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Mathematics - Ch. 1 Number System

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34 views3 pages

Mathematics - Ch. 1 Number System

Uploaded by

omprem07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

NUMBER SYSTEM

Topics

1.​ Real Numbers


2.​ Locating Real Numbers on the number line
3.​ Decimal Expansions of Real Numbers{Rational + Irrational Numbers}
4.​ Operations of Real Numbers
5.​ Representing Real Numbers on Number Line
6.​ Identities for Real Numbers
7.​ Rationalising the denominator
8.​ Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers

Numbers
●​ Natural Numbers(N) : Counting Numbers
i.e., 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9…
●​ Whole Numbers(W) : 0 added in natural numbers
i.e., 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
●​ Integers(Z) : negative natural numbers + 0 + positive natural numbers
i.e., -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5
𝑝
●​ Rational Numbers(Q) : numbers that can be represented in the form 𝑞
where p & q
are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.
4
i.e., 0, 5 , 3, 0.333333, -5
𝑝
●​ Irrational Numbers : numbers that cannot be represented in the form 𝑞
●​ Real Numbers(R) : together all rational and irrational numbers form real numbers

Locating Irrational Numbers on the number on the number line


​ Square Root Spiral
​ Follow the link to read the article

Decimal Expansion of Real Numbers


Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers is either terminating or non-terminating
recurring.
3
Eg. 1. 5
= 0. 6 {terminating}
1
2. 3
= 0. 33333...... = 0. 3 {non-terminating recurring]

Decimal Expansion of Irrational Numbers is non-terminating non-recurring.


Eg. 1. 0.564546527635242543524652………
2. Π = 3. 1415926535 8979323846 2643383279 5028841971...

𝑝
Representing Recurring Numbers in the form of 𝑞
​ 1. Convert 0.7777… into rational fraction.
Solution:
Step I: x = 0.7777
Step II: After examining we find that repeating digit is 7.
Step III: Place the repeating digit (7) to the left of decimal point. To do so, we need to move the
decimal point 1 place to the right. This can also be done by multiplying the given no. by 10.
So, 10x = 7.777
Step IV: After step 3 place the repeating digits to the right of decimal point. In this case if we
place the repeating digits to the right of decimal point it becomes the original number.
x = 0.7777
Step V: The two equations are-
x = 0.7777,
⟹ 10x = 7.777
Now we have to subtract the right and left hand sides-
10x - x = 7.777- 0.7777
⟹ 9x = 7.0
⟹ x = 7/9
Hence, x= 7/9 is the required rational number.

Operations on Real Numbers


​ Rational Number = r
​ Irrational Number = s

●​ 𝑟+𝑠=𝑠
●​ 𝑟−𝑠=𝑠
●​ 𝑟 * 𝑠 = 𝑠, 𝑟 ≠ 0
●​ 𝑟/𝑠 = 𝑠, 𝑟 ≠ 0
​
​ (i) The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational.
(ii) The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is
irrational.
(iii) If we add, subtract, multiply or divide two irrationals, the result may be rational or
irrational

Representing Real Numbers on a Number Line


​ The value of √4.3 geometrically : –
Draw a line segment AB = 4.3 units and extend it to C such that BC = 1 unit.
Find the midpoint O of AC.
With O as centre and OA a radius, draw a semicircle.
Representing Irrational Numbers On The Number Line 4
Now, draw BD ⊥ AC, intersecting the semicircle at D. Then, BD = √4.3 units.
With B as centre and BD as radius, draw an arc, meeting AC produced at E.
Then, BE = BD = √4.3 units

For positive real numbers a and b, the following identities hold:


​ i) 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
​ ii) 𝑏
=
𝑏

​ iii) ( 𝑎 + 𝑏)( 𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏
2
​ iv) ( 𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2
​ v) (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏

Rationalising the Denominator


1 𝑎−𝑏
​ To rationalise the denominator of ,we multiply this by, where a and b are
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
integers.

Laws of exponents for real numbers


𝑝 𝑞 𝑝+𝑞
​ i) 𝑎 · 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑞
​ ii) 𝑎 ( 𝑝)𝑝
=𝑎
𝑝·𝑞

𝑎 𝑝−𝑞
​ iii) 𝑞 =𝑎
𝑎
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
​ iv) 𝑎 · 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑏)

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