Environmental

Literature

Dr. Phan Thi Lan Anh

VNU University of Science
[email protected]

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 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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History and Concept
• United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment (Stockholm Conference), June 5-16,
1972. It was the UN's first major conference on
international environmental issues, and marked a
turning point in the development of international
environmental politics.
• World Commission on Environment and
Development (1983), welcomed the
establishment of a special commission that
should make available a report on environment
and the global problematique to the year 2000
and beyond, including proposed strategies for
sustainable development.
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Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland
Report in recognition of former Norwegian Prime
Minister was published in 1987 by the United Nations.
“Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
 It contains within it two key concepts:
· The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the
world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
· The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and
social organization on the environment's ability to meet present
and future needs.
— World Commission on Environment and
Development, Our Common Future (1987)
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Human Environment

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Human Environment

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 Agenda 21
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT
•40 chapters
•4 sections STRENGTHENING THE ROLE
OF MAJOR GROUPS

MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
United Nations Millennium Declaration
General Assembly resolution 55/2 of 8 September 2000
 Values and principles: fundamental values to be essential to
international relations in the twenty-first century
• Freedom. Men and women have the right to live their lives
and raise their children in dignity, free from hunger and from
the fear of violence, oppression or injustice.
• Equality. No individual and no nation must be denied the
opportunity to benefit from development.
• Solidarity. Global challenges must be managed in a way that
distributes the costs and burdens fairly in accordance with
basic principles of equity and social justice.

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United Nations Millennium Declaration
General Assembly resolution 55/2 of 8 September 2000
 Values and principles: fundamental values to be essential to
international relations in the twenty-first century
• Tolerance. Human beings must respect one other, in all their
diversity of belief, culture and language.
• Respect for nature. Prudence must be shown in the
management of all living species and natural resources, in
accordance with the precepts of sustainable development.
• Shared responsibility. Responsibility for managing worldwide
economic and social development, as well as threats to
international peace and security, must be shared among the
nations of the world and should be exercised multilaterally.

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United Nations Millennium Declaration
 Key objectives: fundamental values to be essential to
international relations in the twenty-first century
• Peace, security and disarmament.
• Development and poverty eradication.
• Protecting our common environment.
• Human rights, democracy and good governance.
• Protecting the vulnerable.
• Meeting the special needs of Africa.
• Strengthening the United Nations

• https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Millennium.aspx
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World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD),
Johannesburg Summit, 2002
It was convened to discuss sustainable development
organizations, 10 years after the first Earth Summit in Rio
de Janeiro (Rio + 10)
- 65,000 delegates from 185 countries.
- 100 heads of government
- heads and ambassadors of major companies and
businesses such as: Nestle, Nike, MacDonald's,...

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What was the outcome?

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2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference

• Representatives from over 180 countries

attended, together with observers from
intergovernmental and nongovernmental
organizations.
• Negotiations on a successor to the Kyoto
Protocol dominated the conference.
• A meeting of environment ministers and
experts held in June called on the
conference to agree on a road-map,
timetable and 'concrete steps for the
negotiations' with a view to reaching an
agreement by 2009.
• It has been debated whether this global
meeting on climate change has achieved
anything significant at all.
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C40 Large cities
climate summit 2009

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 The conference had three
objectives
to secure renewed political
commitment for sustainable
development,
to assess the progress and
implementation gaps in
meeting previous
commitments,
to address new and emerging
challenges.

participation from 192 UN member states – including

57 Heads of State and 31 Heads of Government,
private sector companies, NGOs and other groups.
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 Important global environmental events
1971 RAMSAR Convention
1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
(Stockholm Conference), UNEP was founded
1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL)
1979 Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in USA
1982 Ozone depletion discovery
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn
Convention
World Charter for Nature
1983 The Ethiopia famine led to an estimated 1 million famine
deaths,
World Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED) was founded 18
 Important global environmental events

1985 Bhopal disaster, Madhya Pradesh, India

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
1986 Chernobyl disaster (nuclear accident), Ukrainian
1987 - MONTREAL Protocol.
- Our Common Future was published by the United Nations
through the Oxford University Press
1989 - The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
- Exxon Valdez oil spill, The ship was carrying 53.1 million
US gallons of oil, of which about 10.8 million US gallons were
spilled into the Prince William Sound
1991 The Gulf War oil spill was one of the largest oil spills in
history, resulting from the Gulf War in 1991
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 Important global environmental events
1992 - Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established
- Published “Save The Earth”
- Rio Conference, United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED)
1996 - The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
- Development of the ISO 14000 series
1997 - Kyoto Protocol United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
1998 Warmest Year Of Millenium
The Forest Fires in Indonesia, and the Brazilian Amazon
region during an El Nino
2002 The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development
was adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD)
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Sustainable Development Contents
• Economic development is about providing incentives for
businesses and other organizations to adhere to sustainability
guidelines beyond their normal legislative requirements. The
supply and demand market is consumerist in nature, and
modern life requires a lot of resources every single day;
economic development is about giving people what they want
without compromising quality of life, especially in the
developing world.

