10.1.

BUILDING DRAWING
SYLLABUS
 Unit-10: Building Drawing & Drainage.
10.1. Building Drawing: State the requirement of
a good building drawing - State the method of
drawing plan, elevation and typical section - State
the scales used in building drawing - State
Dimensioning and printing for building drawing.
10.2. Drainage: State drainage and surface
drainage - State four shapes of surface drainage.
 BRICKS
 10.1. Building Drawing:
 Building drawings are the technical representation
of a building (which includes dimensions, depth, and
layout of the actual building) that is made prior to
the beginning of the construction process.
 They are made with lines, projections and are based
on a scale and help the engineers to visualize the
project.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD BUILDING
DRAWING:

 It should be clear and accurate.

 It should be complete in the sense that
construction of work can be started from its study
and estimates can be easily prepared, if required.
 It should be properly dimensioned and the
figures indicating dimensions should be written
with neat handwritings.
 It should contain all the necessary data, notes,
information etc.,
METHOD OF DRAWINGS

 Based on method adopted, the drawings are

classified into two categories,
 Orthographic drawings

 Pictorial drawings
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
 THE TERM “ORTHO” MEANS
PERPENDICULAR OR AT RIGHT
ANGLES.
 AN ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
ILLUSTRATES COMPLETE
GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF ALL
THE SIDES OF AN OBJECT AND
IT CAN BE EXHIBITED IN THE
FOLLOWING THREE DIFFERENT
WAYS:

1. First angle Projection.

2. Third angle projection.
3. Combination of First and
third angle projection.
 FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION:
In this case, the object is placed in front of the
Vertical plane and above Horizontal plane., i.e., in
the first quadrant and projected it on the planes.
 2)THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION:
In this case, the object is placed behind V.P and
below H.P., i.e., in the third quadrant and projected
it on these planes.
3) COMBINATION OF FIRST AND THIRD
ANGLE PROJECTION:
In this method, the plan is placed as per the first
angle projection and the views are arranged as per
third angle projection.
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION:
2)THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION:
3) Pictorial drawings:
 The pictorial drawings help to visualize the object
shown on the orthographic drawings and hence,
they are widely adopted for the preparation of
drawings for furniture design, builidngs, parts of
machines, catalogues, advertisements etc.,

 Following are the three types of pictorial

drawings,

 Axonometric drawing
 Oblique drawing
 Perspective drawing
AXONOMETRIC DRAWING
 When the object is turned so that
the three planes of the object are
“inclined to the plane of
projection, then the resulting
projection formed on the plane of
projection by the perpendicular
projectors is known as
Axonometric projection.”
 It is also called a one plane
projection as it shows three
planes or faces of the object on
one plane.
 These views will vary in
Proportions, lengths and angles.
AXONOMETRIC DRAWING
 Depending upon inclinations of principal edges of
the object with the plane of projection, the
axonometric projection is classified as
1. Isometric drawing
2. Dimetric drawing
3. Trimetric drawing.
 The word Isometric is derived from Greek word
Isos means equal and metron means measure.

 The axes may be turned in an position but it is

found that by keeping one axis vertical and other
two axes 30° with the horizontal, a pleasing view
is obtained.
 The isometric drawings does not give a true picture
of the object because all the receding lines appear
parallel which in reality do not seem to an
observer.
 More suitable for pitched roof , and where piping
and plumbing items of a building has to be shown
ina better way
 When one axis is vertical and other axes
mutually perpendicular are equally inclined and
only two axes are fore shortened.
 When none of the mutually perpendicular axes
are equally inclined and all axes are equally
inclined and all the axes are foreshortened in
different proportions is called Trimetric drawing.
 In case of an oblique drawing, the front
orthographic view i.e., elevation is drawn and the
top and side views of the object are shown on an
inclined plane with the horizontal.
 The angles commonly adopted are 30°, 45° & 60°

