Tutorial Sheet 1

II B. Tech. (Common)
Mathematics-II
(MCI102)
Notations:
Mm×n (F): The set of all matrices of order m × n with entries from F = R or C.
Pn (R) or Rn [x]: The set of all polynomials of degree at most n in one variable with real coefficients.
P (R) or R[x]: The set of all polynomials in one variable with real coefficients.
C(R): The set of all real-valued continous functions
R∞ : The set of all real-valued sequences.
C[0, 1]: The set of all real-valued continous functions defined on [0, 1].
D[0, 1]: The set of all real-valued differentiable functions defined on [0, 1].

 
a −1 1
−1 a −1
1. Find the rank of the matrix A= −1 −1 a  if (a) a ̸= −1 (b) a = −1. Answers: (a) 3 (b) 2


1 1 1
 
1 3 −3 x
2. Find x such that the rank of the matrix A=2 2 x −4  is 2.
1 1 − x 2x + 1 −5 − 3x
Answers: There does not exist any value of x ∈ R.

3. Using the row reduced echelon form of the matrix, find the inverse of the following matrices.
       
0 2 4 1 1 2 1/8 −5/8 3/4 8 −1/2 −2
(a) 2 4
 2 (b) 2
  4 4  Answers: (a) −1/4
 3/4 −1/2 (b) −1 1/2 0
3 3 1 3 3 7 38 −3/8 1/4 −3 0 1

4. Solve the following systems of linear equations (if possible).

(a) x1 + x2 = 4, x2 − x3 = 1, 2x1 + x2 + 4x3 = 7 (b) x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 0, 2x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
(c) x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 10, −x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 2, 2x1 + x2 − 3x3 = 2
(d) x + y + z − 3w = 1, 2x + 4y + 3z + w = 3, 3x + 6y + 4z − 2w = 4
(e) x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 10, −x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 2, 2x1 + x2 − 3x3 = 8
Answers: (a) (3,1,0) (b) c(−4/7, −1/7, 1), c ∈ R, (c) inconsistent
(d) (0, 0, 1, 0) + d(10, 0, −7, 1), d ∈ R (e) (5c/3 + 2, −c/3 + 4, c), c ∈ R

5. Determine the conditions for which the following system x + y + z = 1, x + 2y − z = b, 5x + 7y + az = b2

admits (a) only one solution, (b) no solution (c) many solutions.
Answers: (a) a ̸= 1 (b) a = 1, b ̸= −1, 3 (c) a = 1, b = −1 or b = 3.

6. Which of the following are vector spaces?

(a) V = C[a, b] over R with (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) and (λ · f )(x) = λf (x) for all λ ∈ R, f, g ∈ C[a, b].
(b) V = { all n × n Hermitian matrices} over C with usual addition and scalar multiplication.
(c) V = R[x] over R with usual addition and scalar multiplication of polynomials.
(d) V = R∞ over R with a + b = {an + bn }∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
n=1 and λa = {λan }n=1 for all a = {an }n=1 , b = {bn }n=1
∞
∈ R and λ ∈ R.
(e) V = R+ over R with x + y = xy and λx = xλ for all x, y ∈ R+ and λ ∈ R.
(f) V is the set of all real-valued continous functions defined on an open interval I which have at most finite
number of points of discontinuity over R with pointwise addition and scalar multiplication of functions.
(g) V = {tα : R → R | tα (x) = x + α, α ∈ R} over R with composition of mappings and λtα = tαλ for all
tα ∈ V and λ ∈ R.
(h) V = R2 over R with componentwise addition and λ(x, y) = (3λx, y) for all (x, y) ∈ R2 and λ ∈ R.
(i) V = { all real polynomials of degree 4 or 6} over R with usual addition and scalar multiplication.

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 (j) V = {all n × n skew-Hermitian matrices} over C with usual matrix addition and scalar multiplication.
Answers: (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) Yes (e) Yes (f) Yes (g) Yes (h) No (i) No (j) No

7. Which of the following are subspace of R[x] ?

(a) S = Rn [x] (b) S = {f (x) ∈ R[x] : f (x) = f (1 − x) ∀ x} (c) S = {f (x) ∈ R[x] : f (x) = f (−x) ∀ x}
(d) S = {f (x) ∈ R[x] : f (1) ≥ 0} (e) S = {f (x) ∈ R[x] : f ′ (0) + f (0) = 0}(f) S = {f (x) ∈ R[x] : f (x) has
a root in [−1, 1]}