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Sustainable Development Contents
• Social development is about awareness of and legislation
protection of the health of people from pollution and other
harmful activities of business. It deals with encouraging
people to participate in environmental sustainability and
teaching them about the effects of environmental protection
as well as warning of the dangers if we cannot achieve our
goals.

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Sustainable Development Contents
• Environmental protection is the need to protect the
environment, whether the concept of 4 Rs (reduce, recycle,
recover, and reuse) are being achieved or not. Businesses that
are able to keep their carbon emissions low is toward
environmental development. Environmental protection is the
third pillar and, to many, the primary concern of the future of
humanity.

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 Agenda 21
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT
•40 chapters
•4 sections STRENGTHENING THE ROLE
OF MAJOR GROUPS

MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
Agenda 21 Structures
 Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions is directed toward combating
poverty, especially in developing countries, changing consumption patterns,
promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and sustainable
settlement in decision making.
 Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development
includes atmospheric protection, combating deforestation, protecting fragile
environments, conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity), control of
pollution and the management of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes.
 Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups includes the roles of
children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and industry,
and workers; and strengthening the role of indigenous peoples, their
communities, and farmers.
 Section IV: Means of Implementation includes science, technology transfer,
education, international institutions, and financial mechanisms.
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 Agenda 21
• Struggling with poverty
• Change consumption patterns
• Population and sustainability

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 Agenda 21

• Protect and
improve the
health of people
• Sustainable
settlement

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 Agenda 21
• Decision making in sustainable development
• Protect the atmosphere
• Durable management of land
• Fight against deforestation
• Struggling against desertification and drought

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 Agenda 21
• Sustainable
development in the
mountains
• Sustainable
development of
agriculture and rural
areas
• Protection of
biodiversity
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 Agenda 21
• Protect and manage the ocean
• Protect and manage fresh water

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 Agenda 21
• Use safely of toxic
chemicals
• Management of
hazardous waste
• Management of
radioactive waste

Management of solid waste and sewer water

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• Women in a sustainable
development career
• Science for sustainable
development

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Sustainable Development in Vietnam

• 1- Satisfying the needs of the Vietnamese

people's material, spiritual and cultural life
not only for this generation but also for future
generations
• 2- Identify and formulate policies, action
plans, and institutions to ensure the long-term
maintenance of natural resources in all
aspects of the socio-economic development of
country.
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Sustainable Development in Vietnam -
Objectives
• 1- Maintain important ecological processes,
ecosystems, and ensure bio-diversity and plant and
animal species
• 2- Ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources
• 3- Ensuring the quality of the environment necessary
for the good life of people.
• 4 - Implementing the growth plan and population
distribution to balance with a durable production
productivity necessary for life with good quality for
people.

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Barometer of Sustainability Performance
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Ecosystem wellbeing
Indicator Iei Commune Commune
A B
Ie1 The percentage of Unpolluted Land 0,95 x 20 0,86 x 20
= 19 = 17,2

Ie2 The percentage of households supplied with clean 0,60 x 20 0,40 x 20

water = 12 =8

Ie3 carbon dioxide emissions per person 0,98 x 20 0,97 x 20

= 19,6 = 19,4

Ie4 The percentage of indigenous plants and animals is 0,40 x 20 0,35 x 20

preserved =8 =7

Ie5 The percentage of land used appropriately 0,80 x 20 0,95 x 20

= 16 = 19

SUM Ie = 74,6 70,6

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Human wellbeing
Indicator Iei Commune A Commune B

Ih1 Percentage of the population with health 0,45 x 20 = 0,60 x 20 =

insurance 9 12
Ih2 Percentage of earnings outside of the 0,30 x 20 = 0,25 x 20 =
portion for eating 6 5
Ih3 Adult literacy rate (> 15 years) 0,98 x 20 = 0,90 x 20 =
19,6 18
Ih4 Percentage of citizens who do not commit 0,98 x 20 = 0,99 x 20 =
crimes or engage in social evils 19,6 19,8
Ih5 Proportion of female officials compared to 0,10 x 20 = 0,15 x 20 =
male cadres (commune level) 2 3
SUM Ih = 56,2 57,8
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Vị thế của hai xã A và B trên biểu đồ BS
Ecosystem wellbeing

Human wellbeing

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