 The adoption of 30° axis from horizontal will give

more emphasis to the side view of the subject; 45°
axis will give importance to the top view of the
object.
 60° will give importance to the top view of the
object
 Perspective projection is method of graphic
representation of an object on a single vertical
transparent plane called the picture plane (PP),
as it would appear to the observer, when viewed
from a fixed point called Station point (SP).
ELEMENTS OF PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
 Ground plane : the horizontal plane on which the
object is placed.
 Station point: the point where the eye of the
observer is located. Also called as eye point.
 Picture plane : the plane on which the perspective
is formed. Placed between the station point and
object
 Horizontal plane: the horizontal transparent
imaginary plane at the level of station .i.e, eye.
Above the ground plane and at right angle to the
picture palne (PP)
 Ground line: the line of intersection of picture
plane and ground plane.
ELEMENTS OF PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
 Horizontal line: the line formed by the intersection of
horizontal plane and picture plane at the level of station
point or eye level point
 Axis of vision or perpendicular axis : line passing through
SP and perpendicular to the PP. also called as line of sight
or perpendicular axis
 Center of vision: the point at which the axis of vision
pierces the picture plane . It lies on HL
 Central plane: a transparent imaginary vertical plane,
passes through SP and CV and is perpendicular to both
PP and GP
 Visual rays: imaginary lines or projectors, that emerges
from SP to various points of the object. These rays are
inclined to PP
ELEMENTS OF PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
STATION POINT AND PICTURE PLANE
STATION POINT:
 Usually taken as 1.8m the avg. height of a person

 Fro small objects placed in a position, that give a

good view of top and side
 The distance of SP from PP taken as 2xthe
greatest dimension of the object.
PICTURE PLANE:
 VANISHING POINT
 In perspective drawing all parallel lines of the
object at infinite distance seems to vanish or
apparently converge to a point .
 “It lies on the horizontal plane at the eye level of
an observer”
ANGLE OF VISION
 CONE OF VISION
 The term cone of vision is used to obtain the
limits of perspective drawing
 Max angle of cone is 60 degree

 Apex is the eye (SP) or viewing point, and the

object falls on the base circle
 The position of apex point – the whole object is
viewed in the base circle
 For small objects nearer to apex and large objects
away from the objects
 To get clear view , based on experience the
distance between apex and object is more than
three to four times the height of the objects
CONE OF VISION
 TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE

1. When one or more of the faces of object viewed

are parallel to the picture plane
2. When two principle faces inclined to the PP
3. When 3 principle faces are inclined to the PP
TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE
RULES OF PERSPECTIVE

 Perspectives of all vertical lines are vertical

 Perspectives of horizontal lines which are
parallel to PP remains horizontal
 Perspective of lines inclined to GP and parallel to
PP will be inclined in the same direction
 Lines perpendicular to PP converge to CV on HL

 All horizontal lines parallel to each other

converge to the vanishing point on the HL
(i) For working drawings, plans,
elevations and sections:
 1 cm = 2 cm

 1 cm = 1 m

 1 cm = 0.50 cm

(ii) For large scale drawings – general details:

 1 cm = 20 cm

 1 cm = 10 cm

(iii) For enlarged details:

 1 cm = 10 cm

 1 cm = 5 cm

 1 cm = 2 cm

 1 cm = 1 cm or full size.
 Dimensioning plays a predominant role in
engineering drawing.
 It expresses the quantity, adds value and
signifies relation to the parts of the diagram.
 This information is very vital. Without
dimension, the meaning of the drawing is lost.
 Dimensioning is provided in every part of the
drawing
 To provide enough of details, to avoid
misconception, confusion, leaving to chance and
doubts etc.
 Dimensioning must be clear and appear only
once.
 Arrowheads are marked at both ends of the
dimension lines.
 The size of the arrowheads should be
proportionate to the size of the drawing.
IS : 11669 – 1986 IS CODE SPECIFICATIONS

1. Elements of dimensioning
4.3 TERMINATIONS AND ORIGIN INDICATION
4 INDICATING DIMENSIONAL VALUES ON
DRAWINGS

 Method 1
Dimensional values shall be placed parallel to their
dimension lines and preferably near the middle,
above and clear of the dimension line

