Data Collection

1
 What are the different
methods of collecting data?
Methods of Collecting Data
1. Direct method
• questionnaires
• interviews
• experimentations
2. Indirect method - from written or electronic
records and documents
SAMPLING
Reasons for Drawing a Sample

• Less time consuming than a census

• Less costly to administer than a
census
• Less cumbersome and more practical
to administer than a census of the
targeted population

Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Types of Sampling Methods

Samples

Non-Probability Probability Sampling

Sampling
Simple
Random Stratified

Judgement Snowball
Cluster
Systematic
Quota Convenience

Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Types of Sampling Methods
• Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a
sampling technique in which the probability of
getting any particular sample may be
calculated.
• Nonprobability sampling does not meet this
criterion and should be used with caution.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprobability_sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience/Accidental sampling
- group is selected at will or researcher uses subjects who
happen to be accessible or who may represent certain
types of characteristics.
Non-Probability Sampling

Judgement/Purposive sampling
- the researcher selects particular elements from the
population that are representative or informative about
the topic of interest.
Non-Probability Sampling

Quota Sampling
- a convenience sample with an effort made to insure a
certain distribution of demographic variables
Non-Probability Sampling

Snowball/Network sampling
- uses social networks to identify populations which are
difficult to find
Probability Sampling

• Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known

probabilities

Simple
Systematic Stratified Cluster
Random

Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
 basic sampling method which is a self-
weighting sampling design because all the
elements in a population have an equal
probability or chance of being included in the
sample

When to use?
When the population is not so large, and a frame or the
listing of the population is available.
Probability Sampling

In selecting a random sample, three

steps are involved:
(1)define the population,
(2)enumerate its elements or units, and
(3)use a random number generator to
select the sample.
Probability Sampling

Random Number Generator:

• Lottery Method
• Use of Table of Random Numbers
1
Lottery Method
 Column
Line
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40
1 35438 83403 88555 04858 34670 24642 81008 92456
2 46301 34711 82182 85634 91542 22369 95682 64675
3 65155 23931 68484 42398 02186 87396 13029 66930
4 27648 01999 31911 52644 86134 64367 76288 54980
5 86027 69207 55179 85891 05884 89259 22054 11631

6 70988 71099 00583 11354 18445 03769 54849 54596

7 95735 94610 83524 71087 78159 56843 74236 50563
8 62956 01369 08681 96930 50070 94109 43185 48829
9 17143 99285 80216 33858 16553 85834 41771 18860
10 50118 12940 28089 01306 16364 51002 57188 60452

11 41681 81308 78079 36009 34158 94886 39920 00763

12 87224 40436 74747 95695 89221 63159 44838 54380
13 75674 82916 17626 52933 91937 07339 32625 33907
14 43371 74245 74930 39459 35854 73238 87940 92653
15 09846 70324 41300 84218 13168 34352 46904 02580
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

1 19 8 28 32
Systematic Random Sampling
• sampling starts by selecting an element from
the list at random and then every kth element
in the frame is selected.
• It is a variation of simple random sampling.

When to use?
When the population frame is not available and the
population is large.
Probability Sampling

Example:
 N=500 and n=50, then k=10
 Select a random number from 1 to 10, say i=4.
 Then the systematic sample consists of units
with serial numbers corresponding to 4, 14, 24,
and so on until ending with the number 494.
Stratified Sampling
• the population is first divided into mutually
exclusive sub-populations known as strata
before implementing a specific sampling
method.
When to use?
When we wish the sample to represent the various
strata (subgroups) of the population proportionately or
to increase the precision of the estimate.
List of students
Cluster sampling
• When “natural” groupings are evident in the population,
these groupings which are called clusters, may be
randomly selected and all elements from each selected
cluster can be included in the sample (one-stage cluster
sampling), or a sub-selection can be made from within
the selected clusters (two-stage cluster sampling).
When to use?
When a population frame is expensive or difficult to
construct.
List of students
Exercise

Determine what sampling

technique is applied.
Trial...
1. Take a sample of SASE scores by drawing the
top 10 scores. What kind of sampling
technique is this?

Answer:
The top ten scores taken do not constitute a random
sample because it was drawn purposively and thus, the
remaining scores do not have the chance of being selected.
The sampling technique used is convenience sampling.
Assignment
Indicate the sampling technique used. Explain why (at least 1
sentence).

1. Take a sample of GPA scores by taking every 5th score

in the list. What kind of sampling technique is used?

