, R2, and R3 have known values


among which R2 is adjustable and finally
Rx is the value to be measured. Along
with these resistances, a galvanometer
(Vg) is there between B & D, and a DC
supply between A & C.
w
WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE

Now according to the Wheatstone


bridge principle if the ratio of the two
resistances (Rl/R2) on one edge is
equal to the ratio of the two resistances
(R3/Rx) on another edge then there will
be no flow of current between the
midpoints of the two edges of
resistance. This condition of the bridge
is known as the Balanced Bridge
Condition.

In the Balanced Bridge condition, the


current through the galvanometer is
zero and also the voltage difference
between the points B & D becomes
zero, i.e., at both points voltage level
would be the same.
w
Writing equations for the balanced
bridge condition would look like:

R1/R2 = R3/Rx (or) Rl * Rx =R2 * R3


Thus, Rx = R3 * (R2/R1)

This detection of zero current irn


galvanometer is of high precision, thus
depending on the level of precision of
known values, the unknown resistance
can be found with the highest rate of
accura:cy and precision.

In the Wheatstone bridge experiment,


one resistor should always be variable
in order to obtain a balanced condition.
The Circuit performs at its best when
the regulated voltage source is used,
instead of the current with repelling
characteristics.
w
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Let us consider the below circuit where


the bridge is in an unbalanced condition
and we need to calculate the voltage
difference between Ql and Q2, i.e., Volt
and hence the value of R4 needed to
make the bridge balanced.

100V Q1

l
Example of Wheatstone Bridge
w
As per the voltage division law,

Vql = (R3/(R3+Rl)) * Vs ,where Vs


= lOOvolts (voltage source)

Putting values of R3 = 40 ohms, Rl=SO


ohms, and Vs= 100 volts, we get

Vql = 44.4 volts

Similarly, Vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * Vs


putting the values, R4 =SO ohms, R2
= 100 ohms, and Vs = 100 volts, we get

Vq2 =33.3 volts

Thus, Volt can be found as,

Volt= Vql - Vq2

So, Volt = 44.4 - 33.3 = 11.1 volts


Now to make the bridge balanced, we can
w
find a suitable value for R4 as done
below:

R4 = R2 * (R3/Rl)

putting the values of Rl, R2, and R3, we


have

R4 = 100 * (40/50)
= 80 volts

Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the va,l ue of


resistor which should be used to make
the bridge in a balanced condition.
w
APPLICATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

• Used in Light detecting devices.


• For measuring the changes in the
pressure.
• For measuring the changes in the
strain of the circuit.
• Used for the Sensing of mechanical
and electrical quantities.
• Also, photo resistive devices use this
circuit.
• Thermometers also use Wheatstone
bri dges for the temperature
measurements which need to be
ac,curate.
• Values like capacitance, inductance,
Impedance, etc. can be measured
with some variations in the
Wheatstone bridge circuit.
[J
.L IM IT A T IO N S OF
.W H E A T S T O N E B R ID G E

es e ad v1a,ntag1es, there
Al 0 n1g
1 wi th al l th
a1
1 re a fe w lim ita ti 1ons of th e W he1at sto ne
1

br id ge ars we ll, s1uch as :

adi n,g s m ay be inaccurate un der


1

Re1
1

• 1

un1ba l1anced c01n dli tio1n s.


1

• 1 1
nce
Th e rra1 n1 g e of m easured resirs·ta1
1

va1rie s1fro m a few oh m s to m1ega


ohms.
1

• Su sc ep tib ilit y fo r hi gh de current is


re.
no t th e1
1
w
SUMMARY
• Created in 1833, popularized in 18405
• Wheatstone bridges are one of the
best methods of measuring resistance
due to the basic mathematical ratio
involved.
• Accurate standards with sensitive
enough voltmeter, measurements of
resistance within .05% can be
reached.
• Many calibration laboratories still use
this method today.
• The Wheatstone Bridge are
replaceable; however, for its
simplicity and versatility the circuit is
an indispensible piece of technology

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