An exception may be made where superimposed

running dimensions are used
4 INDICATING DIMENSIONAL VALUES ON
DRAWINGS

 Values on oblique dimension lines shall be

oriented as shown in
 Angular di’mensional values may be oriented
either as in figure 1
4 INDICATING DIMENSIONAL VALUES ON
DRAWINGS
 Method 2
Dimensional values shall be indicated so that they
can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet.
Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted,
preferably near the middle so that the value can be
inserted
4 INDICATING DIMENSIONAL VALUES ON DRAWINGS
 The positioning of dimensional values frequently
needs adapting to different situations. Therefore,
for example, values can be
 a) closer to a termination to avoid having to
follow a long dimension line where only part of
the dimension line needs tc be shown
4 INDICATING DIMENSIONAL VALUES ON
DRAWINGS

 above the extension of the dimension line beyond

one of the terminations if space is limited
 at the end of a leader line which terminates on a
dimension line that is too short for the
dimensional value to be in Figure indicated in the
usual way
4 INDICATING DIMENSIONAL VALUES ON
DRAWINGS

 above a horizontal extension of a dimension line

where space does not allow placement at the
interruption of a non horizontal dimension line
 Values for dimensions out-of-scale (except where
break lines are used) shall be underlined with a
straight thick line
4 INDICATING DIMENSIONAL VALUES ON DRAWINGS
 The following indications are used with
dimensions to show applicable shape identification
and to improve drawing interpretation.
ARRANGEMENT AND INDICATION OF DIMENSIONS
 The arrangement of dimensioning on a drawing
shall indicate clearly the design purpose.
Generally, the arrangement of dimensions is the
result of a combination CT various design
requirements.
5.1 Chain dimensioning:
Chains of single dimensions (see figure 32) should
be used only where the possible accumulation of
tolerances does not impinge on the functional
requirements of the part. Any termination may be
used for chain dimensioning except the arrowhead
ARRANGEMENT AND INDICATION OF DIMENSIONS
5.2 Dimensioning from a common feature
1. Parallel dimensioning

2. Superimposed running dimensioning

3. Superimposed running dimensioning in two

directions.
ARRANGEMENT AND INDICATION OF DIMENSIONS
5.4 COMBINED DIMENSIONING
 5.3 Dimensioning by coordinates
5.4 COMBINED DIMENSIONING
 5.4 Combined dimensioning:
Single dimensions, chain dimensioning and
dimensioning from a common feature may be
combined on a drawing, if necessary.
 Where space is insufficient for arrowheads, oblique's
stroke or dot may be used.
 Oblique stroke is drawn as a short line inclined at 45
Degree.
 The origin indication is drawn as a small open circle of
about 3mm Diameter.
 Leader line is a line referring to a feature like dimension
object and outline it continuous thin line.
 If the leader line ends with in outline of an object, it
should have a dot at the end.
 It should have an arrowhead if it ends on the outline of an
object.
 It should terminate without dot or arrowhead if it ends on
a dimension line.
 The dimension lines are drawn parallel to the
object lines.
 The horizontal lines are dimensioned as in
method-1
 Vertical and inclined lines are dimensioned by
writing the dimension value in the gap left in the
middle of the dimension lines.
 All dimensions are so placed that they can be
read from the bottom of the drawing sheet.
 NOTE: On any drawing, use only any one
method of placing the dimensions.
 The recommended unit of dimensioning is
millimeters.
 There is no need to add the symbol for the unit
e.g. a dimension value 40 means 40mm but a
foot-note like "all dimensions in mm" is written
in a prominent place.
 When the dimension is less than 1, a zero should
be placed before the decimal point such as 0.75.
 Draw dimension line parallel
to the object line to be
dimensioned at about 8 to
10mm from it.
 Draw projection lines
perpendiculars to the object
line.
 Where necessary, they may
be drawn obliquely but
parallel to each other.
 Mark arrowheads at both end
is of the dimension line as
per method-1 or method-2.
LAYOUT PLAN
COMPONENTS OF LAYOUT PLAN
 on a scale of not less than 1:500 containing the
following”.
 North point should be mentioned
 Road data.
 Set back dimensions
 Drains ,sewers, electrical lines
 Table indicating size, area and use of all the
plots in the sub-divisional or layout plan.
 Details of each site, playgrounds, schools, etc
 access to the sub-division from existing streets.
 The width of the street
KEY PLAN
COMPONENTS OF KEY PLAN
 Otherwise called as location plan
 Contains important features like major roads,
temples, monumental buildings etc….
Surrounding the property.
 Use ful for advertisement purpose.

 Surrounding streets and highways.