8. Which of the following are subspaces of the vector space Rn ?

(a) S = {(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ∈ Rn : xn = 0} (b) S = {(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ∈ Rn : x1 + x2 + · · · + xn = 0}
(c) S = {(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ∈ Rn : x21 + x22 + · · · + x2n ≥ 1} (d) S = {(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ∈ Rn : xi = xn+i−1 ∀ i =
1, 2, . . . , n}

9. Which of the following are subspaces of the vector space M2×2 (R) ?
     
a b a b
(a) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : a + b = 0 (b) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : a + b + c + d = 0
c d c d
       
a b a b a b
(c) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : det = 0 (d) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : b = c = 0
c d c d c d
(e) S = A ∈ M2×2 (R) : A = AT (f) S = A ∈ M2×2 (R) : A = −AT
 
     
a b a b
(g) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : c = 0 (h) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : b = 0
c d c d
Answers: (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) No (d) Yes (e) Yes (f) Yes (g) Yes (h) Yes

10. Which of the following are subspaces of the vector space C[0, 1] ?
(a) S = {f ∈ C[0, 1] : f (0) = 0} (b) S = {f ∈ C[0, 1] : f (0) = 0, f (1) = 0} (c) S = D[0, 1]
Answers: (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes

11. Find all subspaces of R2 and R3 .

12. Write TRUE/FALSE with proper justifications.

(a) Any set containing the zero vector is linearly dependent
(b) If S is a linearly dependent set, then each vector in S is a linear combination of other vectors in S
(c) Subsets of linearly independent sets are linearly independent
(d) Subsets of linearly dependent sets are linearly dependent
Answers: (a) TRUE (b) FALSE (c) TRUE (d) FALSE

13. Determine the linear independence/dependence of the following sets in the corresponding vector spaces.
(a) {x3 + 2x2 , −x2 + 3x + 1, x3 − x2 + 2x − 1} in P3 (R) (b) {(1, 2, 2), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1)} in R3
   
1 −3 −2 6
(c) , in M2×2 (R)
−2 4 4 −8
Answers: (a) LI (b) LI (c) LD

14. Let u and v be distinct vectors in any vector space V over F . Show that {u, v} is linearly dependent if
and only if u or v is a multiple of the other.

15. Let {u, v, w} be linearly independent in a real vector space V . Show that {λu, λv, λw}, {u + λv, v, w},
{u + v, u + w, v + w}, {u + v + w, v + w, w} are also linearly independent in V and {u + λv, v + λw, w + λu}
may not be linearly independent in V , where λ ∈ R.
 
1 2 5
16. For A= 3 0 7, examine whether (1, 1, 1) and (1, −1, 1) are in (a) the row space of A; (b) the coloumn
−1 4 3
space of A. Answers: (a) no, yes (b) yes, no

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17. Write true/false with proper justifications:
(a) Every vector space has a finite basis. (b) A vector space can not have finite basis.
(c) If a vector space has a finite basis, then the number of vectors in every basis is same.
(d) If S generates/spans V , then every vector can be written as a linear combination of vectors in S
uniquely.
(e) Suppose V is finite dimensional. If S1 is a linearly independent subset of V and S2 is a subset of V
that spans V , then S1 cannot contain more vectors than S2 .
Answers: (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) False (e) True

18. Find a basis and the dimension of the following vector spaces.
(a) Rn over R, (b) C over R (c) P (R) over R (d) Mm×n (R) over R

19. Find a basis and the dimension of the following subspaces W of the corresponding vector spaces.
(a) W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y + z = 0} (b) W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y + z = 0, 2x + y + z = 0}
  
a b
∈ M2×2 (R) : b = c = 0 (d) W = A ∈ M2×2 (R) : A = AT

(c) W =
c d
(e) W = A ∈ M2×2 (R) : A = −AT (f) W = {A ∈ Mn×n (R) : trace(A) = 0}

  
a b
(g) Fix a ∈ R. W = {f (x) ∈ Pn (R) : f (a) = 0} (h) W = ∈ M2×2 (R) : a + b = 0
c d

20. Give three different basis for M2×2 (R) and R2 .

21. For what real values of k, does the the set {(k, 0, 1), (1, k + 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)} form a basis of R3 ? [Ans.
k ̸= 0, 1 ]

22. Using the row echelon form of a matrix, find the row rank, the column rank, the rank and the nullity of
the following matrices. Also find a basis for the row space, the column space, and the null space of the
matrices.
 