2. A researcher is studying environmental engineers but

can only find five. She asks these engineers if they know
someone of the same profession. They give her several
further referrals, who in turn provide additional contacts.
In this way, she manages to contact sufficient engineers.
What kind of sampling is employed?
3. A researcher and professor at a University is
interested in studying drinking behaviors among
college students. The professor teaches a sociology
101 class to mostly college freshmen and decides to
use his or her class as the study sample. He or she
passes out surveys during class for the students to
complete and hand in. What kind of sampling is
employed?
4. A researcher is interested in learning more about
students at the top of their class, he or she is going to
sample those students who fall into the "top of the
class" category. What kind of sampling is employed?
5. Let’s say the target population in a study was
Christian church members in the Philippines. There is
no list of all church members in the country. The
researcher could, however, create a list of churches in
the Philippines, choose a sample of churches, and
then obtain lists of members from those churches.
What kind of sampling is employed?
 Chapter 2

Methods of
Presenting data

31
Tabular Presentation
FINAL EXAM FINAL EXAM
ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL
SCORE SCORE
01 female Junior 18 26 female Freshman 40
02 male Senior 31 27 male Senior 39
03 male Junior 37 Hi!!!
28 female Senior 54
04 female Senior 21 29 male Freshman 23
05 male Junior 43 30 male Sophomore 25
06 male Freshman 16 31 male Sophomore 10
07 male Senior 48 32 male Freshman 58
08 female Sophomore 20 33 female Freshman 54
09
10
male
female
Oh my I’m so confused????
Freshman
Sophomore
18
47
34
35
male
male
Sophomore
Junior
32
29
11 female Senior 28 36 male Freshman 32
12
13
male
female
What should I do with all these
Senior
Freshman
32
49
37
38
male
female
Senior
Senior
22
30
14 male Freshman 24 39 female Freshman 26
15
16
17
male
male
female
Sophomore
Junior
Sophomore
values???
12
42
36
40
41
42
male
male
male
Freshman
Sophomore
Sophomore
38
47
48
18 male Freshman 63 43 female Senior 56
19 male Senior 30 44 female Senior 61
20 male Senior 19 45 female Junior 28
21 male Sophomore 15 46 female Freshman 26
22 male Freshman 29 47 male Junior 40
23 male Sophomore 26 48 male Junior 17
24 female Freshman 28 49 female Junior 36
25 male Sophomore 23 50 female Sophomore 35
You have to organize and
present your data…
 Methods of
Presenting Data
Tabular Graphical
Presentation Presentation
Tabular Presentation
• Frequency Distribution Table (continuous data)
• Cross Tabulation Table (categorical data)
• Frequency or Percentage Table
Graphical Presentation
• Bar chart
• Histogram
• Pie chart
Tabular Presentation
FINAL EXAM FINAL EXAM
ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL
SCORE SCORE
01 female Junior 18 26 female Freshman 40
02 male Senior 31 27 male Senior 39
03
04
male
female
I need to make a Frequency Table.
Junior
Senior
37
21
28
29
female
male
Senior
Freshman
54
23
05
06
male
male
Junior
Freshman
How do I make it?
43
16
30
31
male
male
Sophomore
Sophomore
25
10
07 male Senior 48 32 male Freshman 58
08 female Sophomore 20 33 female Freshman 54
09 male Freshman 18 34 male Sophomore 32
10 female Sophomore 47 Gender Frequency Percent
35 male Junior 29
11 female Senior 28 36 male Freshman 32
12 male Senior 32 37 male Senior 22
13 female Freshman 49 female 38 female Senior 30
14 male Freshman 24 39 female Freshman 26
15 male Sophomore 12 40 male Freshman 38
16
17
male
female
Junior
Sophomore
42
36
male
41
42
male
male
Sophomore
Sophomore
47
48
18 male Freshman 63 43 female Senior 56
19 male Senior 30 44 female Senior 61
20 male Senior 19 Total
45 female Junior 28
21 male Sophomore 15 46 female Freshman 26
22 male Freshman 29 47 male Junior 40
23 male Sophomore 26 48 male Junior 17
24 female Freshman 28 49 female Junior 36
25 male Sophomore 23 50 female Sophomore 35
 Figure 1. Distribution of Student by
Frequency/Percentage Table Gender