SITE PLAN
 COMPONENETS OF SITE PLAN
 The plan showing the boundary of plot
 The overall dimensions and shape of the site plan
is checked and verified by appointing a
“SURVEYOR”.
 The proposed building is adjusted in the site plan
from necessary side and margin and centre line
of the highways.
 Layout of drainage lines and point of nearby
public drainage connections
 Positions of soak pit and septic tanks

 Includes compound wall, gates , nearby streets ,

existing buildings , portion of proposed building
 Scale : 1cm =5cm
COMPOSITION OF SUBMISSION DRAWING
 PLAN
 A plan drawing shows what you
would see if you sliced through the
building horizontally, lifted off the
top part and looked down.
 The “cut” is usually made just above
the level of the window sills.
 A separate plan is usually made for
each storey of the buildings.
 PLAN
 Any solid part of the
building which is cut
through can be coloured
with shading or
hatching.
 This is shown on the
walls in the drawing.
 ELEVATION:
 The view of building from the front or side
 Gives idea of appearance of the building

“VIEW OF THE SURFACE PROJECTED IN

VERTICAL MANNER FROM THE PLAN AND
COMBINED WITH FLOORS AND ROOF TO
DEVELOP VOLUME”
 For submission drawing front elevation is
enough.
 For working drawing , elevation in all directions
is needed.
 Elevations are usually not dimensioned
 It indicates an interior exposed view of the
building in vertical direction when part towards
the viewer is removed by an imaginary cutting g
plane parallel to the length of the building
 The sections reveal various structural details
such as foundations , columns , positions of
lintels and beams etc…
Typical section : It is the part of longitudinal
section and it is taken in such a way that it
reveals typical details from foundation to
roof.
TYPES OF DRAWING LINES
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
TYPES OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
CENTRAL HUNG DOOR
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
ABBREVATIONS
METHODS OF PRINTING
1. TRACING:
 Tracing cloth or tracing paper

 Economical method

 Important works tracing cloth is used

 Water proof ink, bow pen, crow quill or grapho

pen.
 Erasing is done with fine razor or ink remover
paste.
 lettering and line work should be opaque.
 Blue prints:
 Ferro papers are used, obtained by dipping the
ordinary paper in a solution of ferric ammonium
citrate and potassium ferricyanide and also by
ferric ferricyanide.
 Procedure:

 The tracing paper or cloth is placed in the blue

printing frame.
 Ferro paper is kept over the tracing paper

 Exposed to sunlight for few min.

 The ferro paper is taken out an immersed in tub

of water.
 The ferro paper is then dried to get the blue print
 Ammonia prints:
 More convenient, economical and neat in
appearance
 The original paper is coated with light sensitive
“diazo chemicals”
 PROCEDURE :

 The tracing paper is placed on the glass frame

machine
 The sensitive paper is kept in contact with
tracing paper
 It is exposed to sunlight

 The paper is taken out and fed into a dry

developer for few min which is made of full of
ammonia vapours.
 The output is black, blue or sepia colour
COMPUTER OUTPUT DEVICES
 Pen plotter
 Ink jet printers/Plotters

 Laser printers

1. Pen plotter

 A device to hold paper

 Two orthogonal carriages hold a pen and move it

under computer control
 Three in puts to pen plotter

1. X co-ordinate

2. Y co-ordinate

3. Pen variable – pen number

 Types of pen plotters

1. Flat bed 2. drum plotters

 The capacity of the plotter is decided based on
1. Size of paper

2. Resolution

3. Speed of plotting

4. Number of pens it can handle

Ink jet printers:

 the drawing is converted to a dot form.

 Then rows of dots are printed across the width of

the paper, by a jet of ink on the surface of paper
 The resolution is 600 to 900 dots

 The dots are overlapped with the adjacent ones

 Provides a photo realistic picture

 Used for colour drawings, shaded images, contour

plots and artistic works
3. Laser printers.
 High quality picture

 100 pages in a min

 High speed and more precise than ink jets ,

without spilling of excess ink
 The toner powder is cheap and lasts for a long
time than ink prints
DRAINAGE:

 They are sometimes constructed to provide cheap

arrangement for collecting impurities of water
(sullage and storm water).
 The following are the four shapes of surface
drains are used in construction.
 1.Rectangular surface drains

 2.Semicircular surface drains

 3.U- shaped surface drains

 4.V-shaped surface drain

TYPES OF DRAINS