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U2 Part 3 Membership Functions

Membership

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52 views55 pages

U2 Part 3 Membership Functions

Membership

Uploaded by

rohanjulka1806
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Soft Computing

th
(AIML- 5 Sem)

ARM-303
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
Membership Functions
Membership Functions
Membership Functions
Membership Functions
The fuzzy membership function is the graphical way of visualizing the degree
of membership of any value in a given fuzzy set. In the graph, X-axis
represents the universe of discourse and the Y-axis represents the degree of
membership in the range [0, 1]

Fuzzy membership function is used to convert the crisp input provided to the
fuzzy inference system. Fuzzy logic itself is not fuzzy, rather it deals with the
fuzziness in the data. And this fuzziness in the data is best described by the
fuzzy membership function.

Formally, a membership function for a fuzzy set A on the universe of


discourse X is defined as µA: X → [0, 1], where each element of X is mapped
to a value between 0 and 1. This value, called membership value or degree of
membership, quantifies the grade of membership of the element in X to the
fuzzy set A. Here, X is the universal set and A is the fuzzy set derived from
X.
Membership Functions
Membership Functions
Membership Functions
Singleton membership function:
The Singleton membership function assigns membership value 1 to a
particular value of x and assigns value 0 to the rest of all.
It is represented by the impulse function as shown.

Mathematically it is formulated as,


Membership Functions
Membership Functions
Triangular MF:-This is one of the most widely accepted and used
membership functions (MF) in fuzzy controller design. The triangle which
fuzzifies the input can be defined by three parameters a, b and c, where c
defines the base and b defines the height of the triangle.
Here, in the diagram, X-axis represents the input from the process
(such as air conditioner, washing machine, etc.) and the Y axis
represents the corresponding fuzzy value.

If input x = b, then it is having full membership in the given set.


So, μ(x) = 1, if x = b

And if the input x is less than a or greater than c, then it does not
belong to the fuzzy set at all, and its membership value will be 0
μ(x) = 0, x < a or x > c
Membership Functions

If x is between a and b, as shown in the figure, its


membership value varies from 0 to 1. If it is near a,
its membership value is close to 0, and if x is near b,
its membership value gets close to 1.
We can compute the fuzzy value of x using a similar
triangle rule,
μ(x) = (x – a) / (b – a), a≤x≤b

If x is between b and c, as shown in the figure, its


membership value varies from 0 to 1. If it is near b,
its membership value is close to 1, and if x is near c,
its membership value gets close to 0.
We can compute the fuzzy value of x using a similar
triangle rule,
μ(x) = (c – x) / (c – b), b≤x≤c
Membership Functions
Combine all together:
We can combine all the above scenarios in single equation as,

Example: Triangular membership function


Determine μ, corresponding to x = 8.0

For the given values of a, b and c, we have


to compute the fuzzy value corresponding
to x = 8.
Membership Functions

Using the equation of the triangular membership function,

Thus, x = 8 will be mapped to a fuzzy value of 0.5 using the given triangle
fuzzy membership function.
Membership Functions
Membership Functions

Trapezoidal membership function:


The trapezoidal membership function is defined by four parameters: a, b, c
and d. Span b to c represents the highest membership value that element can
take. And if x is between (a, b) or (c, d), then it will have a membership value
between 0 and 1.

We can apply the triangle MF if elements are in between a to b or c to d.


Membership Functions

Example: Trapezoidal membership function


Determine μ, corresponding to x = 3.5
Membership Functions

Here, “c" is the center of the curve, and "σ" (sigma) is the spread or standard
deviation. A larger value of σ results in a wider curve, and a smaller value of
σ results in a narrower curve.

The spread value can also depend on the data distribution. If you
have data that is highly concentrated around a central point, a
smaller spread may be appropriate. If the data is more spread out,
a larger spread may be needed to capture the variation.
Membership Functions
Gaussian membership function:
A Gaussian MF is specified by two
parameters {m, σ} and can be defined
as:

In this function, m represents the mean /


center of the gaussian curve and σ
represents the spread of the curve. This is a
more natural way of representing the data
distribution, but due to mathematical
complexity, it is not much used for
fuzzification.

The choice of spread affects the shape and characteristics of the


Gaussian membership function, allowing you to control the level of
fuzziness and the rate at which the membership value transitions
from 1 to 0 as you move away from the center. Different spreads are
chosen based on the specific problem and the desired level of
Membership Functions
Example: Gaussian membership function
Determine μ corresponding to x = 9, m = 10 and σ = 3.0

There isn't a specific "height" of the curve at which you decide the
spread value; instead, you typically make this decision based on the
characteristics of your problem and the nature of the data.

Trial and error or parameter optimization techniques can help you


determine the best spread value for your specific application. You may
adjust the spread value and observe its impact on the membership
function until it fits your modeling requirements.
Membership Functions
Membership Functions
Generalized bell-shaped function:
It is also called Cauchy MF. A generalized bell MF is specified by
three parameters {a, b, c} and can be defined as follows.

it is called generalized MF,


because by changing the
parameters a, b and c, we can
produce a family of different
membership functions.
Membership Functions
Example: Generalized bell shape membership function
Determine μ corresponding to x = 8
Membership Functions

It is controlled by parameters a and c. Where a controls the slope at the crossover point x
=c
Sigmoid (x; 1, -5) or sigmoid (x;1,5) Open Right because slope a is positive
Sigmoid (x; -1, 5) Open Left because slope a is negative
‘a’ controls the slope at crossover points
Membership Functions
Sigmoid Membership function:
Sigmoid functions are widely used in classification tasks in machine learning.
Specifically, it is used in logistic regression and neural networks, where it
suppresses the input and maps it between 0 and 1.

Example: Sigmoid function


Determine μ corresponding to x = 8
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets (Features of Fuzzy Sets)
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Support

For Universe X = {20, 30, 40}, If A = {(20,0), (30,0.5), (40,1)}


then support(A) = {30, 40} which is a crisp set
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Normality or

A fuzzy set is said to be Normal if its Core is non-empty.


Core(A) is not equal to φ them A is Normal Fuzzy Set
i.e. we can always find a point x ϵ X such that μA(x)=1.
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets

For Universe X = {20, 30, 40}, If A = {(20, 0), (30, 0.5), (40, 1)}
then crossover(A) = {30} which is a crisp set
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets

Example-1
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets

Example-2
Terminologies Related to Fuzzy Sets

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