    −2 0 0 3
2 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 5 3 0
(a) A=3 2 6 9 (b) A=1 2 3 (c) A= 3 2 1 6
 Answers: (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3
1 1 2 6 2 1 0
3 5 3 −3

23. Examine whether T is a linear transformation. If T is linear, find Ker(T ), Im(T ) and verify rank-nullity
theorem for (a) – (s).
(a) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , −a2 ) (b) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , 0)
(c) T : R2 → R3 defined by T (x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x + y, x + 2) (d) T : R3 → R2 defined by T (x, y, z) =
(x, −y, 2z)
(e) T : R3 → R3 defined by T (x, y, z) = (yz, zx, xy) (f) T : Mm×n (R) → Mn×m (R) defined by T (A) = At
(g) T : Mn×n (R) → Mn×n (R) defined by T (A) = 21 (A+At ) (h) T : Pn (R) → Pn−1 (R) defined by T (f (x)) =
f ′ (x)
Rb
(i) T : C(R) → R defined by T (f (x)) = a f (t)dt, where a, b ∈ R and a < b
(j) T : P2 (R) → R3 defined by T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 ) = (a0 , a1 , a2 )
Rx
(k) T : P2 (R) → P3 (R) defined by T (f (x)) = 2f ′ (x) + 0 3f (t)dt
 
f (1) − f (2) 0
(l) T : P2 (R) → M2×2 (R) defined by T (f (x)) =
0 f (0)
(m) T : M2×2 (R) → R defined by T (A) = trace(A)
Rx
(n) T : P (R) → P (R) defined by T (f (x)) = 0 f (t)dt
(o) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (1, a2 ) (p) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , a21 )
(q) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (sin a1 , 0) (r) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (|a1 |, a2 )
(s) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 + 1, a2 )

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 Answers: (a) Yes, Ker(T ) = {(0, 0)}, Im(T ) = R2 (b) Yes, Ker(T ) = Y − axis, Im(T ) = X − axis
(c) Yes, Ker(T ) = {(0, 0)}, Im(T ) = R2 (d) Yes, Ker(T ) = L{(1, 1, 0)}, Im(T ) = R2 (e) No (f) Yes,
Ker(T ) = 0m×n , Im(T ) = Mn×m (R) (g) Yes, Ker(T ) = {A ∈ Mn×n (R) : A = At }, Im(T ) = {A ∈
Mn×n (R) : A = −At } (h) Yes, Ker(T ) = {all constant polynomials inPn (R)}, Im(T ) = Pn−1 (R) (i) Yes
(j) Yes (k) Yes (l) Yes (m) Yes (n) Yes (o) No (p) No (q) No (r) No (s) No

24. (a) Is there a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 such that T (1, 0) = (1, 4) and T (1, 1) = (2, 5)? If yes,
what is T (2, 3) ?
(b) Is there a linear transformation T : R2 → R3 such that T (1, 1) = (1, 0, 2) and T (2, 3) = (1, −1, 4) ? If
yes, find T and what is T (8, 11) ?
(c) Is there a linear transformation T : R3 → R2 such that T (1, 0, 3) = (1, 1) and T (−2, 0, −6) = (2, 1) ?
(d) Determine the linear transformation T : R3 → R3 which maps the basis vectors (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)
of R3 to (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1) respectively. Verify rank-nullity theorem after finding Ker(T ), Im(T ).
 
x+y+z x+y+z x+y+z
Answers: (a) Yes, (5, 11) (b) Yes, (5, −3, 16) (c) No (d) T (x, y, z) = , ,
2 2 2
25. Find all linear transformations T : F → F where F = R or C.

26. Find all linear transformations T : F2 → F2 where F = R or C.

27. A linear transformation T : R3 → R2 is defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (3x1 − 2x2 + x3 , x1 − 3x2 − 2x3 ). Find
the matrix of T relative to the ordered bases
(a) {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} of R3 and {(1, 0), (0, 1)} of R2 .
(b) {(0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)} of R3 and {(0, 1), (1, 0)} of R2 .
(c) {(0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)} of R3 and {(1, 0), (0, 1)} of R2 .
     
3 −2 1 −3 1 −2 −1 4 1
Answers: (a) (b) (c)
1 −3 −2 −2 3 1 −5 −1 −2

28. The matrix of a linear

 transformation
 T : R3 → R3 with respect to the ordered basis {(0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)}
0 3 0
3
of R is given by 2 3 −2. Find T and also find the matrix of T with ordered basis {(2, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2)

2 −1 2
3
of R .
 
−1/2 2 3/2
Answers: T (x, y, z) = (−x + y + 3z, x + y + z, x − 3y + 5z), m(T ) =  3/2 2 −1/2
3/2 −2 7/2