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Thermometry Powerpoint

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12 views52 pages

Thermometry Powerpoint

Uploaded by

paulbenbencb712
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THERMAL PHYSICS

1
THERMOMETRY

• Thermometry is a science that deals with


the study, design and calibration of
temperature-measuring device called
thermometers.
• Each division in the temperature scale is
called a degree ().

2
Liquid Thermometer

3
Digital Thermometer

4
Digital Food Thermometer

5
Resistance Thermometer

6
Sticker type Thermometer

7
Liquid crystal thermometer

8
Infrared Thermometer

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Thermal Scanner

10
Thermography

• Thermography is a scanning device that measures the body’s surface temperature


and presents the information as a digitized image. This tool makes a digital map of
your body and very accurately illustrates heat patterns. These patterns may detect
some abnormal condition such as cancer cell growth or active infection.
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Sea Surface Temperature

12
Digital Watch Thermometer

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Thermometer Mobile App

14
Requirements in the design of thermometers:
1. Thermometric property
• This is the property of the material that varies with
temperature such as expansion of liquid, resistance
of the substance, colors and radiation emitted, etc.
2. Standard Temperature
a. Lower Fixed Point – it refers to the temperature at
which the solid and the liquid phase coexists.

b. Upper Fixed Point – it refers to the temperature at


which the liquid and the vapor phase coexists.

15
Temperature Scales

1. Celsius Scale

Upper Fixed point

Lower Fixed point

16
2. Fahrenheit Scale

𝟗𝟖°𝑭 Upper Fixed point


(normal body temperature)

Lower Fixed point


0°𝑭
(freezing point of salt solution)

17
Relationship between Celsius scale and the
Fahrenheit scale
• If we consider two
specific temperatures
(i.e., the ice point and
the steam point), the
numerical readings are
obviously different but
the distance between
the two points is the
same for the two
temperature scales.

18
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3. ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALES
• The absolute zero of temperature represents the
lowest possible temperature at which motions of
the particles cease.
• Zero degree Celsius, which is the ice point of
water, may give a wrong impression of the
absolute zero of temperature. Therefore, there is
a need to establish the absolute temperature
scale.

20
absolute zero point = -273.15oC
21
3. Kelvin Scale
absolute zero = 0 K

TK  t C  273

4. Rankine Scale
absolute zero = 0 R

TR  t F  460
22
Temperature Scales

23
Problem
• Metro Manila's temperature soared to 36.6
degrees Celsius last April 18,2014, the hottest
recorded by the government's weather bureau
this year. Assuming Prof. De Leon developed his
own temperature scale (ice point is -5D) and
36.6C is equivalent to 723D, what is the steam
point of the De Leon scale?

24
Thermal Expansion
and Heat

25
Thermal Expansion
- is a phenomenon wherein the dimensions of the body
change when the temperature changes.

26
The change in dimension of
the body:
1. is proportional to the original
dimension;
2. is proportional to the change
in temperature;
3. depends on the type of the
material.

27
A. LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID

The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:

L   Lo T

coefficient of
linear expansion

Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:


1
C 
 
 C
1

28
Linear Thermal Expansion

29
Thermal Stress

L   Lo T

F L
Stress   Y  Y  T
A Lo

30
THE BIMETALLIC STRIP

31
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Buckling
Effect and
Thermal
Stress
34
35
Thermal Stress

36
Joints such as this one are used in bridges to
accommodate thermal expansion

37
Buckling Effect
38
39
THE EXPANSION OF HOLES

The figure shows eight square tiles that are


arranged to form a square pattern with a hold in
the center. If the tiled are heated, what happens to
the size of the hole?

40
A hole in a piece of solid material expands when
heated and contracts when cooled, just as if it
were filled with the material that surrounds it.

41
VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION
The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:

V   Vo T

coefficient of
volume expansion

Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion:


1
C 
 
 C
1

42
DEFINITION OF HEAT
Heat is energy that flows from a
higher-temperature object to a
lower-temperature object
because of a difference in
temperatures.

SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)

43
The heat that flows from hot to
cold originates in the internal
energy of the hot substance.

It is not correct to say that a


substance contains heat.

44
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE
TEMPERATURE OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the


temperature of a substance is

Q  mcT
specific heat
capacity

Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·Co)

45
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CALORIMETRY

If there is no heat loss to the


surroundings, the heat lost by the
hotter object equals the heat
gained by the cooler ones.

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CHANGE OF PHASE

48
Latent heat exchanges of energy
involved with the phase changes of water

49
During a phase change, the temperature of the
mixture does not change (provided the system is in
thermal equilibrium).

50
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE PHASE
OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change


the phase
of a mass m of a substance is

Q  mL
latent heat

SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg

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