Gender Frequency Percent

female 19 38.0
female
male 31 62.0 38%
Total 50 100.0
male
62%

AMAZING!!!!
Figure 2. Distribution of Students by Gender
35

30

25

Frequency
20

15

10

0
female male
 Tabular Presentation
FINAL EXAM FINAL EXAM
ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL
SCORE SCORE
01 female Junior 18 26 female Freshman 40
02 male Senior 31 27 male Senior 39
03 male Junior 37 28 female Senior 54
I need to make a Cross tabulation Table
04 female Senior 21 29 male Freshman 23
05 male Junior 43 30 male Sophomore 25
for gender and year level. How do I
06 male Freshman 16 31 male Sophomore 10
07 male Senior 48 32 male Freshman 58
08 make it?
female Sophomore 20 33 female Freshman 54
09 male Freshman 18 34 male Sophomore 32
10 female Sophomore 47 35 male Junior 29
11 female Senior 28 36 male Freshman 32
12
13
male
female
Senior
Freshman
32
49
37
38
Year Level
male
female
Senior
Senior
22
30
14 male
Gender
Freshman 24 39 female Freshman 26
15 male Sophomore Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior Total
12 40 male Freshman 38
16 male Junior 42 41 male Sophomore 47
17 female female
Sophomore 36 42 male Sophomore 48
18 male Freshman 63 43 female Senior 56
19 male Senior 30 44 female Senior 61
20 male male
Senior 19 45 female Junior 28
21 male Sophomore 15 46 female Freshman 26
22 male Total
Freshman 29 47 male Junior 40
23 male Sophomore 26 48 male Junior 17
24 female Freshman 28 49 female Junior 36
25 male Sophomore 23 50 female Sophomore 35
Cross Tabulation

Year Level
Gender
Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior Total
female 6 4 3 6 19
male 9 9 6 7 31
Total 15 13 9 13 50
Cross Tabulation
Year Level
Gender
Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior Total
female 6 4 3 6 19
male 9 9 6 7 31
Total 15 13 9 13 50
male female

7
Senior
6

6
Junior
3

9
Sophomore
4

9
Freshman
6
Other graphical presentations
Other graphical presentations
Other graphical presentations
Other graphical presentations
Parts of a Table
Percentage or Frequency
Heading Tables

Table 3.2 Distribution of Ethnic Origin of Residents in Iligan City

ETHNIC ORIGIN FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Boholano 8,964 4.02
Cebuano 74,147 33.28
Iliganon 74,292 33.34
Ilonggo 5,075 2.28
Luzonian Body6,065 2.72
Maranao 9,661 4.33
Misamisnon 14,723 6.61
Siquihodnon 12,780 5.74
Waray 4,799 2.15
Others 12,312 5.53
Source: 1994 Iligan Census Summary Report Footnote
Tabular Presentation
FINAL EXAM FINAL EXAM
ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL
SCORE SCORE
01 female Junior 18 26 female Freshman 40
02 male Senior 31 27 male Senior 39
03 male Junior I need to make a Frequency Distribution
37 28 female Senior 54
04 female Senior 21 29 male Freshman 23
05 male Junior Table for the final exam scores. How
43 30 male Sophomore 25
06 male Freshman 16 31 male Sophomore 10
07 male Senior 48 do I make it?
32 male Freshman 58
08 female Sophomore 20 33 female Freshman 54
09 male Freshman 18 34 male Sophomore 32
10 female Sophomore 47 35 male Junior 29
11 female Senior 28 36 male Freshman 32
12 male Senior 32 37 male Senior 22
13 female Freshman 49 38 female Senior 30
14 male Freshman 24 39 female Freshman 26
15 male Sophomore 12 40 male Freshman 38
16 male Junior 42 41 male Sophomore 47
17 female Sophomore 36 42 male Sophomore 48
18 male Freshman 63 43 female Senior 56
19 male Senior 30 44 female Senior 61
20 male Senior 19 45 female Junior 28
21 male Sophomore 15 46 female Freshman 26
22 male Freshman 29 47 male Junior 40
23 male Sophomore 26 48 male Junior 17
24 female Freshman 28 49 female Junior 36
25 male Sophomore 23 50 female Sophomore 35
Final Exam Score of 50 students
18 28 15 10 47
31 32 29 58 48
37 49 26 54 56
21 24 28 32 61
43 12 23 29 28
16 42 40 32 26
48 36 39 22 40
20 63 54 30 17
18 30 23 26 36
47 19 25 38 35
 CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
MARKS
What INTERVALS BOUNDARIES FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
XI
percentage of 10 - 16 9.5 - 16.5 13 4 0.08 4
students have a
17 - 23 16.5 - 23.5 20 9 0.18 13
score of
between 10 to 24 - 30 23.5 - 30.5 27 12 0.24 25
30? 31 - 37 30.5 - 37.5 34 8 0.16 33
38 - 44 37.5 - 44.5 41 6 0.12 39
45 - 51 44.5 - 51.5 48 5 0.1 44
52 - 58 51.5 - 58.5 55 4 0.08 48
59 - 65 58.5 – 65.5 62 2 0.04 50
A reexamination will be conducted if more than 50%
FDT
have the
the most
number
scores least
of popular
lessobservations
than interval?
less
37.5. Based than
on the51.5?
above
distribution, should a reexamination be given?
CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
MARKS
INTERVALS BOUNDARIES FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
XI
10 - 16 9.5 - 16.5 13 4 0.08 4
17 - 23 16.5 - 23.5 20 9 0.18 13
24 - 30 23.5 - 30.5 27 12 0.24 25
31 - 37 30.5 - 37.5 34 8 0.16 33
38 - 44 37.5 - 44.5 41 6 0.12 39
45 - 51 44.5 - 51.5 48 5 0.1 44
52 - 58 51.5 - 58.5 55 4 0.08 48
59 - 65 58.5 – 65.5 62 2 0.04 50
Stem and Leaf Plot
6064 13
5559 68
5054 44
4549 77889
4044 0023
3539 566789
3034 001222
2529 566688899
2024 012334
1519 567889
1014 12
Stem and Leaf Plot
6 13
5* 68
5 44
4* 77889
4 0023
3* 566789
3 001222
2* 566688899
2 012334
1* 567889
1 12
Graphs Associated
with FDT
 BAR CHART
14
12
Frequecny 10
8
6
4
2
0
10 - 16 17 - 23 24 - 30 31 - 37 38 - 44 45 - 51 52 - 58 59 - 65
Class Interval
CLASS CLASS CLASS MARKS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
INTERVALS BOUNDARIES XI 𝒇𝒊 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
10 - 16 9.5 - 16.5 13 4 0.08 4
17 - 23 16.5 - 23.5 20 9 0.18 13
24 - 30 23.5 - 30.5 27 12 0.24 25
31 - 37 30.5 - 37.5 34 8 0.16 33
38 - 44 37.5 - 44.5 41 6 0.12 39
45 - 51 44.5 - 51.5 48 5 0.1 44
52 - 58 51.5 - 58.5 55 4 0.08 48
59 - 65 58.5 – 65.5 62 2 0.04 50
 HISTOGRAM
15

Frequency
10

0
9.5 16.5 23.5 30.5 37.5 44.5 51.5 58.5 65.5

Class Boundaries
9.5 16.5 23.5 30.5 37.5 44.5 51.5 58.5 65.5
CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
MARKS
INTERVALS BOUNDARIES FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
XI
10 - 16 9.5 - 16.5 13 4 0.08 4
17 - 23 16.5 - 23.5 20 9 0.18 13
24 - 30 23.5 - 30.5 27 12 0.24 25
31 - 37 30.5 - 37.5 34 8 0.16 33
38 - 44 37.5 - 44.5 41 6 0.12 39
45 - 51 44.5 - 51.5 48 5 0.1 44
52 - 58 51.5 - 58.5 55 4 0.08 48
59 - 65 58.5 – 65.5 62 2 0.04 50
 Frequency polygon
14
12
10
Frequency

8
6
4
2
0
6 13 20 27 34 41 48 55 62 69
Class Mark
CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
MARKS
INTERVALS BOUNDARIES FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
XI
10 - 16 9.5 - 16.5 13 4 0.08 4
17 - 23 16.5 - 23.5 20 9 0.18 13
24 - 30 23.5 - 30.5 27 12 0.24 25
31 - 37 30.5 - 37.5 34 8 0.16 33
38 - 44 37.5 - 44.5 41 6 0.12 39
45 - 51 44.5 - 51.5 48 5 0.1 44
52 - 58 51.5 - 58.5 55 4 0.08 48
59 - 65 58.5 – 65.5 62 2 0.04 50
 Frequency ogive
60

Cumulative Frequency
50 48 50
44
40 39
30 33
25
20
10 13
4
0 0
9.51 2
16.5 3
23.5 4
30.5 5
37.5 6
44.5 7
51.5 8
58.5 9
65.5
Class Boundaries
CLASS CLASS CLASS MARKS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
INTERVALS BOUNDARIES XI FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI

10 - 16 9.5 - 16.5 13 4 0.08 4

17 - 23 16.5 - 23.5 20 9 0.18 13
24 - 30 23.5 - 30.5 27 12 0.24 25
31 - 37 30.5 - 37.5 34 8 0.16 33
38 - 44 37.5 - 44.5 41 6 0.12 39
45 - 51 44.5 - 51.5 48 5 0.1 44
52 - 58 51.5 - 58.5 55 4 0.08 48
59 - 65 58.5 – 65.5 62 2 0.04 50
Assignment
Complete the frequency distribution table below and answer the
following questions. Determine the values from A to I.
Class
Class Cumulative
Intervals Class Boundaries Frequency
Marks Frequency
(in grams)
1.1  1.4 1.05  1.45 1.25 7 7
1.5  1.8 C  1.85 F H I
A  2.2 1.85  D G 15 31
B  2.6 2.25  E 2.45 9 40
 Class
Class Cumulative
Intervals Class Boundaries Frequency
Marks Frequency
(in grams)
1.1  1.4 1.05  1.45 1.25 7 7
1.5  1.8 C  1.85 F H I
A  2.2 1.85  D G 15 31
B  2.6 2.25  E 2.45 9 40

1. How many observations have scores ranging

from 1.5 to 2.2?
2. What is the class mark of the first class?
3. What is the value of the class width?
4. What is the lower class boundary of the
highest frequency?